VERBS

THE HELPING VERBS/AUXILIARIES

BE: is am are was were be been being

HAVE: have has had
DO: do does did
MODALS: can could shall should will would may might must ought to need

Negatives
BE: isn’t am not aren’t wasn’t weren’t
HAVE: haven’t hasn’t hadn’t
DO: don’t doesn’t didn’t
MODALS: can’t couldn’t shan’t shouldn’t won’t wouldn’t may not mightn’t mustn’t
needn’t

Ordinary Verbs

Infinitiv Present Past Past Present

e Participle Participle

Modals I we you She He I we you they he Have/Be Be

they It she it

be am/are is was/were been being

go go goes went gone going

eat eat eats ate eaten eating

sing sing sings sang sung singing

write write writes wrote written writing

make make makes made made making

catch catch catches caught caught catching

give give gives gave given giving

Penjelasan:

1. Kolom Infinitive be, go, eat, sing, write, make dan seterusnya hanya bisa dipakai
oleh can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would, need…
Contoh:
can go, could go, should go, may go, might go, must go, will go, would go.

2. Kata kerja present mempunyai dua bentuk: Bentuk jamak dan bentuk tunggal.
Bentuk tunggal hanya bisa dipakai oleh He, she, it; bentuk jamak oleh I, we, you, they.

Contoh:
He goes, she goes, it goes; I go, you go, they go

3. Kolom Past dipakai oleh semua pokok kalimat (I, we, you, they, he, she, it).

Contoh:
He went, she went, it went, I went, you went, they went..

4. Kolom Past Participle hanya bisa dipakai oleh kata kerja pembantu have atau be

Contoh:
Have gone, has gone, had gone, be gone, is gone, are gone, been gone, being gone

5. Kolom Present Participle hanya bisa dipakai oleh salah satu bentuk be (is, am,
are, was, were, be, been).

Contoh:
is going, am going, are going, was going, were going, be going, been going

Negatives

BE: isn’t am not aren’t wasn’t weren’t

HAVE: haven’t hasn’t hadn’t
DO: don’t doesn’t didn’t
MODALS: can’t couldn’t shan’t shouldn’t won’t wouldn’t may not mightn’t mustn’t
needn’t

Membentuk kalimat yang tidak mempunyai Helping Verbs dengan memakai :

1. DO NOT (don’t), DOES NOT (doesn’t) untuk kata kerja present
2. DID NOT (didn’t) untuk kata kerja past

Contoh:
1. She will go to school
She WILL NOT go to school.

2. We have done the homework.

We HAVE NOT done the homework
3. They go to school every day.
They DO NOT GO to school every day.

Questions

Untuk membentuk kalimat pertanyaan:

1. Kalimat yang mempunyai Helping Verb, cukup dengan meletakkan helping verb
tersebut sebelum pokok kalimat atau subject
2. Kalimat yang tidak mempunyai Helping verb dengan menambah DO, DOES, DID
sebelum pokok kalimat/subject.

Contoh:

1. She will go to school.

Will she go to school?
Yes, she will atau No, she will not/won’t.

2. She goes to school every day.

Does she go to school every day?
Yes, she does atau No, she does not/doesn’t

--- The end ---

PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

INTRODUCTION

Sentence : Subject + Verb

Subjects:
1. Singular Subjects : He, She, It
2. Plural Subjects : We, you, they, I (walaupun I bentuk tunggal, tetapi I
memakai bentuk kata kerja jamak)

Kata Kerja Present Simple mempunyai dua bentuk kata kerja:

1. Plural Verbs/Kata Kerja Jamak : am/are, go, eat, sing, write, make,
catch, give dan seterusnya
2. Singular Verbs/Kata Kerja Tunggal : is, goes, eats, sings, writes, makes,
catches, gives dan seterusnya

Singular Subjects take singular Verbs. Plural Subjects take Plural Verbs

Contoh: He is, you are, she goes, she eats, she sings, they are, we go, you write, they
make

Subjects he, she, it tidak boleh memakai kata kerja are, eat, sing, write, make dst nya
begitu juga sebaliknya Subjects I. we, you, they tidak boleh memakai kata kerja is,
goes, eats, sings, writes, makes, catches dstnya

Lihat pelajaran Helping verbs and Ordinary Verbs.

Tense is the change of verbs according to the time signals.

Tenses adalah perubahan kata kerja yang disesuaikan dengan time signal/keterangan
waktu dalam sebuah kalimat. Dengan kata lain Keterangan waktu berubah, kata kerja
juga berubah.

Simple Present Tense (SPT):

Simple Present Tense is used for Routines/habits, permanent situations, facts, future
official fixed arrangements or timetables we cannot change.

Simple Present Tense dipakai untuk peristiwa/tindakan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang,

terjadi dimasa lalu, sekarang dan masa depan yang terjadwal:

Pattern: Singular Subject + Singular verb; plural subject + Plural verb

Time Signals:

Always, usually, every morning/night/evening/day/week/month, often, sometimes,

occasionally, from time to time, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, hardly ever,
never

Contoh:
1. Peter goes to work by bus
2. I have two cats and a dog.
3. She lives in Paris
4. Famous people suffer from a lot of stress.
5. If you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
6. The Chinese delegation arrives tomorrow at 10 a.m.
7. Christmas falls on a Sunday next year.

Catatan: The highlighted verbs are all from the column of present simple. (Semua kata
kerja yang bercetak tebal berasal dari kolom Kata Kerja Present)

We do not discuss the negative and questions of the Simple Present Tense. We had
discussed them last week. Kita tidak membahas cara membentuk kalimat negative dan
pertanyaan dalam present tense. Sudah dibahas pada pertemuan 1.

Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous tense is used for (=Present Continuous Tense dipakai untuk):
1. actions/event that are happening at the moment of speaking (Peristiwa atau tindakan
yang sedang terjadi saat ini)
The boys are playing football at the moment.
2. temporary situations (Keadaan yang tidak tetap, sementara)
Dad is travelling a lot this year.
3. future arrangements (masa depan yang sudah diatur)
I am having a party on Saturday. (tersirat Undangan sudah dibagi, tempat pesta
dan makanan sudah diatur)
4. habits with always (often annoying)
They are always arguing about homework. (menunjukkan kekesalan si
pembicara)
5. actions that are happening around now.
I am reading a very good book at the moment.

