Practical Research 2

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
P R E PA R E D B Y: B E N E VA V. M A L A B A N A N , R S W,
LPT
Introduction to Quantitative
Research
Quantitative Research
“Quantitative research uses scientifically collected and

statistically analyzed data to investigate observable
phenomena.”
Once data is collected, it will undergo statistical analysis like Pearson’s r, t-

test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for analysis.
 Since data is analyzed statistically, it is imperative that the data obtained
must be numerical and quantifiable, hence its name quantitative research.
Once data is collected, it will undergo statistical analysis like Pearson’s r, t-

test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for analysis.
 Since data is analyzed statistically, it is imperative that the data obtained
must be numerical and quantifiable, hence its name quantitative research.
Numerical data are generally easier to collect than

descriptions or phrases used in qualitative research.
 Information like student’s grades in different subjects, number of hours of

engagement in social media platforms of teens, percentage of consumers who
prefer the color blue for soap packaging, and average of daily Covid-19 patient
recovery per region are just few examples of research data expressed in numbers.
Some data, on the other hand, are not directly countable

and thus require conversion from non-numerical information
into numerical information.
Several forms of rating scales are available, e.g., the Likert scale that we can
use to quantify data. Usually, they come in a selection of numbers with a
corresponding meaning for each choice, for example: 1= tastes very good, 2
= satisfactory, or 3 = undesirable. Numerical choices convert texts into
numbers so the researcher can perform mathematical operations for faster,
more accurate, and more objective analysis.
Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
1. Large Sample Size. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data
must come from a large sample size.
2. Objectivity. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately,
objectively, and are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal
guesses.
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3. Concise Visual Presentation. Data is numerical which makes presentation

through graphs, charts, and tables possible and with better conveyance and
interpretation.
4. Faster Data Analysis. The use of a statistical tools gives way for a less
time-consuming data analysis.
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5. Generalized Data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the

population if sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random
samples were taken.
6. Fast and Easy Data Collection. Quantitative research uses standardized
research instruments that allow the researcher to collect data from a large
sample size efficiently.
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5. Reliable Data. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a

representative of the population, making it more credible and reliable for
policymaking and decision making.
6. High Replicability. The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify
findings enhancing its validity, free from false or immature conclusions.
Kinds of Quantitative Research
Descriptive design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by

observing it as it occurs in nature.
The correlational design identifies the relationship between variables.
Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible relationship between
previous events and present conditions.
Kinds of Quantitative Research
A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of

variables. Although it resembles the experimental design, the quasi-experimental has
lesser validity due to the absence of random selection and assignment of subjects.
Experimental design like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause-and-effect
relationship of two or more variables. This design provides a more conclusive result
because it uses random assignment of subjects and experimental manipulations.
Variable
“A Variable is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies.”

Variable
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Dependent Variable
It is important to note other factors that may influence the outcome
(dependent variable) not manipulated or pre-defined by the researcher.
These factors are called Extraneous Variables
Variable
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Variable
The variables can also be classified according to their nature.
VARIABLE
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
(NUMERICAL) (CATEGORICAL)
DISCREET CONTINOU NOMINA ORDINAL DICHOTOMOU

S L S
Quantitative Variables
“also called numerical variables, are the type of variables used in quantitative
research because they are numeric and can be measured.”
Quantitative Variables
A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative
values or values between fixed points.
B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-whole number) values that can
either be a positive or a negative.
Qualitative Variables
“also referred to as Categorical Variables are not expressed in numbers but are
descriptions or categories. “
Qualitative Variables
A. Dichotomous variable consists of only two distinct categories or values.

B. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. In here, you may
have more than 2 categories of equivalent magnitude.
C. Ordinal variable, from the name itself, denotes that a variable is ranked
in a certain order. This variable can have a qualitative or quantitative
attribute.

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PRACTICAL

“Quantitative research uses scientifically collected and

Once data is collected, it will undergo statistical analysis like Pearson’s r, t-

Once data is collected, it will undergo statistical analysis like Pearson’s r, t-

Numerical data are generally easier to collect than

 Information like student’s grades in different subjects, number of hours of

Some data, on the other hand, are not directly countable

3. Concise Visual Presentation. Data is numerical which makes presentation

5. Generalized Data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the

5. Reliable Data. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a

Descriptive design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by

A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of

“A Variable is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies.”

DISCREET CONTINOU NOMINA ORDINAL DICHOTOMOU

A. Dichotomous variable consists of only two distinct categories or values.

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