Software Engineering - Assignment #05 Davletov Akylbek

Software
Engineering
Assignment #5
21B030796
Davletov Akylbek
Chapter 10.
Exercise 10.4
Give two examples of government
functions that are supported by
complex sociotechnical systems
and explain why, in the foreseeable
future, these functions cannot be
completely automated.
Example 1
Electronic Tax Filing and Payment System
In Kazakhstan, the electronic tax filing and payment system is a critical component of the eGovernment infrastructure. This function involves
the submission of tax declarations, payments, and related processes through online platforms. While certain aspects of this process can be
automated, several complexities in the sociotechnical system make complete automation challenging.
Complex Sociotechnical System Factors:
• Legal and Regulatory Complexity: Tax regulations and laws are subject to frequent changes and interpretations. The system must be
adaptable to accommodate these changes, and human intervention is often required to interpret and implement new legal requirements
correctly.
• Data Verification and Validation: Automation faces challenges in verifying and validating the accuracy of the information submitted by
taxpayers. Complex transactions and varied sources of income may require human judgment to ensure compliance and prevent fraudulent
activities.
• User Support and Assistance: Taxpayers may encounter difficulties or have questions while navigating the system. Human assistance is
crucial for providing guidance, answering queries, and resolving issues promptly, enhancing user experience and compliance.
• Decision-Making and Dispute Resolution: Certain tax-related decisions involve a level of discretion and interpretation. Human involvement
is essential for resolving disputes, conducting audits, and making nuanced decisions that automated systems might struggle to handle
effectively.
Reasons for Incomplete Automation: Given the intricate nature of tax-related processes and the need for interpretation, legal compliance,
and user support, complete automation of the electronic tax filing and payment system is unlikely in the foreseeable future. Human
oversight and intervention remain indispensable to ensure accuracy, fairness, and adherence to dynamic legal requirements.
Example 2
Online Public Services for Legal Documentation
The provision of online public services for obtaining and processing legal documentation, such as passports or identification cards, is another
essential eGovernment function in Kazakhstan. While the process can benefit from automation, several sociotechnical factors limit the
extent of automation.
Complex Sociotechnical System Factors:
• Identity Verification Challenges: Verifying the identity of individuals online while ensuring the prevention of identity theft and fraud
presents a complex challenge. Human oversight is crucial to handle exceptional cases and anomalies in the verification process.
• Document Authentication: Authenticating legal documents requires a nuanced understanding of various document types and their security
features. Humans play a vital role in ensuring the accuracy of document verification and preventing fraudulent submissions.
• Sensitive Data Handling: Legal documentation processes involve handling sensitive personal information. The complexities of data
protection, privacy concerns, and compliance with regulations demand human judgment in decision-making to safeguard individuals'
privacy and prevent misuse.
• Exception Handling: Unforeseen circumstances, exceptional cases, or discrepancies may arise during the application process. Human
intervention is necessary to address these situations, ensuring a fair and accurate outcome for the users.
Reasons for Incomplete Automation: The multifaceted nature of identity verification, document authentication, data privacy, and exception
handling in legal documentation processes necessitates ongoing human involvement. While automation can streamline many aspects, the
complexity of sociotechnical factors ensures that complete automation is unlikely in the near future. Human oversight is essential to handle
the intricacies of the process, ensuring its integrity, security, and fairness.
Chapter 11. Exercise
11.5
Suggest circumstances where it is

appropriate to use a fault - tolerant
architecture when implementing a
software-based control system and explain
why this approach is required.
A fault-tolerant architecture is appropriate for implementing a software-based control system in circumstances where:
• Safety is Critical:
• Reason: To prevent catastrophic consequences in safety-critical applications, such as automotive control
systems or medical devices.
• Mission-Critical Operations:
• Reason: Ensuring high availability and reliability is vital for systems supporting mission-critical operations, like
financial transactions or telecommunications.
• Remote or Inaccessible Environments:
• Reason: In scenarios with limited access for maintenance, fault tolerance reduces the risk of system failures in
remote or inaccessible locations.
• Real-Time Control Systems:
• Reason: Continuous operation and rapid response are essential in real-time control systems, like industrial
automation or robotics, to avoid performance degradation or safety hazards.
Chapter 12. Exercise
12.1
Identify six consumer products that are

likely to be controlled by safety-critical
software systems.
1. Airbags in Automobiles:
Safety-Critical Software: The deployment of airbags in vehicles is controlled by safety-critical software. These systems rely on sensors
and algorithms to determine when to deploy airbags in the event of a collision, ensuring occupant safety.
2. Medical Implant Devices:
Safety-Critical Software: Devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps are controlled by safety-critical software to ensure proper
functioning within the human body. The software monitors vital signs and delivers therapeutic interventions, making reliability
crucial.
3. Commercial Aircraft Avionics Systems:
Safety-Critical Software: Avionics systems in commercial aircraft, including flight control systems, autopilots, and navigation systems,
are controlled by safety-critical software. These systems are designed to ensure the safety and stability of the aircraft duringflight.
4. Elevators and Escalators:
Safety-Critical Software: Elevators and escalators incorporate safety-critical software to control their operation. This software is
responsible for ensuring smooth and safe rides, monitoring speed, and implementing emergency braking systems.
5. Industrial Robots:
Safety-Critical Software: In manufacturing environments, industrial robots often operate in close proximity to humans. Safety-critical
software is employed to control robotic movements, implement emergency stops, and ensure that robots operate safely in
collaborative workspaces.
6. Home Security Systems:
Safety-Critical Software: Security systems for homes, including smart door locks, surveillance cameras, and alarm systems, often use
safety-critical software. This software is designed to prevent unauthorized access and respond effectively to security threats, ensuring
the safety of occupants and their belongings.

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