Pattern:
Subject + is/am/are + verb (ing)/present participle

Time signals:
At the moment, right now, these days, today, this evening, tomorrow, next
summer, on Saturday, always (for an annoying habit), etc

Conclusion:
Simple Present Tense mempunyai kesan berulang-ulang, sementara Present
continuous sedang.

Contoh perbedaan simple present dan present continuous:

1. Paola is the student who sits at the back of the class. ( Paola selalu duduk di
 belakang)
Paola is the student who is sitting at the back of the class. (Saat ini Paola
sedang duduk di belakang kelas, besok belum tentu)

2. My parents stay at the Metropole Hotel. (Selalu menginap di Hotel Metropole)

My parents are staying at the Metropole Hotel. (saat ini, tidak selalu)

3. He works in a café’. (permanent)

He is working in a café’. (sementara)

4. He always talks about money. (si pembicara tidak merasa kesal)

He is always talking about money. (si pembicara merasa kesal )

Simple Past

Positive : subject + Past verb (verb2)

Negative : subject + did not + infinitive
Question : did + subject + infinitive?

Time signals :
- yesterday, two days/weeks/months ago, last week/month/year, in 1991, in the
end, at that moment, suddenly, then, when.

We use the past simple for actions completed at a particular time in the past, a
sequence of completed actions, past habits or regular events, situations or states in the
past

After the meeting, he got in the car and drove off

Yesterday I played tennis, ran ten kilometres, and swam for an hour.
We went swimming every day in the summer
Did you live in France when you were younger?

Past Continuous tense

Positive : subject + was/were + Present Participle

Negative : subject + was/were + not + Present Participle
Question : Was/were + subject + Present Participle

Time signals : while, as, when, at that time, meanwhile, at 7 o’clock last night

We use past continuous tense for events that were in progress at a particular time in the
past, two actions in progress at the same time in the past.

At ten o’clock in the morning, they were swimming in the lake

He was playing his music quietly but it was still annoying her
When a sentence consists of past continuous and Past simple, the rules are as follows:

Past Simple and Past continuous Tense

Used for:

 an event that was in progress when another event happened

I was sitting in the caravan when suddenly it started to rain hard.
Saya sedang duduk in caravan Ketika tiba-tiba hujan turun

 an unfinished action (past continuous) interrupted by a short action (past simple)

I was watching TV when the lights went off
Saya sedang nonton TV Ketika lampu padam

- the background information (past continuous) and events (Past simple) in a story
The sun was shining and everyone on the beach was enjoying the nice weather
when the accident happened.
Matahari sedang bersinar dan semua orang sedang menikmati cuaca yang
menyenangkan Ketika kecelakaan itu terjadi

Ada dua peristiwa di dalam satu kalimat, satu sedang berlangsung (past
continuous) Ketika peristiwa lain terjadi (Past simple). yang sedang berlangsung
dalam bentuk Past continuous Tense dan peristiwa yg terjadi kemudian dalam
bentuk past simple.

Book 4 Unit 1

Target Words: aroma, beverage, cluster, combine, condensed, contemporary,

cultivate, divine, humid, odor, palate, paradise, plantation, rapid, rate, soothing,
subtle, texture, toxic, vary

a·ro·ma noun aroma

An aroma is a scent or smell.
I love the aroma of coffee in the morning.

bev·er·age (plural) beverages) noun minuman

A beverage is a drink.
The waiter brought our beverages first. Then he brought our food.

cluster noun (plural) clus·ters) klaster

A cluster of things is a small group of them placed close together.
She held a large cluster of grapes in her hand.

com-bine verb menggabungkan

(past combined, past participle combined, present participle com·bin·ing, 3rd person
present singular com·bines) To combine is to join together to make a single thing or
group.
Mina combined peanut butter and jelly to make a sandwich.

condensed adj. pekat/kental

When a liquid is condensed, it is made thicker.
One way to make a dessert thick and sweet is to use condensed milk.

con·tem·po·rar·y adjective
When something is contemporary, it is related to the present time.
Contemporary scientists have learned quite a bit about DNA.

cul·ti·vate verb mengolah

(past cultivated, past participle cultivated, present participle cultivating, 3rd person
present singular cultivates) transitive verb
To cultivate plants is to care for them and help them grow.
A research company is cultivating new kinds of rice to aid poor countries.

di-vine adj. ilahi

When something is divine, it is related to gods.
Legends say that music was given to men as a divine gift from the gods.

hu-mid adj. lembab

When it is humid, there is a lot of water in the air.
It is very humid inside of a sauna.

o·dor (plural o·dors) noun bau

An odor is a very distinct smell.
He knew there was a leak when he noticed the strong odor of natural gas.

palate (plural pal·ates) noun langit mulut

The palate is the top part of the mouth.
You can touch your palate with your tongue.
par-a-dise n. sorga
Paradise is the place or condition of happiness where things are perfect.
My vacation in Hawaii was like being in paradise.

plan·ta·tion (plural plantations) noun perkebunan

A plantation is a big farm that only grows certain kinds of crops.
In the 1800s, there were many cotton plantations in the southern US.

ra-pid adj. cepat

When something is rapid, it moves or changes very quickly.
His mother was surprised by her son’s rapid growth

rate n. tingkat
A rate is the speed at which something happens.
Grass tends to grow at a very slow rate.

soothing adj. menyejukkan

When something is soothing, it makes you calm or relaxed.
The soothing music helped the baby fall asleep.

subtle adj. tidak jelas

When something is subtle, it is not easy to see or notice.
The handsome man has a subtle smile.

tex-ture n. tekstur
The texture of something is the way its surface looks and feels.
The texture of a rock found in the water is typically very smooth.

toxic adj. beracun

When something is toxic, it is poisonous. Toxic things are very dangerous.
Please check the label to see if the product is toxic.

