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USA HISTORY
6th LECTURE NOTES

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“CIVIL WAR OF USA (1860 ~ 1865)”

“RECONSTRUCTION AFTER CIVIL WAR”
“INDUSTRIALIZATION OR PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT”

IN THIS LECTURE WE COVERED FOLOWWOING TOPICS FROM

CSS SYLLABUS

1. EXPENSION OF THE USA FROM 13 TO 15 STATES (1820 ~

1898).
2. USA AS AN INDEPENDENCE COUNTRY (1783 ~ 1819).
QUESTIONS IN PAST PAPERS ACCORDING TO SYLLABUS
CIVIL WAR (1860 – 1865):
Q1: American Civil War (1860-1865) was an outcome of Clash of
economic interests as well as social ideas. Elaborate with arguments.
(2019)
PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT:
Q1: How Urban life was effected in USA during first two stages of
industrialization (2016).
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CIVIL WAR 1861 TO 1865
SOCIAL CAUSE (WHY)
SLAVERY VS ANTI - SLAVERY:

 SLAVERY (SOUTH USA):

 According to slaves, this is only state issue not a central issue.
 According to slavery, religion (bible) allow to take care and
good behavior with slavery.
 Family orientation good of slaveries as compare to black
Africans.
 According to them, industrials looks like free for movement
but they all are in bad situation as compare to slaves.
 ANTI – SLAVERY (NORTH USA):
 According to Anti-Slaves this issue not a state issue, this issue
has moral issue, because the ideology of Americanism
belongs to following thinks:
 Every person have own life with freedom.
 Liberty of every person.
 Pursuit of hope of every person.
This all things did not given to slaves, due to this they against slavery.
 According to them, moral grounds of slavery has totally
wrong and give freedom to every slaves.
ECONOMY CAUSE (WHY)
 In the South United States of America, Agriculture was a main
economically activity, for agriculture need man power and they
resolve their man power from slaves. Due to this issue they
support slavery.
 In the North Unlisted States of America, Industries was a main
economic activity, and they don’t need huge amount of main
power, due to this they don’t support slavery.
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 1793 – AL WHITNEY:
 In 1793, at South United States of America, a man called Al-
Whitney, he developed a machine known as Winnowing
machine for separate seeds from cotton. Due to this machine
man power low, time reduce and production increase.
 South Economic activity increased after cotton production
increase due to winnowing machine and they said cotton is
king, because they developed their economy through cotton.
 When south economic activity increased and they strong by
economically, due to this north offended with south because
north do production of cotton after purchasing from south,
due to this their productivity of cotton too much low`.
POLITICAL CAUSE (WHY)
 Slaves was at South United States of America and they want state
government.
 Ant-Slaves was at North United States Of America and they want
Central government.
 Slaves did not rights of freedom, speech rights, movement rights
and they have no any voting rights due to this they all are known
as conservative society as compare to north and slaves have no
any citizenship.
 Anti – Slaves gives all rights to common man except voting
because voting writes only has white man not a black man or
women due to freedom liberal societies developed.
INDUSTRIAL INFASTRUCTURE:
 During the infrastructure of industries, maximum industries
develop in north and it cannot developed in south. Thinking of
south if they have central government, they apply taxation on
different things. Due to this they favor in slaves.
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HOW
EVENTS WHEN THEY GET TO EACH OTHER
1. NEW JERSEY VS VIRGINIA PLAN (RATIFICATION OF
CONSTITUTION):
In New Jersey vs Virginia plan, some people support slaves and
some people support anti-slaves. As we know that electors
come from states and quantity of electors as per state
population. Some people want give voting rights to slaves and
some people against it. In this situation 3/5th compromise
signed between Virginia vs New Jersey. According to this
compromise slaves was voting rights but 5 slaves equal to 3
whites. Here first time in USA slaves vs Anti-slaves issue
developed and they resolved it through compromise without
any ratification in constitution.
2. FEDERALIST REGIME VS ANTI FEDERALIST REGIME:
In Federalist Regime vs Anti Federalist Regime also an event when
they get to each other for slavery on free slavery.
3. LOUISIANA PURCHASE:
Louisiana purchase is positive for the USA for they helped to USA
westward expansion, Area of the USA increased, Relationship
between France and USA strong etc. but Louisiana purchase is a
main reason for civil war, because after Louisiana purchase any
state want to registered with center, they fought for they entered
