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Introduction

[ECE20016/ITP20003] Java Programming

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 Agenda

■ Computer Basics

■ The First Java Application

■ Programming Basics

■ Graphics Supplement

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 Computer

■ Composed of …
■ Input devices (keyboards, mouse, camera, mic,…)
■ Output devices (monitor, printer, speaker, …)
■ Storages (HDD, SSD, flash memory, CD/DVD, …)
■ CPU, main memory, controller, …

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 CPU and Memory

■ CPU - carries out only very simple instructions

■ Moving data from one place in memory to another
■ Performing some basic arithmetic (+, -, …)
Cf. program: a sequence of instructions to accomplish a task

■ Main memory (RAM) – stores data and instructions

■ Volatile
■ Fast
■ Smaller and more expensive than auxiliary memory
■ The only storage that CPU can access directly.

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 Main Memory

■ Main memory consists of a long list of numbered bytes.

■ All kinds of data are stored as a series of bits or bytes.
■ The location of a byte is called its address.
■ The address of other memory unit, i.e. WORD(2bytes) or
DWORD(4bytes), is the address of the starting byte.

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 Programs

■ Program: a sequence of instructions for a computer to

follow.

■ Execution of program
■ Program is executed by computer (+ OS)
■ Program takes input and produces output

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 Programming Languages

■ Primitive programming languages

■ Machine language - a sequence of machine instructions
□ Machine instruction: primitive instructions CPU can run.
■ Assembly language – a sequence of assembly instruction
□ Assembly instruction: symbolic representation of machine
instruction
□ Needs translation into machine language (assembler)

■ High-level programming languages

■ Human-friendly language to describe the things the computer
should do.
■ Only for human (cannot be executed on computer)
➔ Needs translation into machine language code.
(interpreter/compiler)

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 Interpreter and Compiler

■ Interpreter - translates and executes each command

alternatively
■ Translates every time the program runs.
■ Interactive

■ Compiler - translates the whole (or a part of) program

into machine code (exceptions: Java, C#, …)
■ Compile once execute often.
■ Fast

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 Creating and Running C Programs

■ Link
■ Integrating objects and library modules required to execute
Notice! a program can be distributed in multiple source files.

Source 1 Object 1

Source 2 Compil Object 2

ing
…

… Linki Executable
Source n Object n ng

Library
Modules
(printf, scanf,…)

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 Java Bytecode

■ Java compiler translates Java program into bytecode

rather than machine language.

■ Bytecode: machine language of a hypothetical computer

known as a virtual machine, called JVM.
■ Intermediate form between Java program and machine code.
■ Easy to interpret

Java Byte-c Machine

program ode code
(.java) (.class)

for human for machine

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 Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

■ JVM interprets bytecode (translation + execution)

■ JVM provides platform-independent environment.
■ There exists JVMs for various H/W’s and OS’s
■ Java bytecode can run on any JVM.

JVM
OS
H/W

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 Compiling and Running Java

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 Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

■ JVM provides great portability.

“Compile once, run everywhere!”

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 Applications and Applets

■ Application: regular program.

■ Run on your computer
□ H/W + OS + VM

■ Applet
■ Sent to another location on the Internet and run there.
□ H/W + OS + VM + Web browser

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 Agenda

■ Computer Basics

■ The First Java Application

■ Programming Basics

■ Graphics Supplement

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 The First Java Application Program

import java.util.Scanner;
public class FirstProgram
{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
System.out.println ("Hello out there.");
System.out.println ("I will add two numbers for you.");
System.out.println ("Enter two whole numbers on a line:");
int n1, n2;
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in);
n1 = keyboard.nextInt ();
n2 = keyboard.nextInt ();
System.out.println ("The sum of those two numbers is");
System.out.println (n1 + n2);
}
}

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 The First Java Application Program

■ Result

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 The First Java Application Program

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 The First Java Application Program

■ import java.util.Scanner;
■ Tells the compiler that this program uses the class Scanner.

■ class FirstProgram
public class FirstProgram
{
...
}

■ The main method

public static void main(String[] args)
{
...
}

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 The First Java Application Program

■ System.out.println()
■ Displays what is shown in parentheses
■ System.out is an object used to send output to the screen
■ println is the method that performs this action for the object
System.out.