Vary verb beragam, berbeda

(past var·ied, past participle var·ied, present participle var·y·ing, 3rd person present
singular var·ies)
To vary means to be different from another thing in size or amount.
The heights of the people in my class vary by a large amount.

Reading

The History of Chocolate

Many people believe that chocolate originally came from Europe. However, chocolate,
called the “food of the gods,” was first made in the Americas. The first chocolate was
very different from contemporary chocolate.
Wild chocolate trees can grow easily in the humid Amazon rainforest. Clusters of
flowers growing on these trees turn to seeds. About 20 to 60 cacao beans can be found
in the seeds. Cacao beans are the ingredient needed to create sweet, soothing, and
delicious chocolate treats.

The Mayan and Aztec cultures both thought that chocolate trees were brought from
paradise by gods. The Mayans and Aztecs used the beans from this divine tree to
create a special beverage with a very pleasant odor. Surprisingly, the Aztecs believed
that it would be toxic to women and children.

In the 1500s, the Spanish explorer Cortes met the Aztecs. Cortes became quite
interested in the plantations where the Aztecs cultivated chocolate trees. When he
returned to Europe, he took cacao beans with him. He introduced the people of Spain to
the Aztecs’ chocolate beverage.

Over the next 100 years or so, kings, queens, and members of the upper class enjoyed
drinking chocolate. They enjoyed it even more once they learned to add sugar to the
beverage! Soon, chocolate had spread all across Europe. New machines allowed
chocolate makers to perfect their products and produce them at a very rapid rate.
Preparing the beans in special ways brought out the aroma of chocolate. The beans
were combined with condensed milk to give the chocolate a smooth texture.

Today, contemporary chocolates with subtle flavors fill the shelves of expensive
chocolate shops. The different types of chocolate available today vary widely. True
chocolate lovers can tell which is best, though. They will tell you that the flavor of high-
quality chocolate stays on the palate long after you finish it.

--- The End ---

Do the exercise in the google form.

Used to dan would

Used to dan would mempunyai fungsi yang sama untuk menyatakan kebiasaan di
masa lalu yang tidak dilakukan lagi. Bedanya would tidak bisa dipakai dengan kata
kerja Statif.
I used to/would swim in the river when I was a kid.= Aku dulu biasanya berenang di
sungai sewaktu aku kecil.

I used to live here when I was a kid.= aku dulu tinggal di sana sewaktu aku kecil.

Would tidak bisa dipakai di sini karena live adalah state verb

Be used to + Verb-ing = terbiasa

I am used to sleeping late = aku terbiasa tidur telat

Get used to + Verb-ing = menjadi terbiasa

You will get used to sleeping in your new bed= Kamu akan menjadi terbiasa tidur di
kasur barumu.

Grammar explanation
When we talk about things in the past that are not true anymore, we can do it in different
ways.

Used to + infinitive
We can use used to to talk about past states that are not true anymore.
We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
There didn't use to be a supermarket there. When did it open?
Did you use to have a garden?

We can also use used to to talk about past habits (repeated past actions) that don't happen
anymore.
I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.
She used to smoke but she gave up a few years ago.

used to + infinitive should not be confused with be/get used to + -ing, which has a
different meaning.

Would + Infinitive
We can use would to talk about repeated past actions that don't happen anymore.

Every Saturday I would go on a long bike ride.

My dad would read me amazing stories every night at bedtime.

would for past habits is slightly more formal than used to. It is often used in stories. We
don't normally use the negative or question form of would for past habits. Note that
we can't usually use would to talk about past states.
Past simple
We can always use the past simple as an alternative to used to or would to talk about past
states or habits. The main difference is that the past simple doesn't emphasise the
repeated or continuous nature of the action or situation. Also, the past simple doesn't
make it so clear that the thing is no longer true.

We went to the same beach every summer.

We used to go to the same beach every summer.
We would go to the same beach every summer.

If something happened only once, we must use the past simple.

I went to Egypt in 2014.

Grammar explanation
Used to + infinitive and be/get used to + -ing look similar but they have very different
uses.

used to

We use used to + infinitive to talk about a past situation that is no longer true. It tells us
that there was a repeated action or state in the past which has now changed.

She used to be a long-distance runner when she was younger.

I didn't use to sleep very well, but then I started doing yoga and it really helps.
Did you use to come here as a child?

2) BE USED TO + Verb –ing or noun = terbiasa

a) It refers to something you are accustomed to; if you are used to something, you have
often done it or experienced it, so it’s not strange, new or difficult for you. It can be used
in all tenses.
- Affirmative = I am used to getting up early in the morning (-ing form)
He is used to loud noises (noun)

- Negative
I am not used to getting up early in the morning.
He isn’t used to loud noises

- Interrogative
Are you used to getting up early in the morning?
Is he used to loud noises?
3) GET/ BECOME USED TO + Verb- ing or Noun (Acostumbrarse a…)
a) To become accustomed to something. It is the process of becoming accustomed to
something. It can be used in all tenses.

Affirmative = After a while he didn’t mind the noise in the office; he got used to it (-ing
form) You will get used to your new mattress. (noun)
Negative = He didn’t get used to it. / You won’t get used to your new mattress.

Interrogative = Did he get used to it? / Will you get used to your new mattress?

Be used to and get used to are followed by a noun, pronoun or the -ing form of a
verb, and can be used about the past, present or future.

Would, past habits, cannot be used with a STATIVE VERB.

Stative Verbs
Stative verbs (or state verbs) describe the status or quality of something… NOT an action. Verbs
of perception, opinion, the senses, emotion, possession, and state of being are often stative verbs.

