MARYJANE M.

DE LA PEÑA OCTOBER 22, 2023

EDUC 200 ADVANCED STATISTICS MA’AM REMY ALMANZA

ACTIVITY 1
1. Give the meaning and discuss the importance of statistics in diff. fields.
Statistics is a branch that deals with every aspect of the data. Statistical knowledge helps to choose the
proper method of collecting the data and employ those samples in the correct analysis process in order to
effectively produce the results. In short, statistics is a crucial process which helps to make the decision
based on the data.
In Mathematics, statistics concerns the collection of data, organization, interpretation, analysis and data
presentation. The main purpose of using statistics is to plan the collected data in terms of experimental
designs and statistical surveys. Statistics is considered a mathematical science that works with numerical
data. In short, statistics is a crucial process which helps to make the decision based on the data.
The important functions of statistics are:
 Statistics helps in gathering information about the appropriate quantitative data
 It depicts the complex data in graphical form, tabular form and in diagrammatic representation to
understand it easily
 It provides the exact description and a better understanding
 It helps in designing the effective and proper planning of the statistical inquiry in any field
 It gives valid inferences with the reliability measures about the population parameters from the sample
data
 It helps to understand the variability pattern through the quantitative observations.

REFERENCE: Statistics Definition (Types, Importance and Examples) (byjus.com)

2. Differentiate and give example between descriptive and inferential statistic.

Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are two main branches in the field of statistics.

Descriptive statistics aims to describe a chunk of raw data using summary statistics, graphs, and tables. It is
useful because it allows you to understand a group of data much more quickly and easily compared to just
staring at rows and rows of raw data values. For example, if we have a set of raw data that shows the test
scores of 1,000 students at a particular school, we might be interested in the average test score along with the
distribution of test scores. Using descriptive statistics, we could find the average score and create a graph that
helps us visualize the distribution of scores. This allows us to understand the test scores of the students much
more easily compared to just staring at the raw data
On the other hand, inferential statistics enables hypothesis testing and evaluation of the applicability of the
data to a larger population. It provides a summary of the features or attributes of a dataset. For example,
suppose we want to know whether there is a significant difference in test scores between two schools. We
could take a sample from each school and use inferential statistics to determine whether there is a significant
difference between the two groups.
REFERENCE: Differentiate and give example between descriptive and inferential stat. - Search (bing.com)
 3. Discuss the following terminologies in statistics:

A. POPULATION
B. SAMPLE
C. PARAMETER
D. STATISTIC
The samples are one of the sub-set of the population, whereas a population is an overall set of things or
individuals of a specified group. The characteristics of the sample data are known as statistics, and the
characteristics of the population data are known as parameters.

REFERENCE: The Basic Terminologies of Statistics You Should Know - StatAnalytica

E. DATA –
Data refers to a collection of facts, such as numbers, words, measurements, observations
etc. Data may be discrete or continuous values that convey information, describing the quantity,
quality, fact, statistics, other basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of symbols that may be
further interpreted formally. Data are the actual values of the variable.

a. QUALITATIVE
Qualitative data is non-numerical data that describes the characteristics of a
phenomenon. It is subjective and interpretive, and it is often collected through interviews,
observations, and open-ended surveys . Examples of qualitative data include opinions,
attitudes, emotions, and behaviors.

b. QUANTITATIVE
Quantitative data, on the other hand, is numerical data that can be measured and
counted. It is objective and statistical, and it is often collected through surveys, experiments,
and structured observations . Examples of quantitative data include height, weight, age,
income, and test scores.
REFERENCE: Data a. Qualitative b. Quantitative - Search (bing.com)
data meaning in statistics - Search (bing.com)

F. VARIABLE –

In statistics, variables are any characteristics that can take on different values, such as height, age,
temperature, or test scores. Researchers often manipulate or measure independent and dependent
variables in studies to test cause-and-effect relationships.

A. Dependent

The dependent variable is the effect. Its value depends on changes in the independent variable.
The dependent variable is what you record after you’ve manipulated the independent variable.
You use this measurement data to check whether and to what extent your independent
variable influences the dependent variable by conducting statistical analyses.
 Based on your findings, you can estimate the degree to which your independent variable
variation drives changes in your dependent variable. You can also predict how much your
dependent variable will change as a result of variation in the independent variable.

B. Independent

The independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent and does not influence by any
other variables of other variables in your study.

EXAMPLE: INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

You design a study to test whether changes in room temperature have an effect on math test scores.

Your independent variable is the temperature of the room. You vary the room temperature by making
it cooler for half the participants, and warmer for the other half.

