Interference

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Interference

Introduction to Optics
Coherent source
Two Slit Interference
Thin film interference
Interference from a Grating
Reading Question
What was the first experiment to show that light is a
wave?
1. Young’s double slit experiment
2. Galileo’s observation of Jupiter’s moons
3. The Michelson-Morley interferometer
4. The Pound-Rebka experiment
5. Millikan’s oil drop experiment
Reading Question
What was the first experiment to show that light is a
wave?
1. Young’s double slit experiment
2. Galileo’s observation of Jupiter’s moons
3. The Michelson-Morley interferometer
4. The Pound-Rebka experiment
5. Millikan’s oil drop experiment
Reading Question
What is a diffraction grating?

1. A device used to grate cheese and other materials


2. A musical instrument used to direct sound
3. A plaque with a tiny circular aperture
4. An opaque objects with many closely spaced slits
5. Diffraction gratings are not covered in Chapter 22.
Reading Question
What is a diffraction grating?

1. A device used to grate cheese and other materials


2. A musical instrument used to direct sound
3. A plaque with a tiny circular aperture
4. An opaque objects with many closely spaced slits
5. Diffraction gratings are not covered in Chapter 22.
Reading Question
When laser light shines on a screen after passing through
two closely spaced slits, you see
1. a diffraction pattern.
2. interference fringes.
3. two dim, closely spaced points of light.
4. constructive interference.
Reading Question
When laser light shines on a screen after passing through
two closely spaced slits, you see
1. a diffraction pattern.
2. interference fringes.
3. two dim, closely spaced points of light.
4. constructive interference.
Interference
Waves

Mechanical Electromagnetic Matter


Interference
Optics

Geometric Optics Physical Optics

a a
Interference
Coherence and Monochromatic
 No coherence between two light bulbs

coherence - two or more waves


that maintain a constant phase
relation.

Coherence time
Coherence length
Some later time or distance

monochromatic - a wave that is


composed of a single frequency.
Heisenberg uncertainty relation.
Interference
Double Slit Interference
 We will work through this tutorial together. We have setup a
laser and a slide (2 inches X 2 inches) with different double
slit patterns labeled A, B, and C. First we will look at double
slit A. On the wall you will see a double slit interference
pattern. Draw the interference pattern below and mark the
center bright spot. Label the center bright spot 0. Label the
next bright spot on the right +1. Continue to label the spots
+2, +3, etc. Do the same for the spots on the left but label
them -1, -2, -3, etc.

-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
Interference
Double Slit Interference
 Below we have reproduced Figure 37.5 on page 975. On the
figure label the points that corresponds to the orders -2, -1, 0,
+1, and +2. If the lines represent a crest then where two crest
cross is a bright spot.

+1

-1
Interference
Interference
This is a little misleading

d sin   m m  0,1,2,3    brightspots


Interference

Double Slit Interference


 Write the equation that allows you to calculate the position of
the bright fringes as a function of angle.
d sin   m m  0,1,2,3    brightspots
  1
d sin    m   m  0,1,2,3    darkspots
 2
 Write the equation that allows you to calculate the position of
the bright fringes as a function of displacement ym from the
center line.
L
ym  m m  0,1,2,3    brightspots
d
 The labels we used to label the bright spots is called the order m.
Interference
Double-Slit Interference (Young’s Experiment)

Bright spot
d sin   m ym

m = 0, 1, 2, 3
d tan   m…

ym
d  m
L
L
ym  m
d
Interference
Double Slit Interference
 Can you explain what the two patterns look like for a
red and green laser?

+1

-1
Interference
Ideal Real
Interference
Double-Slit Interference (Young’s Experiment)
 Measure the distance from the slits to the screen and calculate
the wavelength for the laser. The separation between the slits is
0.6 mm. L
d sin   m ym  m
d = 0.6 mm d
L=8m L
ym 1  m  1
ym+1 - ym = 910 mm d
 L L L L
ym 1  ym  m  1  m  m  1  m  
d d d d
d  ym1  ym  0.6mm  10mm
   700nm
L 8m
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Class Question
Suppose the viewing
screen in the figure is
moved closer to the
double slit. What
happens to the
interference fringes?
1. They get brighter but otherwise do not change.
2. They get brighter and closer together.
3. They get brighter and farther apart.
4. They get out of focus.
5. They fade out and disappear.
Class Question
Suppose the viewing
screen in the figure is
moved closer to the
double slit. What
happens to the
interference fringes?
1. They get brighter but otherwise do not change.
2. They get brighter and closer together.
3. They get brighter and farther apart.
4. They get out of focus.
5. They fade out and disappear.
Class Question
Light of wavelength 1 illuminates a double slit, and
interference fringes are observed on a screen behind the
slits. When the wavelength is changed to 2, the fringes
get closer together. How large is 2 relative to 1?
1. 2 is larger than 1.
2. 2 is smaller than 1.
3. Cannot be determined from this information.
Class Question
Light of wavelength 1 illuminates a double slit, and
interference fringes are observed on a screen behind the
slits. When the wavelength is changed to 2, the fringes
get closer together. How large is 2 relative to 1?
1. 2 is larger than 1.
2. 2 is smaller than 1.
3. Cannot be determined from this information.
Interference
Thin Film Interference