STATIVE VERBS OF OPINION / PERCEPTION:

know, believe, understand, recognize, prefer, agree/disagree, approve/disapprove, suppose,
suspect
STATIVE VERBS OF POSSESSION:
have, own, belong, possess, include, owe
STATIVE VERBS OF THE SENSES:
hear, smell, see, feel, appear, seem, resemble
STATIVE VERBS OF EMOTION:
love, hate, like, want, need, desire, wish
STATIVE VERBS OF STATES/QUALITIES:
weigh, contain, consist, measure, cost, exist, depend, deserve, involve, matter

Jika kita membandingkan dua atau lebih orang atau kata benda, ada persamaan dan perbedaan
dari orang dan benda yang kita bandingkan. Yang dibandingkan adalah kata sifat dari orang
atau benda yang dibandingkan, Contoh: tinggi, pendek, hitam, cantik, besar, kecil dan
sebagainya.

Untuk persamaan kita pakai positive degree (as..as), untuk perbedaan kita pakai Comparative
Degree (bentuk lebih), dan superlative (bentuk paling) yang disebut dengan Comparisons of
Adjective.

Sebagian saya terjemahkan ke Bahasa Indonesia untuk mempermudah pemahaman pelajaran

ini.

Degrees of Comparisons

Positive Degree/form -Comparing two things which are the same using as + adjective + as,
tidak ada perbedaan, benda yang dibandingkan berada pada degree yang sama.

Contoh:
1. Mary is as beautiful as Maria.= Mary secantik Maria
2. My brother is as dark as me. = Adikku sama hitamnya dengan aku

The Comparative Degree/Form = Bentuk lebih

To compare two people or things, use the comparative form of an adjective. The comparative
form is usually made by adding “er” to the adjective.

Untuk membandingkan dua orang atau benda, bentuk comparative digunakan untuk
menyatakan lebih, akhiran “er” ditambahkan kepada kata sifat yang dibandingkan.

The Superlative Degree/Form = Bentuk paling

When you compare three or more people or things, use the superlative form of an adjective.
The superlative form is usually made by adding “est” to the adjective

Ketika membandingkan tiga atau lebih orang atau benda, pergunakan Superlative untuk
menyatakan paling, akhiran est ditambahkan kepada kata sifat yang dibandingkan.

adjective comparative Superlative adjective comparative Superlative

dark darker darkest hard harder hardest
light lighter lightest warm warmer warmest
high higher highest cold colder coldest
low lower lowest fast faster fastest
old older oldest slow slower slowest
young younger youngest rich richer richest
poor poorer poorest tall taller tallest
small smaller smallest soft softer softest

Note:
1. The word than is often used to compare two things or people. Comparative selalu diikuti dengan
kata than For example:
Mr. Lee is taller than Philip. A car is faster than a bike.

2. The word the is often used before the superlative form. Superlative selalu diawali dengan kata the
For example:
A bee is a small insect. A ladybird is smaller, but an ant is the smallest

If the adjective ends in e, add r to form the comparative and ‘st’ to form the superlative
Jika kata sifat berakhir dengan huruf e, kita tambah r untuk lebih, dan est untuk paling.

adjective comparative superlative

nice nicer nicest
close closer closest
large larger largest
rude ruder rudest
safe safer safest
wide wider widest

Suppose the adjective is a short word that ends in a consonant and has a single vowel in the
middle. Just double the consonant and add “er” to make the comparative and “est” to make
the superlative.
Jika kata sifatnya kata yang pendek dan berakhir dengan huruf mati dan mempunyai huruf hidup di tengah, huruf
matinya di double kemudian ditambahkan er untuk lebih dan est untuk paling.

adjective comparative superlative

sad sadder saddest
wet wetter wettest
slim slimmer slimmest
thin thinner thinnest
big bigger biggest

Suppose the adjective has two syllables and ends in “y”. Just change the y to i and add er to
make the comparative and add “est” to make the superlative. Jika kata sifatnya terdiri dari dua suku
kata dan berakhir dengan huruf y, Huruf y diganti ke I dan ditambah er untuk lebih dan est untuk paling.

adjective comparative superlative adjective comparative superlative

easy easier easiest heavy heavier heaviest
funny funnier funniest lovely lovelier loveliest
dirty dirtier dirtiest pretty prettier prettiest
noisy noisier noisiest tidy tidier tidiest
happy happier happiest friendly friendlier friendliest
naughty naughtier naughtiest tiny tinier tiniest
Use more and most to compare most other two-syllable adjectives. You will also use more and
most with all adjectives that have more than two syllables INCLUDING THE PARTICIPLES. Kata
more untuk lebih dan most untuk paling dipakai dengan kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata lainnya
termasuk bentuk participle.

adjective comparative superlative

famous more famous most famous
precious more precious most precious
handsome more handsome most handsome
exciting more exciting most exciting
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
expensive more expensive most expensive
comfortable more comfortable most comfortable
delicious more delicious most delicious
interesting more interesting most interesting
difficult more difficult most difficult
CROWDED MORE CROWDED MOST CROWDED
BORING MORE BORING MOST BORING
INTERESTING MORE INTERESTING MOST INTERESTING
POLLUTED MORE POLLUTED MOST POLLUTED

Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms = Bentuk Comparative dan Superlative yang tidak
beraturan, tidak mempunyai bentuk menggunakan er, est, more, atau most.

A few adjectives don’t form their comparative and superlative forms in any of the usual ways.
The comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives are different words, called irregular
forms.

adjective comparative superlative

good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
many more most
far farther or further farthest or furthest

Big and Small Differences = Jauh berbeda

If there is a large difference between two objects, we can use much and a lot

Russia is a lot/much bigger than Belgium

Rusia jauh lebih besar dari Belgia

For Small differences, we can use a little (bit) or slightly = sedikit berbeda
France is a little/a little bit/slightly bigger than Spain.
Perancis sedikit lebih besar dari Spanyol.

Common Phrase with superlatives = frase yang biasa dipakai bersamaan dengan superlative

 by far the most…/-est Jauh paling

Brazil is by far the largest country in South America. Jauh paling besar

 one of the most.../-est Salah satu paling

Baghdad is one of the oldest cities in the world.

 the second/third most …/-est kedua/ketiga paling

Birmingham is the second biggest city in England.

 the least paling kebalikan dari kata sifat setelah

The coach is the least expensive way to get to the airport.

