RHSA1

Red Hat System Administration I

Day 4
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Day 4 Contents
●Processes, priorities and signals Concepts .
●Redirection.
●Pipe Line.
●Miscellanies Commands.
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Processes
●Every program you run creates a process.
●Example:

● - Shell
● - Command
● - An application
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Processes
●For everything that happens on a Linux server, a process is started.
●System starts processes called daemons which are processes that
run in the background and provide services.
●Every processes has a PID.
●When a process creates another, the first is the parent of the new
process. The new process is called the child process.

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Processes
●Types of process:
●- Shell jobs.
●- Daemons.

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Viewing Processes
●ps (process status) command
●ps [options]
● ● Output ● Options
– PID. – -e: all system processes.
●
– TTY -> terminal identifier. – -f: full information.
– Execution time. – -u uid: display processes of that user.
– Command name. – a: all processes attached to a terminal.
– x:all other processes.

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Shell jobs
●Shell jobs are commands started from the command line. They associated
with the shell that was current when the process was started.
●When a user types a command, a shell job is started.
●By default, any executed command is started as foreground job.
●Ifyou know that a job will take a long time to complete, you can start it in with
an & behind it.
●This immediately starts the job in the background to make room for other
tasks to be started from the command line.

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Shell jobs
●A signal is a message sent to a process to perform a certain action.
●Tosend signals to processe or process group , you can use kill
command, killall command or pkill command.
●kill -[signal] PID kill 12047
●pkill -[signal] process_name kill -9 mail
●killall process_name killall vim
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Shell jobs
●Signalsare identified by a signal number and a signal name, and has
an associated action.
●– SIGTERM → 15 – SIGKILL → 9
●If no signal is specified, the TERM signal is sent.
●For complete overview of all the available signals, you can use man 7
signal.
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Shell jobs
Examples
●sleep 3600&
●[1] 3302
●jobs
●[1]+ Running sleep 3600 &
●fg 1
●sleep 3600
●ctrl+z [1]+ Stopped sleep 3600
●jobs
●[1]+ Stopped sleep 3600
●bg %1
●[1]+ sleep 3600 &

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Shell jobs
Examples
●jobs

●[1]+ Running sleep 3600 &

●kill -SIGSTOP %1

●[1]+ Stopped sleep 3600

●kill %1

●[1]+ Terminated sleep 3600

●jobs

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Processes
●Everyprocess has a parent process, and as long as it lives, the parent
process is responsible for the child processes it has created.
●In older versions of Linux, killing a parent process would kill all of its
child processes.
●InRHEL 8, if you kill a parent process, all of its child processes
become children of the systemd process.

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Processes Priority
●When Linux processes are started, they are started with a specific
priority.
●Bydefault, all regular proceeses are equal and are started with the
same priority, which is the priority number20.
●Every process which is ready to run has a scheduling priority.
●The Linux process divides CPU time into time slices, in which each
process will get a turn to run, higher priority processes first.
●User can affect the priority by setting the niceness value for a
process.
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Adjusting Priority
●Niceness values range from -20 to +19, which indicates how much of a
bonus or penalty to assign to the priority of the process.
●To change the default priority that was assigned to the process when
it was started.
●Use nice if you want to start a process with an adjusted priority.
●nice [-n adjustment] command
●nice -n 5 dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null &
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Adjusting Priority
●Use renice to change the priority for a currently active process, or you
can use the r command from the top utility to change the priority of a
currently running process.
●renice priority [[-p] pid ...] [[-g] group ...] [[-u] user ...]
●ps | aux
●renice -n 10 -p 1234
●The default niceness of a process is set to 0 (which results in the
priority value of 20.
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Adjusting Priority
●By applying a negative niceness, you increase the priority.
●Use a positive nicenessto decrease the priority.
●Do not set process priority to -20, it risks blocking other processes
from getting served.
●The regular users can only decrease the priority of a running process.
●You must be root to give processes increased priority.
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Viewing Processes
●Use top to display Linux processes.
●The top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running
system.
●Itcan display system summary information as well as a list of
processes or threads currently being managed by the Linux kernel.
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Searching For A Process
●To search for a process, you can use pgrep command.
●pgrep option(s) pattern.
●Options

●-x: exact match.