 The most common example of interference is interference


in thin films. One example of this is an oil slick. This is a
thin film of oil on top of water. You find this a lot of times
on a road after a rain storm. You will see bands of
different colors on the surface of a puddle. The different
colors come from the varying thickness of the oil film.
Can you explain this?
Interference
We can also use interference to measure the thickness of
small objects as shown in the following example. For
interference from a thin film we need to consider two things:

1. The phase shift when the light (wave) is reflected at both


surfaces.

2. The phase shift do to the difference in length of the two


paths.
Interference
 First lets consider the phase shift do to the reflection from
an interface between two different materials with different
indexes of refraction. What happens when light is
reflected from a interface with the second medium having
a larger index? We can use the analogy of a wave on a
string being reflected from a fixed end. Do you recall
what happen to the reflected pulse? Draw the reflected
pulse on the top diagram below.
Interference
 Does the light wave come back in phase or out of phase?
Discuss this in your group.
180 degree or /2 phase shift on reflection

string
fixed end

light
medium with
smaller index
Interference
 Do the same for light reflected from a medium with a
smaller index of refraction. Draw the reflected light wave
on the lower diagram. This is like a wave on a string being
reflected from a free end.
0 degree phase shift on reflection

string
free end

light
medium with
larger index
Interference
 Does the light wave come back in phase or out of phase?
Discuss this in your group.

/2 phase shift no phase shift


Interference
 Lets do an example. Light is reflected from an oil slick:
a thin film of oil on top of water.

incident beam reflected beam

air

oil

water
Interference
Multi-slit Interference
 Next we would like to see what happens if we increase the
number of slits from 2 to 3, 4, 5, etc. We will setup a slide
(1 inch X 5 inches) with different slit patterns. The
numbers across the top indicate the number of slits. Thus
4 indicates four slits. We will use the same set-up as
before and observe the slit pattern for the double and triple
slits. Do you see any difference between the two patterns?
Discuss this and write your answer.
Interference
 Draw the triple slit interference pattern below.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

 Draw the interference pattern for 4 slits.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Interference
 Observe the pattern for 4 and 5 slits. Do you see any
pattern developing between the number of slits and the
interference pattern? Explain.
Interference
Diffraction Grating
 What is a diffraction grating?

A diffraction grating is a slide with a large number of


slits. Usually expressed in the number of slits per mm.

 What are the two types?

transmission and reflection gratings


Interference
 We have set up a transmission diffraction grating with a
laser and a white light source. Observe the spectra from
a white light source and laser. Can you see more than
first order from the grating and laser? Can you see more
than one spectra from the white light source? Discuss
what you each see in your group. Draw the light pattern
from the laser and white light source below.

laser

white
light
Interference
 You should see at least two spectra, one to the right and one
to the left. If you look real far the the right and left you will
see two more. The different spectra are the different orders.
Look at Figure 37-23 (page 971) and compare the figure
with what you see.
Interference

d sin  m  m
m  0,  1,  2,  3,  
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Class Question
White light passes through a diffraction grating and forms
rainbow patterns on a screen behind the grating. For each
rainbow,
1. the red side is on the right, the violet side on the left.
2. the red side is on the left, the violet side on the right.
3. the red side is closest to the center of the screen, the
violet side is farthest from the center.
4. the red side is farthest from the center of the screen,
the violet side is closest to the center.
Class Question
White light passes through a diffraction grating and forms
rainbow patterns on a screen behind the grating. For each
rainbow,
1. the red side is on the right, the violet side on the left.
2. the red side is on the left, the violet side on the right.
3. the red side is closest to the center of the screen, the
violet side is farthest from the center.
4. the red side is farthest from the center of the
screen, the violet side is closest to the center.
Class Question

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