Different ways of comparing

 not as … as
Silver isn’t as expensive as gold. = Gold is more expensive than Silver.

 less and fewer

Less and fewer are the opposite of more. use less with adjectives and uncountable
nouns. Use fewer with countable nouns.

Petrol is less expensive than it is in France = lebih murah

You should spend less money on going out. = lebih sedikit
Fewer people went to the match than we expected. = lebih sedikit

 Other useful expressions for comparing things:

If two things are nearly the same
Their new car is very similar to their old one. Mobil baru mereka sangat mirip dengan mobil
lama mereka
The train times are about the same as before. = hampir sama

 if there is no difference between two things

 His watch is exactly the same as mine = benar-benar sama

 if there is a small difference between two things

The new timetable is slightly different from the previous one.= sedikit berbeda

 if there is a big difference between two things.

The new stadium is completely different from the old one. = benar-benar berbeda

Present Perfect Tense and Simple Past Tense

Present Perfect Tense

Positive : Subject + Have/has + Past Participle (Verb3)

Negative : Subject + have not/has not + Past Participle (Verb3)
Question : Have/has + subject + Past Participle (Verb3)?

Time signals : already, yet, just, ever, never, for, since, before, how
long, today, recently, lately, this week/month/year, all my life, so far,

The present perfect tense shows action in the indefinite past/unknown time. The
present perfect
tense is also used to show action begun in the past and continuing into the
present.

We have lived in this house for five years. (= and we still live there)
Your plane has already landed. (= and it’s still on the ground)
She has dirtied her new shoes. (= she made them dirty and they’re still dirty)
The teacher has pinned a notice on the board. (= and the notice is still there)
You don’t need your key. I’ve already opened the door. (= and it’s still open)

Simple Past

Positive : subject + Past verb (verb2)

Negative : subject + did not + infinitive
Question : did + subject + infinitive?

Time signals :
- yesterday, two days/weeks/months ago, last week/month/year, in 1991, in
the end, at that moment, suddenly, then, when.

We use the past simple for actions completed at a particular time in the past, a
sequence of completed actions, past habits or regular events, situations or states
in the past

After the meeting, he got in the car and drove off

Yesterday I played tennis, ran ten kilometres, and swam for an hour.
We went swimming every day in the summer
Did you live in France when you were younger?

Examples of Present Perfect versus Past simple

I have been to Spain and Italy (indefinite time)
I went to Spain a couple of years ago and visited Italy a few times as a child
(specific time)

I have been busy this morning (It’s still the morning now)
I was busy this morning (This morning is now finished past)

She has starred in a lot of major films (She is still alive and acting).
she starred in a lot of major films (Her acting career is finished or she is dead)

Have you had a good holiday? (You have just returned)

Did you have a good holiday? (Your holiday finished some time before the
question)

He has been in the army for fifteen years (And he is still in the army now).
He was in the army for fifteen years (But he is no longer in the army. The time
period of fifteen years finished in the past)

Conclusion: Past simple has nothing to do with the present, but present perfect
does. (Past Tense tidak ada hubungan dengan saat ini, tindakan/peristiwa/situasi
telah selesai di masa lalu. Sementara present perfect berhubungan dengan saat
ini.

I have taught for thirty years ( sampai saat ini. sekarang masih mengajar).
I taught for thirty years (sekarang tidak lagi)

Present Perfect Tense

Subject + have/has + Past Participle

Time signals : already, yet, just, ever, never, for, since, before, how long, today, recently, lately,
this week/month/year, all my life, so far,

We use the Present perfect to talk about the relationship between the past and the present. The
past action or situation is connected to the present in various ways.

We have lived in this house for five years. (= and we still live there)
Your plane has already landed. (= and it’s still on the ground)
She has dirtied her new shoes. (= she made them dirty and they’re still dirty)
The teacher has pinned a notice on the board. (= and the notice is still there)
You don’t need your key. I’ve already opened the door. (= and it’s still open)

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Subject + have/has + Present Participle/Verb+ing

Uses of the Present perfect Continuous

The Present perfect continuous is like the Present perfect. However, we use the Present perfect
continuous if:
 We want to emphasize that the action is long or repeated. (menekankan tindakan
yang lama dan berulang)
She’s been trying to pass her driving test for years.

Notice that we often use for and since with the Present perfect continuous).

 The action is in progress/no complete (kegiatan sedang berlangsung, belum selesai)

I’ve been doing my homework . (=perhaps it is not finished)
I have done my homework. (=it is completed)

 We are more interested in the activity than the result. (Lebih fokus kepada kegiatan
daripada hasilnya)
I’m really hot - I’ve been running. (=the activity that made me hot)
I’ve just run ten kilometers. (that’s what I have achieved)

Remember!
 If we say how often the action happened, we always use the present perfect simple,
because the focus is on the result.
I’ve written ten/lots of emails today NOT I’ve been writing ten emails.

 Like other continuous forms, we do not use the Present perfect continuous with ‘state
verbs’.
I’ve known Anne for years. NOT I’ve been knowing Anne for years.
FOR, SINCE, HOW LONG?

 We use ‘for’ with periods of time.

I’ve been learning to drive for three months.

 We use ‘since’ with points of time.

I’ve lived in this house since 2007 / I was born.

 Sentences with for and since answer the question How long?
How long have you been learning to drive?

State Verbs:
love, hate, want, need, have, own, want, belong, see, hear, smell, see, know, believe,
remember, agree, appear, belong, concern, consist, contain, depend, deserve, disagree,
dislike, doubt, feel (=have an opinion), fit,
Target Words:

accident, admiral, arc, character, conscience, fiery, flesh, grapefruit, hay,

horrified, kerosene, loop, paddle, raft, sour, stake, steward, string, thorn, wreck

accident n. An accident is an unexpected undesirable event.

She had to go to the hospital after she was in a serious car accident.

admiral n. An admiral is someone who controls many military ships.

