Unit 2. Math Language and Symbols

2.
MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE &
SYMBOLS
ARIEL F. MELAD
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
2023
VARIABLES
What is variable?
- a symbol that represents a quantity
VARIABLE
• Is there a number with a property:
“Doubling it and adding by 3 gives the same result

as squaring it?”
2𝑥 + 3 = 𝑥 2
VARIABLE
• Is there a number with the property:
“The sum of their squares equals the square of

their sum?”
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
VARIABLE
• Are there numbers whose squares are smaller than

the numbers themselves?
• Given any real number, its square is
a. nonnegative?
b. nonpositive?
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS
What is a set?
• Set was introduced in 1879 by Georg Cantor (1845-1918).

• A collection of elements.
• Set is denoted by capital letters.
• The elements are objects belong to the set.
• Given A = {a, b, z} , we write, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴. Also, 𝑝 ∉ 𝐴.
• Describing Sets
1. Roster Method – listing down the elements of
the set and enclosing them with braces
Example. A = {a, e,i, o, u}
• Describing Sets
2. Rule Method – x is used to represent any member of a given
set, {x /p(x)}
Example. A = {x/x is a vowel}
Definition of Terms
• Finite and Infinite set. Elements are possibly enumerated are
finite set. Otherwise, infinite set.
• Null/empty set. A set is empty if does not contain any
element. Denoted by { } or ∅.
• Universal set. A set containing all elements, denoted by U.
• Power set. A set whose elements are all the subsets of a

given set denoted by p(A), if A is the given set.
• Cardinal number. The number of elements of the given set
denoted by n(A), if A is the given set.
• Is {0} = 0?
• Is {∅} = ∅
• How many elements of the given set?
A = {0,{0}, {0,0}}
• Set Relations
a. Equal set
b. Equivalent set
c. Disjoint set
d. Overlapping set
e. Subset
• Set Operations
a. Union
b. Intersection
c. Difference
d. Complement
e. Set product
Venn Diagram. A very useful pictorial representation in

dealing with relations and operations involving after the
Cambridge Logician John Venn.
30 students prefer Accountancy (A) ∪= 60 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

40 students prefer Entrepreneurship (E)
35 students prefer Business (B)
20 would like to consider careers in both
A
Accountancy and Entrepreneurship
25 Entrepreneurship and business
18 accountancy and business
10 would like to consider all these career
E B
paths
QUESTIONS:
How many students who
1. do not like any of the three careers?
2. prefer business courses only?
3. prefer exactly one of the career paths?
QUESTIONS:
How many students who
4. prefer exactly two of the career?
5. do not like business courses?
6. prefer both Accountancy and Entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship & business?
• Homework. Answer all exercises in the module.

THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
What is a RELATION?
Definition. A relation ℜ between sets A and

B is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵. We read (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℜ as
“a is related to b” and write 𝑎 ℜ 𝑏. The set A
is called the domain of ℜ and the set B is
called its co-domain or range.
Notations: x ℜ y means that (x, y) ∈ ℜ.

x ℜ y means that (x, y ) ∈ ℜ.
A ℜ B
x y
Figure 1. Arrow Diagram of Relations of set A and B

Example 1: Let Z = {1,2,3} and Y = {1,2}

defined by a relation ℜ from Z to Y. For any
𝑥−𝑦
(x,y) ∈ ℜ means that is an integer.
3
1. Find Z x Y.
2. Which ordered pair (x,y) are in ℜ ?
3. What are the domain and co-domain of ℜ ?
Solution:
1. Z x Y = (1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (3,1), (3,2).
1−1
2. (1,1) ∈ ℜ since = 0 is an integer.
3
1−2 −1
(1,2) ∉ ℜ since = is not an integer.
3 3
Also,
(2,2) ∈ ℜ but (2,1), (3,1) and (3,2) ∉ ℜ .
Hence, (1,1) and (2,2) ∈ ℜ.
3. The domain of ℜ is {1,2} and the co-
domain is {1,2}.
X ℜ Y
1 1
2 2
3
Figure 2. Arrow Diagram of Relations in Example 1
Example 2. Define a relation ℜ from ℝ 𝑡𝑜 ℝ:

