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    Exp. 5 Laser

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    haidermariam989
    The document discusses using a diffraction grating to measure the wavelength of a He-Ne laser. It begins by stating the objectives are to find the laser's wavelength and observe interference patterns produced when the laser light passes through a multiple slit grating. It then provides safety precautions and defines key terms like laser and diffraction. The method section describes using the laser, diffraction grating, screen, and ruler to measure the distance between diffraction fringes and calculate the laser's wavelength using the grating equation. Medical applications are also discussed, such as how the iris produces diffraction patterns on the retina when it controls the pupil size.

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    Exp. 5 Laser

    Uploaded by

    haidermariam989
    57 views7 pages
    The document discusses using a diffraction grating to measure the wavelength of a He-Ne laser. It begins by stating the objectives are to find the laser's wavelength and observe interference patterns produced when the laser light passes through a multiple slit grating. It then provides safety precautions and defines key terms like laser and diffraction. The method section describes using the laser, diffraction grating, screen, and ruler to measure the distance between diffraction fringes and calculate the laser's wavelength using the grating equation. Medical applications are also discussed, such as how the iris produces diffraction patterns on the retina when it controls the pupil size.

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    Exp. 5 Laser_872390571c39d5c298a814ce32e18866

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    The document discusses using a diffraction grating to measure the wavelength of a He-Ne laser. It begins by stating the objectives are to find the laser's wavelength and observe interference patterns produced when the laser light passes through a multiple slit grating. It then provides safety precautions and defines key terms like laser and diffraction. The method section describes using the laser, diffraction grating, screen, and ruler to measure the distance between diffraction fringes and calculate the laser's wavelength using the grating equation. Medical applications are also discussed, such as how the iris produces diffraction patterns on the retina when it controls the pupil size.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    57 views7 pages

    Exp. 5 Laser

    Uploaded by

    haidermariam989
    The document discusses using a diffraction grating to measure the wavelength of a He-Ne laser. It begins by stating the objectives are to find the laser's wavelength and observe interference patterns produced when the laser light passes through a multiple slit grating. It then provides safety precautions and defines key terms like laser and diffraction. The method section describes using the laser, diffraction grating, screen, and ruler to measure the distance between diffraction fringes and calculate the laser's wavelength using the grating equation. Medical applications are also discussed, such as how the iris produces diffraction patterns on the retina when it controls the pupil size.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 7

    Diffraction of Helium-Neon Laser

    Objectives
    1-To find the wavelength of He –Ne laser (by diffraction gratings)
    2- Observe the interference pattern produced when laser light passes
    through multiple slit grating (diffraction grating)

    Safety precautions:
    Laser should never be pointed on eyes.

    What is a Laser?
    Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It is produced
    by stimulated emission of atoms and also its properties are:-
    1. Monochromatic.
    2. Coherence, as phase difference is same.
    3. Directionality, it follows one particular direction only.
    4. LASER travels much more distance than light and with more intensity.
    5- It has very low diffraction.
    6- It can be used as continues or pulse wave depending on the required
    application.

    What is diffraction?

    When parallel waves of light are obstructed by a very small object (i.e.
    sharp edge, slit, wire, etc.), the waves spread around the edges of the
    obstruction and interfere, resulting in a pattern of dark and light fringes.
    Diffractions grating is an optical element that divides (disperses light
    composed of a lot of different wavelengths (e.g. white light) in to light
    components by wavelength. The simplest type of grating is one with a
    large number of evenly spaced parallel slits.
    Diffraction grating

    When light of a single wavelength, like the 632.8nm red light from a
    helium-neon laser at left, strikes a diffraction grating it is diffracted to
    each side in multiple orders. Orders 1 and 2 are shown to each side of the
    direct beam. As in fig below Order 1

    Order2

    Order 1
    Diffraction pattern

    Central

    Diffraction grating
    Diffraction envelop
    (diffraction pattern)
    Apparatus:
    Laser source (He-Ne) laser of wavelength (630 nm), screen, diffraction
    grating, metric ruler.

    Method

    .1.Switch on the Laser apparatus and notice the red beam


    .2 .Arrange the diffraction grating so that the Laser will be transmitted
    through the diffraction grating and incident on the screen
    3. Move the screen forward and backward until you get the clearest
    fringes on the screen
    4. Measure the distance between the center of the central fringe and each
    of the bright fringes

    5. )Graph between D (y-axis), X(x-axis


    6. Apply Snell’s Law : n λ = d sinθ
    but θ is very small therefore
    n λ = d sinθ {grating equation}
    n=order of Diffraction.

    λ= wavelength of laser
    d= spacing between the slights (width of single slit for diffraction grating)
    D= distance between the diffraction grating and screen

    tanθ=x/D

    x= the distance between the centr of fring and bright fringe

    Number of slits is 15000 line per inch


    1 inch = 2.54 cm

    When n=1……… first order


    tanθ =x/D

    θ= tan-1 x/D

    θ= very small for laser light

    tan θ = θ

    θ= X/D

    sin θ= θ

    sin θ= θ= X/D
    hm r Fh oa eh morF

    sFh To rh hT

    ⸫ slope=ΔD /ΔX

    n λ = d sin θ

    n λ = d sin X/D……………………

    Hence 1/slope= ΔX/ΔD

    d= (2.54 cm) / (15000 line)

    n=1 , …………………… λ=?

    λ= (d*1/slope)/n

    Discussion:
    1. Define Laser and compare it with other light.

    2. Discuss medical application for Different types of Laser.


    Medical application

    Medical applications of this experiment


    The colored tissue at the front of eye that contains the pupil in the center.
    This iris helps control the size of the pupil let more or less light in to the
    eye.
    The iris adjusts the size of the pupil and controls the amount of light that
    can enter the eye.
    All light waves undergo diffraction as they pass through a small opening.
    Thus the iris produces a diffraction pattern on the retina.

    Generally, normal pupil size in adults range from ( 2-4 )mm in diameter
    in bright light to 4-8 mm in the dark. However, if the pupil becomes
    much smaller, for example 1.0 mm, diffraction produce measurable effect
    on visual acuity.
    You can demonstrate this effect by reading an eye test chart through a
    0.75 mm hole: you should notice a decrease in your ability to read the
    small letters.

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