They won the sea battle because of the admiral’s great leadership.

arc n. An arc is a curved shape.

A rainbow has the shape of an arc.

character n. Your character is your personality.

My sister’s character is fun and very outgoing.

conscience n. Your conscience is your inner sense of what is right and wrong. 1. hati
nurani 2. suara hati
I recycle everything I can, so my conscience is clear!

fiery adj. If something is fiery, it is burning strongly. berkobar, berapi-api

The fiery blaze burned all night long.

flesh n. Flesh is the skin, muscle and fat on your body.

The zebra’s flesh has black and white stripes.

grapefruit n. A grapefruit is a fruit similar to an orange, but bigger and not as sweet.
Would you like a grapefruit with your breakfast?

hay n. Hay is dry grass used to feed animals or used as a covering.

I need to buy some more hay for the horse to sleep on.

horrified adj. If you are horrified, you are very shocked and feel upset.
I was horrified when I read about the old lady who was attacked.

kerosene n. Kerosene is a type of oil. It is used in some lamps and stoves.

Many people in poor countries cook on kerosene stoves.

loop n. A loop is a line made into the shape of a circle. Ikatan melingkar
He made a loop with the rope and placed it over the post.

paddle n. A paddle is a piece of wood or plastic that moves a boat across water.
dayung
We need a paddle to help us move across the water.

raft n. A raft is a floating platform made from pieces of wood tied together.
The man made a raft out of bamboo and floated out to sea.

sour adj. When something is sour, it has a sharp and unpleasant taste.
I don’t like lemons because I think they are too sour.

stake n. A stake is a small, sharp piece of wood or metal that is put into the ground.
tiang pancang
We marked our property by placing stakes into the ground.

steward n. A steward is a person like a waiter who serves food on planes and ships.
Pelayan
The steward is bringing some tea.

string n. String is a thin piece of fabric or rope.

I found a large ball of string.

thorn n. A thorn is a sharp part of a plant.

Be careful of the thorns when you pick the roses!

wreck v. To wreck something means to destroy or ruin it.

The teenagers wrecked the house for no reason at all.

Monkey Island

In the middle of the ocean, there is a small island shaped like an arc. Here, monkeys
play on the beach and in the trees. But how did the monkeys get there?

Once, an English admiral was exploring Africa when he found hundreds of monkeys.
The admiral’s character was mean. He thought, “I could sell these monkeys and
become very rich! I’m going to take them to England.”

So, the admiral set traps to catch the monkeys. He put stakes in the ground, tied string
around them and made loops in the string. When the monkeys ran through the forest,
their feet got caught in the loops, and they couldn’t escape. Then the admiral put the
monkeys in cages on his ship and sailed away.

The cages were small and uncomfortable. There was no soft hay for the monkeys to
sleep on. Instead, they slept on branches with sharp thorns that cut into the monkeys’
flesh. For dinner, he gave them tiny pieces of sour grapefruit to eat. The monkeys
grew hungry and weak.

But one day, the admiral hired a new steward. He was a kind man with a good
conscience. He was horrified to see the thin monkeys in the cages. So one night he
let them out.
The monkeys ran and played all over the ship! They attacked the admiral and the
steward and ate their food. They completely wrecked the ship. One monkey ran into a
kerosene lamp, and it fell over. The ship caught fire and began to sink! The whole crew
was lost except for the monkeys.

After the accident, the monkeys jumped onto a raft. They floated away from the fiery
blaze of the ship. In the morning, they saw a little island in the distance. The monkeys
used a piece of wood as a paddle, and they went toward it. They found the island
shaped like an arc. They felt so happy to find a new home, and they still live there
today.

---000---
 Future forms = AKAN
Plans and Decisions in the future

1. Will
- We use will/won’t for a decision made at the moment of speaking. Keputusan diambil saat
terjadi pembicaraan
A: There isn’t any milk left.
B: Oh, isn’t there? I will get some in town. I am going there later on.

- Will is also used for promises and offers. Will juga dipakai untu janji dan tawaran
I will call you this evening (janji)
Here, I will carry that for you (tawaran)

- Use will after Used after verbs like: assume, believe, doubt, expect, hope, reckon,
suppose, think, and be sure/afraid and with adverbs like perhaps, possibly,
probably, definitely
I expect they will be here soon.
Do you think she will bring her boyfriend?

Remember:
Don’t use will after If, when, before, after, in case, as long as, as soon as, once,
unless, etc. Use the present simple instead.

2. Going to
We use going to to express present intentions for the future. The action may be distant
or in the near future.
I am never going to get married

3. Present Continuous (is/am/are + verb-ing/Present Participle)

We use the Present Continuous to talk about something we have arranged for the
future. Kita menggunakan present continuous untuk peristiwa yang sudah diatur untuk masa depan
I’m meeting Henry for lunch on Friday

Remember!
- The use of going to and the Present continuous is very similar. You can always use
going to instead of the present continuous to talk about the future.
I am going to meet Henry for lunch on Friday.

- The use of the Present continuous is more limited. you only use it to talk about definite
arrangements.
I’m going to get married before I’m 30. (=general intention)
I’m getting married in June. (=this has been arranged)
- When the main verb is go, the present continuous is often preferred to the going to
form.
We are going (to go) to Greece for our holiday.

4. Present simple
When an action in the future is part of a regular timetable or has been officially fixed, the
present simple I used. Jika peristiwa di masa depan berdasarkan jadwal yang tetap, Present Simple
digunakan
The show begins at eight o’clock

5. Future Continuous
- To describe an activity that will be in progress at a point in the future: untuk kegiatan yang
sedang terjadi di titik waktu di masa depan
This time tomorrow we will be sitting on the plane.
I will be studying math at nine next week

- To describe a future event without expressing deliberate intention: untuk menyatakan

peristiwa masa depan tanpa niat yang muncul
Sue: Oh dear, I haven’t given Ben that book back.
Joe: That’s all right. I will be seeing him at the music club tonight so I will give it to him.

Predictions (ramalan)

We use going to and will to make predictions about the future.