this state as a slave or anti-slave, and this issue create from here
in USA history.
4. MISSOURI COMPROMISE:
Missouri compromise was beneficial for USA like they contain the
slavery issue, this compromise addressed Missouri problem, they
resolve addition of states problem in slavery or anti-slavery, they
draw line 36o30’. But this compromise also a main reason for civil
war because this 36o30’ line divide geographically USA between
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North and South and due to this developed regional economy
issue. Due to this problem one movement developed in USA
known as Abolitionist Movement.
5. ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT:
Abolitionist movement start in USA by a black man in North USA
as well as in South USA. This abolitionist movement start for
remove slavery.
 1833 – FIRST AMERICAN ANTI – SLAVERY SOCIETY:
This society developed for fought with pro – slavery. This society
main work for remove slavery from USA and this society
developed by North.
 WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON:
 He had start a newspaper for against pro-slavery, and its
complete news in newspaper against pro-slavery.
 This newspaper known as the liberator.
 He was too much ridicule to say that, the constitution of the
USA support pro-slavery.
 He introduced women first time in any movement of USA.
 FRED RICH DOGLERS:
 He wrote a journal against Anti-slavery known as “The North
Star”.
 In this journal he define ugliness of south, they does with
slaves.
 He was liberal, he said this is wrong to said constitution a
document for pro slavery. Constitution is based on freedom
due to this we can use constitution as a weapon.
 He want to get win against slavery through legal way.
 UNDERGORUND RAIL ROAD:
 Underground Rail Road a route where slaves moves to north
from south secretly.
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 They were during traveling take rest in some places known as
station.
 Those people help to slaves to moves from south to north they
known as conductor, some conductors name shown in below:
 Harriet Tubman was a lady to moves 300+ slaves’ moves
from south to north.
 So journal truth was a man to help slaves’ moves from
south to north.
 Total 0.1 million slaves’ moves from south to north through
underground rail road.
 FUGITIVE STAVE LAW:
Fugitive stave law, passed by south USA. According to this law if
any slave move from south to north, north must be return them
to south.
 HEERIET BEACHER STOWE:
Herriot Becher Stowe was a lady to write a book “Uncle Tom Cabin”
against slavery, this book too much famous and got 2 years
continuously NBS award. After this book north pressurize to south
because name of USA was infamous due to this book. According to
this book USA work against their ideology and not give liberality
freedom to common man.
 1846 – 1848 MEXICAN WAR:
In 1846 Mexican war start between USA vs Mexico, this war won
by USA and the area of Mexico under USA. Here issue developed
how we can divide states to slaves’ and anti-slaves. According to
Missouri compromise all area covered by south USA, but here
problem was if they can add all areas in south then North became
weak against slavery.
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 CALIFORNIA AS A FREE STATE:
 In 1849 gold found in California, many of people became
in California for gold peoples known as gold rushers and
also they known as 49ers.
 In 1850 California population became 60,000.
 When they complete their population they develop their
own convention and through this convention they write
their own constitution.
 In their constitution they write California was non Slavery
state. This point create issue because California below
then 36O30’ line and according to Missouri compromise
any state below from this line under in south USA and
south protect slavery.
 1850 COMPROMISE:
 In 1850 compromise, California became Free State.
 Other states developed in south (Like New Mexico, Utah etc.)
was Free State or slave decided by popular sovereignty.
 Slavery trade bane in Washington D.C.
 Fugitive slave law was stricter.
 1857 – DEAD SCOTT VS SANFORD CASE:
 Dead Scott was a slave at Missouri, her owner was died and
he gone to his new owner Sanford.
 Dead Scott went to Chicago (in Illinois State at north) and
here he was free.
 After 5 years when he was back to South with Sanford, he
cannot freedom and he lived as a slave again.
 He was cased on Sanford, according to him he was free in
north so why he can again in slavery at South.
 All 5 judges bench are southern.
 Dead Scott cased on Sanford as per Missouri Compromise.
 They all judges take judicial review of Missouri Compromise.
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 After Judicial Review, they give Judicial Veto of Missouri
Compromise.
 After this Judicial Veto, all decisions take as per the base of