For any (x,y)∈ ℝ × ℝ, (x,y) ∈ ℜ means that
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
1. Which ordered pair in ℝ × ℝ are

relations?
2. Sketch the graph.
(1,0) ∈ ℜ y Fig.3. Graph of

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
(0,-1) ∈ ℜ
(0,0) ∉ ℜ x
-1 1
(2,0) ∉ ℜ
1 3
, ∈ℜ
2 2
(1,-1) ∉ ℜ y Fig.3. Graph of

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
(1,1) ∉ ℜ
x
2 2 -1 1
, ∈ℜ
2 2
Domain: −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 y Fig.3. Graph of

Range: −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
x
-1 1
Definition. A function ∅ mapping 𝑋 into Y is a

relation between X and Y with a property that each
𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 appears as the firs member of exactly one
ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦) in ∅ . Such a function is also
called a map or mapping of X into Y.
Which of these figures a function?

Which of these figures a function?

Vertical Line Test. A test use to determine if a

relation is a function. A relation is a function if the
vertical line intersects the graph at most 1 point.
Example: A parabola that opens upward/downward is
a function.
1. Is a parabola that opens to the right or left a

function?
2. Is the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 a function?
3
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is a function?
4. Is the line 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5 a function?
Check your progress

1. Let A = {2,3,4} and B = {6,8,10} and define a
relation ℜ from A to B as follows: For all (x,y) ∈ 𝐴 ×
𝐵, (x,y) ∈ ℜ means that y/x is an integer.
a. Find 𝐴 × 𝐵.
b. Which ordered pairs are relations?
c. Write the domain and co-domain of ℜ.

d. Draw an arrow diagram for ℜ.
2. Let A = {1,2,3} and B={2,4,6}. For each relation between

A and B given as a subset of A x B, decide whether it is a
function mapping A into B. If it is a function, decide
whether it is one to one and whether it is onto B.
a. {(1,4),(2,4),(3,6)} d. {(2,2),(1,6),(3,4)}
b. {(1,4),(2,6),(3,4)} e. {(1,6),(2,6),(3,6)}
c. {(1,6),(1,2), (1,4)} f. {(1,2),(2,6),(2,4)}
Definition. A function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is one to one if

𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) only when 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 .
The function 𝑓 is 𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐨 Y if the range of 𝑓 is Y. A
map that is both one to one and onto is called
bijective.
Example 1. The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ where 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

is not one to one because 𝑓 2 = −2 = 4 but 2 ≠
− 2. Also, it is not onto R because the range is the
proper subset of all nonnegative numbers in ℝ.
Example 2. The function g: ℝ → ℝ defined by

𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 is both one to one and onto ℝ.
Check your Progress. Check if the given equation is one to

one or onto.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
2. g(x) = x+3
𝑛 − 1, if 𝑛 is odd
3. h(n)=
𝑛 + 1, if 𝑛 is even

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2.

• Is there a number with a property:

“Doubling it and adding by 3 gives the same result

• Is there a number with the property:

“The sum of their squares equals the square of

• Are there numbers whose squares are smaller than

• Set was introduced in 1879 by Georg Cantor (1845-1918).

• Power set. A set whose elements are all the subsets of a

Venn Diagram. A very useful pictorial representation in

30 students prefer Accountancy (A) ∪= 60 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

• Homework. Answer all exercises in the module.

Definition. A relation ℜ between sets A and

Notations: x ℜ y means that (x, y) ∈ ℜ.

Figure 1. Arrow Diagram of Relations of set A and B

Example 1: Let Z = {1,2,3} and Y = {1,2}

Example 2. Define a relation ℜ from ℝ 𝑡𝑜 ℝ:

1. Which ordered pair in ℝ × ℝ are

(1,0) ∈ ℜ y Fig.3. Graph of

(1,-1) ∉ ℜ y Fig.3. Graph of

Domain: −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 y Fig.3. Graph of

Definition. A function ∅ mapping 𝑋 into Y is a

Which of these figures a function?

Which of these figures a function?

Vertical Line Test. A test use to determine if a

1. Is a parabola that opens to the right or left a

Check your progress

c. Write the domain and co-domain of ℜ.

2. Let A = {1,2,3} and B={2,4,6}. For each relation between

Definition. A function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is one to one if

Example 1. The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ where 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

Example 2. The function g: ℝ → ℝ defined by

Check your Progress. Check if the given equation is one to

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