●-u uid: processes for a specific user.
●-l: display the name with pid.
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Standard Input And Output
●Standard input:
●● Refers to the data source from which data is input to a command.
●● Typically the keyboard.
●Standard output:
●● Refer to data destination to which data from the command is written.
●● Typically the screen.
●Standard error:
●● Refer to the output destination for the errors and messages generated by the
● command.
●● Typically the screen also.
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Standard Input And Output
●InI/O redirection, files can be used to replace the default standard
input, standard output and standard error.
●You can also redirect to device files.
●If you want to discard a command’s output, you can redirect to
●/dev/null.

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Redirection
●Standard input:
●● command < fname
●Standard output:
●● command > fname
●● command >> fname
●Standard error:
●●command 2> fname
●●command 2> /dev/null

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Redirection
●Examples:

●ls -R / > file.txt 2> /dev/null

●ls –l /etc >> findresult
●find /etc –name passwd > findresult
●find / -name passwd 2> errs > results
●mail sbahader < file2.txt
●sort < file2.txt > sortedf1.txt

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Pipe Line
●A pipe (|) is used to send the output of one command as the input to
another.
●Command 1 | Command 2.
●Examples:

●ls -lR / | more

●ps -ef | more
●history | more
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The tee Command
●The tee command reads from the standard input and writes to the
standard output and a file.
●Examples:

●ls -lR / | tee fname | more

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String Processing
●Usethe wc and the diff commands to gather word file statistics and
compare two files.
●Search strings for patterns using the grep command.
●Move and delete data using cut and paste commands.
●Organize data using the sort, and paste command.

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The wc command
●The wc command displays the number of characters, words, and lines
in a specified file.
●The syntax for the wc command is:
● wc [option] [filename]
●The wc command is often used when differentiating between two
versions of a file.

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The wc command

Word-count command options

●

● Option Meanings
● -c Count the number of characters only.
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● -l Count the number of lines only.

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-w Counts the number of words only
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Example:
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wc story.txt
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39 237 1901 story.txt
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The diff command
●The diff command is also used to compare the contents of two files for
differences. If you upgrade a utility and want to see how the new
configuration files differ from the old, use the diff command.
●diff /etc/named.conf.rpm.new /etc/named.conf
●will give the output as:
●20c20

●<

●---- file "root.hints";

●> file "named.ca"
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The grep command
●Displays the lines of its input that match a pattern given as an argument.
●The syntax for the grep command is:
● grep [options] regular-expression filename(s)
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Option Description
-i Not case sensitive.

-v Only shows lines that do not contain the

regular expression.
-r Searches files in the current directory and all
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The tr command
●The tr command can be used to translate characters from standard
input and write to standard output.
●The syntax for the tr command is:
● tr [option] string1 string2
●Example

●echo "Hello, world." | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'

●HELLO, WORLD

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The cut command
●cutcommand cuts fields or columns of text from standard input or the named file
and displays the result to standard.
●The syntax for the cut command is:
● cut option[s] [filename]
●Options

●• -f specifies field or column.

●• -d specifies field delimiter (default is TAB).
●• -c specifies characters and cuts by characters.
●Example

●cut -f3 -d: /etc/passwd

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The sort command
●The sort command sorts text data after accepting it from either a file or the
output of another command.
●Thesorted text is sent to the standard output, with the original file remaining
unchanged in the process.
●The syntax for the sort command is:
● sort option[s] [filename]
●Example

●sort –t : -k1 /etc/passwd

●sort –t : –k3 /etc/passwd
●sort –t : -n –k3 –o passwd_sorted /etc/passwd
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Red Hat

Thank You
sbahader@gmail.com

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