Missouri compromise was over turned.
 According to court, Dead Scott was not a USA citizen, so they
have no rights to do any case against any person at USA
court.
 1860 – PRESIDENT OF USA (ABRAHAM LINCOLN):
 Abraham Lincoln was an anti-slaves and he was deny all
decisions of judicial veto of Missouri Compromise.
 According to him this is not a decision, this is only overview
of 5 people against anti-slavery.
 Due to this, he became famous in USA and after fame he
decided to won election of 1860.
 He choose her slogan as “Free-Slavery, liberality as per
ideology”.
 South USA decided if Abraham Lincoln warn 1860 election,
they have separate from Union of USA.
 In 1861 Abraham Lincoln became a President of USA with
180 electoral vote and 1,886,452 popular vote.
 After 4th day of his oath a state South Caroline was separate
from USA Union. After few days all 11 states separate from
Union of USA and make their own sovereignty known as CSA
(Confederate States of America) according to them states are
more power full from center and he was select Jefferson
Davis as a President of CSA.
 In USA Abraham Lincoln was a president of USA.
 In! 861 war start between USA vs CSA and the end of this war
in 1865 with the success of USA against CSA. “Constitution
won over Confederation”
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IMPACTS OF CIVIL WAR
 SOCIAL IMPACTS:
 After this war almost 4 million slaves free from slavery.
 South life style totally change like north USA.
 In this war they have lost almost 2% male young people, due
to this women’s support against this 2% people lost in war.
 Before this war women’ have no rights to do any things, after
this war they have taken power, they work in industry, they
take voting rights, due to this Birth rate control in USA.
 POLITICAL IMPACT:
 After this war, 13th amendment in constitution of 1789, the
amendment was Abolition of Slavery. According to Fred rich
Douglas “constitution use as a weapon”.
 USA political Ideology change from state to Central.
 In USA central government have Supremacy.
 Concept of democracy was clear, slaves free from slavery and
freedom at USA.
 According to European consecutive, this democracy state
failed if any big issue developed in there and monarchy again
succeed, but after resolve this big issue, democracy succeed
and monarchy failed.
 ECONOMICAL IMPACT:
After Civil war in 1865 Industries boom, according to experts first
revolution of industries became in 1789 and another revolution of
industry became in 1865. After this war all type of industries in USA
completely boom, because slaves went to industries for work in
USA and due to this man power increased in industries production
increased and due to industries became beneficial for USA after
civil war.
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USA INDUSTRIALIZATION
RECONSTRUCTION
 PROBLEMSS DURING RECONSTRUCTION:
1. Physical Burden – Confederation state.
2. Leaders of confederation.
3. Re-admission.
4. Assimilate.
This problems faced by government of USA after civil war, resolving of
this problems by president, congress and Vice president are as follow.
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN:
Abraham Lincoln was a moderate President of USA, he passed a
formula to forgiveness confederations known as 10% formula.
 10% FORMULA:
 This formula given by Lincoln (president of USA).
 According to this formula, every state of south, each
state 10% people amnesty with government, then they
forgiveness to them.
 According to this formula they must accept 13th
amendment in constitution and no talk or any
implementation against constitution.
 CONGRESS:
Congress harsh with south and they want to give punishment
confederation people. They have soft corners for slaves and they
start some new trainings for slaves like one of the famous is
Freedman’s Bureau. In this program the trained slaves over all like
professionally, personally etc.
 ANDREW JOHN:
 Andrew John was a Vice president of USA in 1865 era.
 He was support south, due to this congress against them and
he was impeached from lower house of USA.
 He gives idea to South to make their own legislature.
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 South make their own legislature after approval from Vice
president, this legislature still cannot likes blacks and due to
this they make a law against black known as Black Code.
 BLACK CODE:
 Basically this law usually make support for slavery but
from other hand this law against slaves (black people)
 South legislation give land as a loan to slaveries for
cropping purpose.
 Sharing crops more than 60% by slaves gives to south
legislation as loan refunding.
 Slaves look free but they cannot free because through
loan south legislature mentally torture to slaves and
they don’t move freely anywhere.
After this uncertain situation and bad behavior 14th amendment in the
USA constitution for slaves.