Your dependent variable is math test scores. You measure the math skills of all participants using a
standardized test and check whether they differ based on room temperature.

a. DISCREET
A discrete variable is a numerical type of data that includes whole, concrete numbers with
specific and fixed data values determined by counting. It is countable in a finite amount of time.
REFERENCE: What is a discrete variable in statistics? - Studybuff.com
b. CONTINUOUS
A continuous variable is a type of quantitative variable that can take on any value within a
certain range or interval. It is a variable that can be measured on a continuous scale, meaning
that there are an infinite number of possible values between any two points.
With continuous variables, you can calculate and assess the mean, median, standard deviation,
or variance. Continuous data can take on almost any numeric value and can be meaningfully
divided into smaller increments, including fractional and decimal values.
REFERENCE: continuous variable statistics - Search (bing.com)
4. What are the scales of measurement?
Measurement scales are used to categorize and/or quantify variables. It tells you how
precisely variables are recorded. In scientific research, a variable is anything that can take on different
values across your data set.
1. Nominal scale

The nominal scale of measurement only satisfies the identity property of measurement. Values
assigned to variables represent a descriptive category, but have no inherent numerical value with
respect to magnitude.
Gender is an example of a variable that is measured on a nominal scale. Individuals may be classified as
"male" or "female", but neither value represents more or less "gender" than the other. Religion and
political affiliation are other examples of variables that are normally measured on a nominal scale.

2. Ordinal scale

The ordinal scale has the property of both identity and magnitude. Each value on the ordinal scale
has a unique meaning, and it has an ordered relationship to every other value on the scale.

An example of an ordinal scale in action would be the results of a horse race, reported as "win",
"place", and "show". We know the rank order in which horses finished the race. The horse that won
finished ahead of the horse that placed, and the horse that placed finished ahead of the horse that
showed. However, we cannot tell from this ordinal scale whether it was a close race or whether the
winning horse won by a mile.

3. Interval scale

The interval scale of measurement has the properties of identity, magnitude, and equal intervals.

A perfect example of an interval scale is the Fahrenheit scale to measure temperature. The scale is
made up of equal temperature units, so that the difference between 40- and 50-degrees
Fahrenheit is equal to the difference between 50 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

With an interval scale, you know not only whether different values are bigger or smaller, you also
know how much bigger or smaller they are. For example, suppose it is 60 degrees Fahrenheit on
Monday and 70 degrees on Tuesday. You know not only that it was hotter on Tuesday, you also
know that it was 10 degrees hotter.

4. Ratio scale

The ratio scale of measurement satisfies all four of the properties of measurement: identity,
magnitude, equal intervals, and a minimum value of zero.

The weight of an object would be an example of a ratio scale. Each value on the weight scale has a
unique meaning, weights can be rank ordered, units along the weight scale are equal to one
another, and the scale has a minimum value of zero.

Weight scales have a minimum value of zero because objects at rest can be weightless, but they
cannot have negative weight.

REFERENCE: Measurement Scales (stattrek.com)

5. What are the process of collective data in conducting a study or research?

Collecting data is a systematic process of gathering observations or measurements in research. The
process of data collection remains largely the same across fields, but the methods and aims may differ.
Before collecting data, you need to consider the aim of the research, the type of data that you will
 collect, and the methods and procedures you will use to collect, store, and process the data. To collect
high-quality data that is relevant to your purposes, follow these four steps:

1. Define the aim of your research.

2. Choose your data collection method.
3. Plan your data collection procedures.
4. Collect the data.

The aim of your research should be identified before starting the process of data collection. You can
start by writing a problem statement: what is the practical or scientific issue that you want to address
and why does it matter? Next, formulate one or more research questions that precisely define what
you want to find out. Depending on your research questions, you might need to collect quantitative or
qualitative data.

REFERENCE: What are the process of collective data in conducting a study or research? - Search (bing.com)

6. Enumerate what are the sampling techniques? (Discuss)

Sampling techniques are methods used to select a subset of individuals from a larger
population to study and draw inferences about the entire population. There are two primary types of
sampling methods: probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling involves
random selection, allowing you to make strong statistical inferences about the whole group. Non-
probability sampling involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing
you to easily collect data. Here are some examples of each type:
Probability Sampling

 Simple random sampling: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
 Systematic sampling: Members of the population are selected at regular intervals.
 Stratified sampling: The population is divided into subgroups (strata) based on a characteristic, and
samples are taken from each subgroup.
 Cluster sampling: The population is divided into clusters based on a characteristic, and a random
sample of clusters is selected.

Non-probability Sampling

 Convenience sampling: Participants are selected based on their availability or willingness to

participate.
 Purposive sampling: Participants are selected based on specific characteristics or traits.
 Snowball sampling: Participants recruit other participants from their social network.
 Quota sampling: Participants are selected based on pre-defined quotas for certain characteristics.

It’s important to carefully decide how you will select a sample that is representative of the group as a
whole. You should clearly explain how you selected your sample in the methodology section of your paper or
thesis, as well as how you approached minimizing research bias in your work.

REFERENCE: Enumerate what are the sampling techniques? (discuss) - Search (bing.com)