■ int n1, n2; // variable declaration

■ variable: a memory space with a name to store a piece of data.
■ int: data type (integer)
■ n1, n2: variable names

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 The First Java Application Program

■ Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);

■ Prepares to read from the keyboard
■ System.in is an object used to read input to the keyboard

■ n1 = keyboard.nextInt();
■ n2 = keyboard.nextInt();
■ Reads integer numbers from the keyboard

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 Writing a Java Program

■ A Java program is composed of smaller parts, called

classes
■ In the code, we use three classes: FirstProgram, System,
Scanner
■ Each class should be in a separate file with the same filename.
Ex) FirstProgram.java

■ Writing a Java program = writing classes

■ Design the whole program
■ Decompose it into classes
■ Implement each class

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 Compile and Running a Java Program

■ Compile and Running with JDK (Java Development Toolkit)

■ Compiler + JRE (incl. JVM)
cf: JRE: Java Runtime Environment (JVM + built-in classes + α)
■ Compile: javac FirstProgram.java
■ Run: java FirstProgram
➔ JDK should be installed, and its bin directory should be in PATH.

■ IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

■ Editor + compiler + runtime + debugger + …
Ex) Eclipse, NetBeans, …
■ Background compile
■ Run
□ Menu->Run->Run As->Java Application
□ Menu->Run->Run
□ CTRL-F11

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 Agenda

■ Computer Basics

■ The First Java Application

■ Programming Basics

■ Graphics Supplement

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 Object-Oriented Programming

■ Java is an object-oriented programming language,

abbreviated OOP.
■ OOP is a technique that experienced programmers have found
to be extremely helpful.

■ The world is made up of objects.

Ex) people, automobiles, buildings, …

■ Object-oriented programming (OOP) treats a program

as a collection of objects that interact by means of
actions.

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 Object-Oriented Programming

■ Objects, appropriately, are called objects.

■ Actions are called methods.

■ Objects of the same kind have the same type and

belong to the same class.
■ Objects within a class have a common set of methods and the
same kinds of data
■ But each object can have it’s own data values.

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 Class, Object, and Methods

■ Class: a type of entities

Ex) Sonata, Genesis, Galaxy Note, i-Pad…

■ Object: a specific entity

Ex) my Sonata (with a specific VIN and plate number)

■ Method: an action an object can perform

Ex) Sonata has go, stop, left_turn, right_turn, …

■ Attribute: component that constructs an object

■Also called fields, member variable, data member, …
Ex) body, engine, wheel, tire, chair, door, trunk, …

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 OOP Design Principles

■ OOP adheres to three primary design principles:

■ Encapsulation
■ Polymorphism
■ Inheritance

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 Encapsulation

■ The data and methods associated with any

particular class are encapsulated (“put together
in a capsule”), but only part of the contents is
made accessible.
■ Encapsulation provides a means of using the class,
but it omits the details of how the class works.
Ex) accelerator pedal, brake pedal, steering wheel, …
■ Encapsulation often is called information hiding.
Ex) fuel injectors, automatic braking control system, power steering
pump, …

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 Polymorphism

■ From the Greek meaning “many forms”

■ The same program instruction adapts to mean different

things in different contexts.
■ A method name produces results that depend on the class of
the object that used the method.
Ex) ‘go’ method of an automobile vs. ‘go’ method of an airplane.

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 Inheritance

■ Classes can be organized using inheritance.

■ ‘is a’ relation
■ A class at lower levels inherits all the characteristics of
classes above it in the hierarchy.
■ Inherited characteristics do not need to be repeated.
■ New characteristics are added.

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 Inheritance in Java

■ Used to organize classes

■ New characteristics are added.

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 Algorithms

■ An algorithm describes a means of performing an action.

■ Algorithm = a series of actions
cf. program = a series of instructions (or commands)
■ An abstracted form of program.
■ For human, not machine

■ Once an algorithm is defined, expressing it in Java (or in

another programming language) usually is easy.

■ An algorithm must be expressed completely and precisely.

■ Algorithms usually are expressed in pseudocode.

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 Example: Total Cost of All Items

■ Write the number 0 on the

whiteboard.
■ For each item on the list
■ Add the cost of the item to the number
on the whiteboard
■ Replace the number on the whiteboard
with the result of this addition.
■ Announce that the answer is the
number written on the whiteboard.

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 Reusable Components

■ Most programs are created by combining existing

components.
■ Programs NOT usually created entirely from scratch.

■ Reusing components saves time and money.

■ Reused components are likely to be better developed, and

more reliable.

■ New components should be designed to be reusable by other

applications.

■ Java provides many classes

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/

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 Java Platform API
It moved to http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/

Description of
class Scanner
Package names

Class names

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