 1868 - 14th AMMENDMENT IN USA CONSTITUTION:

 This amendment also known as civil rights amendment.
 Main purpose of this amendment to reverse the Black code.
 1870 – 15th AMENDMENT IN USA CONSTITUTION:
 This amendment basically known as for voting rights to
slave.
 Irrespective of race.
CONCLUSION OF RECONSTRUCTION:
 Army take charge in south through marshal law.
 Army divide all south societies in 5 district.
 Army apply martial law in society.
 Army emanate slaves.
 Give 13 amendment in constitution for give equal rights to black
people.
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 Give 15 amendment in constitution for give voting rights to black
people.
 KU KLUX KLAN:
 It was a terrorist movement from white people to dich black
people.
 They torture on blacks through to cut their ears, nose,
fingers etc.
 It was also in some states of USA.
INDUSTRIALIZATION
1. JOHN D. ROCK FELLER:
 John D. Rock Feller was a richest man in 18th Century, he was
first establisher of Oil industry after found oil in USA.
 He was start different monopolies in industrialization or
control in whole industry of Oil.
 He was start a business practice known as Horizontal
Integrates. According to this practice he was control in whole
Oil Processing Business.
 He was expansion in same field and start Bad Business in
industries.
2. ANDREW CARNEGIE:
 He was first established Steel industry in USA. Hendry
Bessemer Steel making process was developed by Hendry
Bessemer and this system adopt by Andrew Carnegie.
 He was used Vertical integrates business practice.
 According to this all process from Ore Steel to steel supply all
process under Andrew Carnegie in USA.
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3. J.B. MORGAN:
 He was first to work in rail road industry In USA and he was
also make monopolies against black people.
During business, they all make trust after to gather and play monopoly
on it because they make critical situation for common man to do more
work in it.
 Working condition is too bad I this era for industrialist.
 Working hours more than 12 hours.
 Wages was too low as compare to work ability.
 No entertained any accidental insurance.
 Food industries supply two years old food to people.
“Chicago Meat Packaging was famous in this issue.”
 Natural Conversation not strong, environmental pollution
developed due to industries.
 Slaves was pathetic.
 Due to this unemployment increased and crime rate also
increased in this era.
 In 1865 to 1900 era, industries and GDP increased but HDI
decreased. Due to GDP increased Inequality increased, poor
business practice developed, monopoly developed and
American presidents became corrupt.
IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
 Inequality.
 Business Practice.
 Bad Working Condition.
 Monopolies developed.
 Trust.
 President Corrupts.
 City Government Corrupt.
 No compensation to common man.
 Deforestation.
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 Maas Migration from South to North.
 Slums Making.
 Unhygienic conditions.
 Bad Food Companies developed.
 Prostitution Red Light District.
 Child Labor.
 Excessive use of Alcohol.
 Crime Rate increase.
PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
1. Theodore Roosevelt.
2. William Howard Taft.
3. Woodrow Wilson.
Progressive movement was a movement start for resolve issues
developed by industrialization, there corruptions, monopolies,
inequality etc. in the beginning of this movement, media highlight issues
of USA and journalism known as Muckrakers to expose the issues of
industrialization of USA to the common man. In Muckrakers a women
famous writer Ida Tarbell wrote a book “History of Standard Oil
Company”. In this Corruption era precedents also include and she was
hit directly president corruption.
“Lincoln Stiffen” was write a book to expose city government, the name
of book are “The Shame of Cities”.
“Upton Sinclair” was a write a book “The Jungle” to expose “Chicago
Meat Packaging Industry”. Those provide 2 years old meat to people.
“Jacob Riis” was write a book “How the Other Half Lives” to expose other
half people life. Due to this book general environment create against
industrialist.
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1. THEODORE ROOSEVELT:
During this environment Roosevelt became as a president of USA,
 He pass different acts and industrialist.
 He was broke trust of industrialist due to this he’s known as trust
broker.
 Working man compensation act pass for industrialist workers.
 Pure food and Drug Act.
 Federal Farm Loan Act.
 National Conservation Commission to save environment and
protect millions of acer land.
2. WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT:
William Howard Became Next president after Roosevelt, he want
to make law n orders for industrialist.
 He was amendment in Constitution known as 16th amendment
in constitution, according to this amendment Federal Income
Tax declared to industrialist.
3. WOODROW WILSON:
Woodrow Wilson was a next president of USA after William Howard
Taft.
 He was also passed 17th amendment in the USA constitution,
after this amendment direct elections became of senate in
USA.
 18th amendment in the USA constitution, after this
amendment ban on alcohol production in USA and it will be
import.
 19th amendment in the USA constitution, after this
amendment women’s get voting rights in USA all type of
elections from 1920. Before this amendment when have no
voting rights.
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