- When the prediction is based on some evidence in the present, we usually use going
to
Jika ramalan berdasarkan bukti, going to biasanya dipakai.
Watch out! You are going to drop those plates if you are not careful. ( I can see
you are not carrying them properly)

- When the prediction is based on our own beliefs and expectations rather than present
evidence, we use will. Jika ramalan berdasarkan kepercayaan daripada bukti, will dipakai
A: I wonder where Anna is.
B: Don’t worry. I am sure she will get here soon.

- In many cases, there is no important difference in meaning. Dalam banyak hal, will dan
going to tidak mempunyai perbedaan yang bverarti
Who do you think is going to/will win the Champions league?

- to express a simple fact about the future, we use will. menyatakan fakta tentang mas depan,
pakai will
My birthday will be on Tuesday this year.
PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

INTRODUCTION

Sentence : Subject + Verb

Subjects:
1. Singular Subjects : He, She, It
2. Plural Subjects : We, you, they, I (walaupun I bentuk tunggal, tetapi I
memakai bentuk kata kerja jamak)

Kata Kerja Present Simple mempunyai dua bentuk kata kerja:

1. Plural Verbs/Kata Kerja Jamak : am/are, go, eat, sing, write, make,
catch, give dan seterusnya
2. Singular Verbs/Kata Kerja Tunggal : is, goes, eats, sings, writes, makes,
catches, gives dan seterusnya

Singular Subjects take singular Verbs. Plural Subjects take Plural Verbs

Contoh: He is, you are, she goes, she eats, she sings, they are, we go, you write, they
make

Subjects he, she, it tidak boleh memakai kata kerja are, eat, sing, write, make dst nya
begitu juga sebaliknya Subjects I. we, you, they tidak boleh memakai kata kerja is,
goes, eats, sings, writes, makes, catches dstnya

Lihat pelajaran Helping verbs and Ordinary Verbs.

Tense is the change of verbs according to the time signals.

Tenses adalah perubahan kata kerja yang disesuaikan dengan time signal/keterangan
waktu dalam sebuah kalimat. Dengan kata lain Keterangan waktu berubah, kata kerja
juga berubah.

Simple Present Tense (SPT):

Simple Present Tense is used for Routines/habits, permanent situations, facts, future
official fixed arrangements or timetables we cannot change.

Simple Present Tense dipakai untuk peristiwa/tindakan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang,

terjadi dimasa lalu, sekarang dan masa depan yang terjadwal:
Pattern: Singular Subject + Singular verb; plural subject + Plural verb

Time Signals:

Always, usually, every morning/night/evening/day/week/month, often, sometimes,

occasionally, from time to time, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, hardly ever,
never

Contoh:

1. Peter goes to work by bus

2. I have two cats and a dog.
3. She lives in Paris
4. Famous people suffer from a lot of stress.
5. If you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
6. The Chinese delegation arrives tomorrow at 10 a.m.
7. Christmas falls on a Sunday next year.

Catatan: The highlighted verbs are all from the column of present simple. (Semua kata
kerja yang bercetak tebal berasal dari kolom Kata Kerja Present)

We do not discuss the negative and questions of the Simple Present Tense. We had
discussed them last week. Kita tidak membahas cara membentuk kalimat negative dan
pertanyaan dalam present tense. Sudah dibahas pada pertemuan 1.

Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous tense is used for (=Present Continuous Tense dipakai untuk):
1. actions/event that are happening at the moment of speaking (Peristiwa atau tindakan
yang sedang terjadi saat ini)
The boys are playing football at the moment.
2. temporary situations (Keadaan yang tidak tetap, sementara)
Dad is travelling a lot this year.
3. future arrangements (masa depan yang sudah diatur)
I am having a party on Saturday. (tersirat Undangan sudah dibagi, tempat pesta
dan makanan sudah diatur)
4. habits with always (often annoying)
They are always arguing about homework. (menunjukkan kekesalan si
pembicara)
5. actions that are happening around now.
I am reading a very good book at the moment.

Pattern:
Subject + is/am/are + verb (ing)/present participle
Time signals:
At the moment, right now, these days, today, this evening, tomorrow, next
summer, on Saturday, always (for an annoying habit), etc

Conclusion:
Simple Present Tense mempunyai kesan berulang-ulang, sementara Present
continuous sedang.

Contoh perbedaan simple present dan present continuous:

1. Paola is the student who sits at the back of the class. ( Paola selalu duduk di
belakang)
Paola is the student who is sitting at the back of the class. (Saat ini Paola
sedang duduk di belakang kelas, besok belum tentu)

2. My parents stay at the Metropole Hotel. (Selalu menginap di Hotel Metropole)

My parents are staying at the Metropole Hotel. (saat ini, tidak selalu)

3. He works in a café’. (permanent)

He is working in a café’. (sementara)

4. He always talks about money. (si pembicara tidak merasa kesal)

He is always talking about money. (si pembicara merasa kesal )

Simple Past

Positive : subject + Past verb (verb2)

Negative : subject + did not + infinitive
Question : did + subject + infinitive?

Time signals :
- yesterday, two days/weeks/months ago, last week/month/year, in 1991, in the
end, at that moment, suddenly, then, when.

We use the past simple for actions completed at a particular time in the past, a
sequence of completed actions, past habits or regular events, situations or states in the
past

After the meeting, he got in the car and drove off

Yesterday I played tennis, ran ten kilometres, and swam for an hour.
We went swimming every day in the summer
Did you live in France when you were younger?

Past Continuous tense

Positive : subject + was/were + Present Participle

Negative : subject + was/were + not + Present Participle
Question : Was/were + subject + Present Participle

Time signals : while, as, when, at that time, meanwhile, at 7 o’clock last night

We use past continuous tense for events that were in progress at a particular time in the
past, two actions in progress at the same time in the past.

