ELECTRICITY TRAINER KIT

EXPERIMENT 1 ON COLOUR CODE OF RESISTORS

AIM: To study the Resistors colcur code

OBJECTIVE: To study of the resistance individually, as well as in series & in parallel

connections.

THEORY:

Resistors are identified or values can be known by their colour codes. There is a set of co-axial
rings or bands printed on the resistor. Therefore, it is essential for the student to be able to
read the values quickly and easily. In order to understand the significance of these rings, we
have to go through the following Table 1 below.

Colour Significant Figure Decimal Multiplier Number of zeros to add

Black 0 1 0
Brown 1 10 1
Red 2 100 2
Orange 3 1000 3
Yellow 4 10000 4
Green 5 100000 5
Blue 6 1000000 6
Violet 7 10000000 7
Grey 8 100000000 8
White 9 1000000000 9

Table-1.1
For Fourth Band
No colour + 20%
Silver + 10%
Gold + 5%
Red + 2%
Brown + 1%
Note: the resistor has the first digit, second digit, third digit, multiplier and tolerance.
For example; if any unknown resistor has the following colour bands

1. Brown
2. Black
3. Black
4. Black
5. Brown

So the value can be determined as,

100 x 100 ± 1% Ω

100Ω ±1% Ω

The first three rings or strips from end gives the first three significant figures of resistance in
ohm. The fourth ring or strip indicates the decimal multiplier. The last ring indicates the
tolerance in percent above the indicate values.

Resistance in series; are said to be connected between two points, if they provide only a
signal path between the two path. When resistors are connected in series, some current
flows through each resistor when some potential differences is applied across the
combination. It means that the equivalent resistance of any number of resistors is equal to
the sum of their individual resistance.

R1 R2 R3

Fig-1

Rs = R1 + R 2 + R3

Resistance in Parallel; are said to be connected in parallel if the potential difference across
each of them is the same and is equal to the applied potential difference.
 R1
I

R2

R3

Fig-2

1 1 1 1
RP
= R1
+ +
R 2 R3

PROCEDURE:

1. Take any three resistors of same value and enter the colour code of resistors into the
table.
2. Enter the value of resistors according to the colour code in the table.
3. Enter the tolerance in the table.
4. Now, measure the resistance of all three resistors with the help of the multiplier. Enter
the measured value in the table.

Resistor Colours Coded Tolerance Measured

1st 2nd 3rd Resistance Resistance
1
2
3

Table 1.2

5. Now connect the three resistors in series on the trainer board. Measure the resistance
of the combinations as shown the following diagram by connecting the leads of the
multimeter between the points at the end of shown arrows. You can calculate the
resistance by using formulas and compare with the multimeter readings.
 Calculate;
R12 =
R23 =
R123 =

It is clear that R123 = R1 + R2 + R3

6. Now connect the resistors in parallel as show in the figure below and measure the
resistance of different combinations

Calculate;
R12 =
R23 =
R123 =

1
It is clear that
R 123

7. Now you can take different types of resistor values and repeat the above steps.
8. Continue a combination of series and parallel connections of resistors.

CONCLUSION: Hence we have studied the resistance

 EXPERIMENT 2
AIM: Study the Ohm’s Law

OBJECTIVE: To study the Ohm’s law mathematical relationship between three variables

(i) Voltage
(ii) Current
(iii) Resistance

THEORY:

We know that electric current is proportional to drift velocity which is turn in proportional to
electric field strength. The electric field strength is proportional to potential difference. So the
electric current is proportional to potential difference, which is Ohm’s Law. If V is the potential
difference and I is the current, then

V = I R, Where, R = resistance

Since current I is proportional to the potential difference V, therefore the graph between V and
I is a straight line.

Fig-2.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig-2.2 V-I Plot

PROCEDURE

1. Connect AC Supply to the kit.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.5.1
3. Connect a resistor to one end to an ammeter and the other end to the negative terminal
of the DC power supply
 4. Connect positive of DC power supply to other end of ammeter.
5. Switch ON the trainer.
6. Set the multimeter to the appropriate range ad measure the current flowing through
the resistance. Record this value of current in the table.

Note: when current is to be measured, we have to connect the ammeter (multimeter) in series.

Fig.2.3

7. Now disconnect the above set up and connect the new circuit as shown in the fig above
8. Connect a resistor across the DC power supply.
9. Connect a Voltmeter across the resistance.
10. Now measure the voltage across the resistor (note that voltage is to be measured in
parallel).
11. Record the corresponding voltages/current in the table below for different resistors. You
can start with the lower values of resistors.

Resistance (Ω) Current (A) Voltage (V) Voltage/Resistance

Table 2.1
12. Draw a graph between current (vertical axis) and resistance (horizontal axis). It is clear
that current is inversely proportional to resistance.
 13. Now you can compare the values of V/R with current. According to the ohm’s law,
current is given by the ratio of voltage to the resistance.

CONCLUSION
Hence we have studied the Ohm’s Law.
 EXPERIMENT 3

AIM: MEASUREMENT OF POWER

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this experiment is to show that when a force causes motion, work is done and
that power is the rate of doing work. The rate at which work is done in moving electrons through
a resistor depends on how many electrons have to be moved. In other words, the power
consumed in a resistor is determined by the voltage measured across it., multiplied by the
current flowing through it, and when expressed in units of measure gives rise to the power
formula which is

POWER (P) = VOLTAGE (V) x CURRENT (I)

Or
WATTS = VOLTS x AMPERES
Therefore,
P=VxI

MATERIALS Quantity
1. DC power supply 6V Block-06 1
2. Bulbs 6V Block-17, 20 24 3
3. Ammeter 0-0.6 Amp DC Block-04 1
4. Voltmeter 0-15V DC Block-02 5

CIRCUIT LAYOUT

V
3V, 6V,
12V DC SUPPLY
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the circuit as shown above.
2. Switch ON the DC power supply set to 3V and record the Amps and voltage
3. Change the setting to 6V, & 12V in each case and record same as in step 2.
VOLTS AMPS VxI

RESULTS
Each lamp is rated for a specific voltage. The wattage calculations will only correspond with the
indicated wattage when the lamp is operated at the rated voltage. You may want to try this
experiment using the dry cells to see how the theoretical calculations compare with actual
values.
 EXPERIMENT 3
AIM: Study the behaviour of current when inductance is introduced in the circuit

OBJECTIVE: To study the behaviour of current when inductance is introduced in the circuit

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect AC power supply to the Kit

2. Connect the circuit as shown below in fig,….

Fig-3.1

3. Connect one end of the coil (800 turns) and other end to a light bulb
4. Connect the other end of the light bulb to the other end of AC power supply.
5. Now as you switch ON the trainer board, you would observe that the light bulb is
glowing with good intensity.
6. Take the core and insert in the coil, result will be the light of increased intensity.
7. The glow of the bulb would decrease because, as the iron rod is inserted in the coil its
inductance increases so inductive reactance increases. This result in an increase in
impedance of the circuit. Consequently, the current in the circuit degreases and hence
the glow of the bulb decreases.
CONCLUSION:

Hence we have studied the behavior of current when inductance is introduced in the circuit,