Analytical Chem 9 10 - 053941

RICALDE, KIAN ELBERT N.
BS ENE 2B
ALUM COAGULATION
(Laboratory Activity #9)
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the optimum Alum dosage for water or waste water treatment by Jar test.
INTRODUCTION:
Generally, we encounter very fine and charged clay like particles in water treatment, which should
be detached before we continue for further processes. When water is passed through a sedimentation tank,
these impurities do not settle down by gravity. The cause being that these are charged particles, they repel
each other and just stay.
Coagulation is the process of addition of a chemical to de-stabilize a stabilized charged particle.
Flocculation is a slow mixing technique which promotes agglomeration and helps the particles to settle
down.
The presence of fine charged particles increases the turbidity of the water, which is undesirable,
and hence these impurities are to be removed. Therefore, which will be using a chemical, which separates
as soon as it added to water and helps in the process of "Coagulation". In the current experiment we are
using "Alum" [Al2(SO4)3 18H20] as the clarifying agent.
Coagulation removes not only turbidity, but also colour, odour producing substance,
microorganisms, algae, phosphate and taste. Molecules dissociate to yield SO42- and Al3+ when alum
solution is added to water. In order to neutralize the charge these charged species combine with the charged
colloidal particles. A complete description of the charge removal can be found in the web which will be
based on two basic definitions "Stern potential" and "Zeta Potential".
Through the slow mixing or so called "Flocculation" a process known as agglomeration occurs
which combines the charged particles into a compact whole and helps in the settling of the particle. That is
the reason why we have step of "slow mixing" in this experiment. Excess dosage of alum may give excess
aluminium in water and increases turbidity. Due to less dosage of alum, all dissolved solids may not get
coagulated. Hence it is essential to have an optimal dosage so the turbidity is not increased due to alum.
Jar Test :
Jar test is a common laboratory method used to determine the optimum operating conditions for
water or wastewater treatment. This process allows changes in pH, variations in coagulant or polymer dose,
alternating mixing speeds, or testing of different coagulant or polymer types, on a small scale in order to
predict the working of a large-scale treatment operation.
Jar Testing Apparatus :
The jar testing apparatus consists of six paddles, which stir the contents of six one-litre containers.
One container act as a controller while the operating conditions can be varied among the residual five
containers. An rpm gage at the top-centre of the device allows for the constant control of the mixing speed
in all of the containers.
APPARATUS USED:
Nephelometer, Nephelometer tube, Pipette, Beaker, Stirrer and Measuring cylinder etc.
SOLUTION USED:
Water sample, Alum solution

PROCEDURES
 Take 500ml of water sample in six beakers using measuring cylinder.

 Add different dosages of Alum solution to the six beakers with one as blank.
 Stir mixture thoroughly at 100rpm for one minute and at 30rpm for15-20 minutes.
 Take the Nephelometer tube fill it with the sample in the beaker.
 Calibration of Nephelometer
 Place the sample cell with distilled water in the Nephelometer. Set readings to zero
by adjusting coarse and fine knob.
 Now place 100 NTU calibration standard in the sample holder of Nephelometer.
Adjust the calibrate knob to set the readings to 100.
 Measurement of Turbidity of Sample
 Measure the Turbidity of samples by placing sample tube in the Nephelometer.
RICALDE, KIAN ELBERT N.
BS ENE 2B
DETERMINATION OF BREAK - POINT CHLORIDE DEMAND
(Laboratory Activity #10)
OBJECTIVE:
To determine Break-Point Chlorine Demand in water sample.
INTRODUCTION:
Chlorination of water supplies and wastewater treatment plant effluents is mainly done for the
destruction of disease-producing microorganisms. Chlorine has many other uses in the wastewater
treatment plant operation including odour control and fly and ponding control (in trickling filters). By
reacting with ammonia, iron, manganese, sulphide and some organic substances, chlorine can provide
additional wastewater treatment. Unfortunately, if the use of chlorine is not controlled carefully it might
cause problems. When used as a control on the disease causing bacteria, the idea is to disinfect and not
sterilize the effluent. Disinfection is the process of killing disease-producing bacteria. Process of killing all
living organisms is called as sterilization. If an attempt were made to sterilize the effluent, the biological
life in the receiving waters would likely be destroyed. The best process for monitoring the disinfection
process and preventing harm to aquatic life by over-chlorination is to maintain a specific chlorine residual
level in the effluent.It will also increase the quality of water by reacting with ammonia, iron, manganese,
sulphide and some organic substances. The residual chlorine is sustained in water to promote the primary
purpose of chlorination. This method of determination depends upon the oxidising power of free and
combined chlorine residuals. At pH 8 or less, chlorine will release free iodine from potassium iodide
solution. The released iodine is titrated against standard sodium thiosulphate solution using starch indicator.
2KI + Cl2 → 2KCL+I2
I2 + Starch → Blue Colour
I2 + 2Na2S2O3 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaCl + 2Na
· Breakpoint chlorination is the point where the demand for chlorine has been fully satisfied in terms of
chlorine addition to the water. When chlorine is added to water, a reaction is produced in the compounds
present in the water.
· Residual chlorine is the chlorine remaining in water after contact period (of 30 to 60 min). During
chlorination process, sufficient quantity of chlorine must be added to reach 0.01 to 0.02 mg/l of residual
content of non-reacted chlorine in treated water.
· Super chlorination is a water treatment process in which the addition of excess amounts of chlorine to a
water supply speed chemical reactions or insure disinfection within a short contact time.
APPARATUS USED:
BOD bottle, Pipette, Conical flask, Burette, Dropper, BOD incubator etc.
SOLUTIONS USED:
Standard chloride solution, Concentrated sulphuric acid, Potassium iodide crystal, 0.0282N Iodine
solution, Starch indicator.
PROCEDURES
 Take 200ml of sample in 26 bottles.

 Add Standard Chloride solution to the bottle through pipette in 0.5ml increment.
 Mix the sample by inverting the bottle and keep all the bottles in the dark for 20 minutes.
 Pour 200ml of sample from each bottle into conical flask.
 Add 5ml of concentrated Sulphuric Acid to the flask.
 Add approximately 1g Potassium Iodide (KI) crystal and stir the flask properly.
 Add 1ml of Starch indicator to conical flask and observe the change in colour of the solution from
colourless to pale blue.
 Take 0.0282N Iodine solution in the burette.
 Titrate the 0.5ml solution against Iodine solution.
 Titrate the solution with 1ml Chlorine solution against 0.0282N Iodine solution.
 Titrate the 1.5ml solution against 0.0282N Iodine solution.

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RICALDE, KIAN ELBERT N.

Coagulation is the process of addition of a chemical to de-stabilize a stabilized charged particle.

Jar Testing Apparatus :

Water sample, Alum solution

 Take 500ml of water sample in six beakers using measuring cylinder.

2KI + Cl2 → 2KCL+I2

I2 + Starch → Blue Colour

I2 + 2Na2S2O3 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaCl + 2Na

 Take 200ml of sample in 26 bottles.

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