The document discusses the characteristics of production systems used for problem solving. It states that a production system has four main components: production rules, a knowledge database, a control system, and search strategies. The control system chooses which rule to apply based on the knowledge database. Search strategies can be uninformed, using no problem information, or informed/heuristic, using information to guide the search. The document also covers different types of production systems based on their properties and discusses the relationships between problem types and well-suited production system types.
The document discusses the characteristics of production systems used for problem solving. It states that a production system has four main components: production rules, a knowledge database, a control system, and search strategies. The control system chooses which rule to apply based on the knowledge database. Search strategies can be uninformed, using no problem information, or informed/heuristic, using information to guide the search. The document also covers different types of production systems based on their properties and discusses the relationships between problem types and well-suited production system types.
The document discusses the characteristics of production systems used for problem solving. It states that a production system has four main components: production rules, a knowledge database, a control system, and search strategies. The control system chooses which rule to apply based on the knowledge database. Search strategies can be uninformed, using no problem information, or informed/heuristic, using information to guide the search. The document also covers different types of production systems based on their properties and discusses the relationships between problem types and well-suited production system types.
The document discusses the characteristics of production systems used for problem solving. It states that a production system has four main components: production rules, a knowledge database, a control system, and search strategies. The control system chooses which rule to apply based on the knowledge database. Search strategies can be uninformed, using no problem information, or informed/heuristic, using information to guide the search. The document also covers different types of production systems based on their properties and discusses the relationships between problem types and well-suited production system types.
characteristics, Production systems characteristics Production systems • Production systems provide appropriate structures for performing and describing search • processes. A production system has four basic components as enumerated below • The production rules operate on the knowledge database. • Each rule has a precondition—that is, either satisfied or not by the knowledge database. • If the precondition is satisfied, the rule can be. Application of the rule changes the knowledge database. • The control system chooses which applicable rule should be applied and ceases computation when a termination condition on • the knowledge database is satisfied. Control strategies • Control strategies help us decide which rule to apply next during the process of searching for a solution to a problem. • Good control strategy should: It should cause motion It should be Systematic There are mainly two types of search strategies:
1. Uninformed search (blind search)
Also called blind, exhaustive or brute-force search uses no
information about the problem to guide the search and therefore may not be very efficient. (BFS,DFS,DLS) 2. Informed search (heuristic search)
Also called heuristic or intelligent search, uses information
about the problem to guide the search, usually guesses the distance to a goal state, and is therefore efficient, but the search may not be always possible. ( Best First Search, Problem Decomposition, A*, Mean end Analysis.) • AI problems make use of knowledge and guided search through the knowledge • AI can be described as the study of techniques for solving exponentially hard problems in polynomial time by exploiting knowledge about problem domain. • To use the heuristic search for problem solving, we suggest analysis of the problem for the following considerations 1. Siva was a man. 2. Siva was a worker in a company. 3. Siva was born in 1905. 4. All men are mortal. 5. All workers in a factory died when there was an accident in 1952. 6. No mortal lives longer than 100 years. Suppose we ask a question: ‘Is Siva alive?’ it does not matter which path we follow. If we follow one path successfully to the correct answer, then there is no reason to go back and check another path to lead the solution. CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Production systems provide us with good ways of describing the operations that can be performed in a search for a solution to a problem. At this time, two questions may arise: 1. Can production systems be described by a set of characteristics? And how can they be easily implemented? 2. What relationships are there between the problem types and the types of production systems well suited for solving the problems? 1. A monotonic production system is a production system in which the application of a rule never prevents the later application of another rule that could also have been applied at the time the first rule was selected. 2. A non-monotonic production system is one in which this is not true. 3. A partially communicative production system is a production system with the property that if the application of a particular sequence of rules transforms state P into state Q, then any combination of those rules that is allowable also transforms state P into state Q. 4. A commutative production system is a production system that is both monotonic and partially commutative. For any solvable problems, there exist an infinite number of production systems that show how to find solutions. Any problem that can be solved by any production system can be solved by a commutative one, but the commutative one is practically useless. It may use individual states to represent entire sequences of applications of rules of a simpler, non-commutative system. In the formal sense, there is no relationship between kinds of problems and kinds of production systems Since all problems can be solved by all kinds of systems. But in the practical sense, there is definitely such a relationship between the kinds of problems and the kinds of systems that lend themselves to describing those problems. Partially commutative, monotonic productions systems are useful for solving ignorable problems. Production systems that are not partially commutative are useful for many problems in which permanent changes occur.