At ten o’clock in the morning, they were swimming in the lake

He was playing his music quietly but it was still annoying her

When a sentence consists of past continuous and Past simple, the rules are as follows:

Past Simple and Past continuous Tense

Used for:

 an event that was in progress when another event happened

I was sitting in the caravan when suddenly it started to rain hard.
Saya sedang duduk in caravan Ketika tiba-tiba hujan turun

 an unfinished action (past continuous) interrupted by a short action (past simple)

I was watching TV when the lights went off
Saya sedang nonton TV Ketika lampu padam

- the background information (past continuous) and events (Past simple) in a story
The sun was shining and everyone on the beach was enjoying the nice weather
when the accident happened.
Matahari sedang bersinar dan semua orang sedang menikmati cuaca yang
menyenangkan Ketika kecelakaan itu terjadi

Ada dua peristiwa di dalam satu kalimat, satu sedang berlangsung (past
continuous) Ketika peristiwa lain terjadi (Past simple). yang sedang berlangsung
dalam bentuk Past continuous Tense dan peristiwa yg terjadi kemudian dalam
bentuk past simple.
Target Words: admonish, audible, awesome, beware, brag, conscious, disagree, echo,
eventual, hint, Idiot, immense, indirect, option, pastime, perfect, pinpoint, switch,
thorough, torment

admonish v to admonish someone is to tell them you disapprove of their behavior.

The teacher admonished Mark because he was chewing gum in class.

audible adj. If something is audible, then it is able to be heard.

The sound of the drums was audible from miles away.

awesome adj. If something or someone is awesome, they are impressive or frightening.

The huge military plane was an awesome sight.

beware v. To beware means to be careful of something or someone that is dangerous.

You should beware of driving fast on wet roads.

brag v. To brag means to talk of one’s abilities or achievements in a proud way.

He had strong muscles and bragged about it to the entire class.

conscious adj. If someone is conscious of something, then they are aware of it.
The new student was conscious of the other students staring at her.

disagree v. To disagree with someone means to have a different opinion from them.
The lawyers disagreed about the best way to settle the case.

echo v. To echo means that a sound repeats itself because it bounced off an object.
The child yelled over the canyon, and the wall echoed the sound.

eventual adj. If something is eventual, it will happen at the end of a series of events.
The constant training and planning led the team to an eventual victory.

hint n. A hint is information that suggests something will happen or is true.

I quietly passed on a hint to my sister about the test.

idiot n. An idiot is a person who is not smart or who has done something silly.
Because he got lost in the forest, the man felt like an idiot.

immense adj. If something is immense, it is very large.

An immense amount of money was needed to buy such a large boat.

indirect adj. If something is indirect, then it is not the easiest or straightest way.
He chose to take the most indirect route to the coast.
option n. An option is a choice between two or more things.
The children were given the option of three houses to pick from.

pastime n. A pastime is an activity done for fun that you do often.

In the US, baseball is considered the national pastime.

perfect adj. If something is perfect, then it is without any mistakes.

She got all the questions right, so her score was perfect.

pinpoint v. To pinpoint something means to locate it exactly.

The navigation system in my car is able to pinpoint my exact location.

switch v. To switch means to change something to something else.

Mom switched the TV station from the news to her favorite show.

thorough adj. If something or someone is thorough, then they are complete in every way.
Tina did a thorough job of cleaning the stains out of the carpet.

torment v.
To torment someone means to cause them to suffer on purpose.
She tormented her little brother by taking his favorite toy.

The Young Man and the Old Man

A proud young man was looking for a new pastime. He heard about people hiking in the
national parks and decided to try it for himself. As he started his stroll, an old man walked up to
him.

“Don’t go this way,” the old man said. “Beware. The paths are not clear. It’s easy to
become lost.”

But the young man disagreed with the old man and bragged that he had a perfect understanding
of the park. “I studied maps of this area,” he told him. “I believe I have a thorough knowledge
of these trails. I won’t become lost.”

The old man listened to the young man and then admonished him for his pride. “I have walked
these trails my entire life,” he said. “If you think you will be safe, then go ahead.”

The young man ignored the old man and started along the trail.

Whenever he had to choose between an easy or difficult route, he always chose the more difficult
option. In addition, he was not conscious of which direction he was going. After a while, he
decided to return home. Because his course through the wilderness was so indirect, he had no
idea where he was.
He looked at his map but could not pinpoint his location. He walked one path after another but
soon realized he was lost.

The sun was going down, and sudden strong winds gave a hint that it might rain. Immense
clouds filled the sky. Awesome sounds of thunder were audible from all directions. It echoed
off the mountains. The thought of the eventual storm tormented the young man. He hurried in
one direction, but soon switched out of confusion. Luckily, it led him out of the park.

When he arrived home, he knew that he had acted like an idiot. He realized he was lucky to be
alive. He decided to listen to people with more experience than himself.

---000---
Future clauses with if, when, unless, as soon as, until, before, once, etc.

Even when we are talking about the future, we use a present verb form after if, when,
unless, as soon as, until, before, once, etc.

If clause : Subject + Verb (s/es)/Simple Present

Main clause : Subject + will/be going to + infinitive

Study the following examples :

1. If she fails her exam again, she’ll be really upset.

= She will probably fail in the next exam.(some time in the future)

2. I won’t do anything unless you phone.

= The subject “you” hasn’t called yet. He will probably phone some time from now. (in
the future)

3. When I find it, I’ll bring it for you.

= The subject “I” hasn’t found the thing yet. He will probably find it later. (some time in
the future)

4. Remember to turn off the lights before you leave.

= The subject “you hasn’t left yet. He will probably leave some time after now. (in the
future)

5. As soon as I get home, I’m going to have a shower.

= The subject “I” hasn’t arrived home yet. He will arrive home some time after now.
(in the future)

6. I’m going to stay here until I find somewhere to live.

= The subject “I” hasn’t found the place to live. He will probably find the place to live
soon or some time after now.

7. Once we finish decorating, we’ll invite you round for dinner.

= The subject “we” haven’t finished decorating. They will probably finish decorating
some time in the future.

Notice that in the other part of the sentence, which is the main clauses, a future
verb form is used (will. going to, etc.)
w