Chemistry Project Revised 2

INTRODUCTION
Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for

survival on this planet. It is the elixir of life. It is essential for
the metabolic process in humans, animals, and even in plants
and microbes. In order to fulfill the tremendous demand for
water it needs to be purified and supplied in an orderly and
systematic way. The demand for drinking water has increased
dramatically with the increase in population. And thus it
became essential to search for new resources of water. Many of
the available resources of water are not in a drinkable form due
to impurities such as minerals, foreign particles, microbes, etc.
So it is a necessity to make it purified before we consume it.
1
PURIFICATION OF WATER
There are many methods for the purification of water. Some of

them are
1.) Boiling - It is the most commonly used water purification

technique in use today in our household settings. It cannot be
used for industrial and large-scale purposes.
2) Filtration - It is used for removing foreign particles from

water. One major drawback of this purification process is that
it will not remove foreign chemicals and impurities that are
miscible with water.
3) Solar water disinfection(SODIS) - Solar water

disinfection, in short SODIS, is a type of portable water
purification method that uses solar energy to make it
biologically decontaminated.
4) Bleaching powder treatment - We need a stable

purification technique that can be used at any time and at
anywhere, which is economically feasible on both normal and
large scales. Hence we look at the method of purification of
water using the technique of treatment by bleaching powder
commonly known as “chlorination’’.
2
WATER PURIFICATION
Benefits of using Bleaching powder
• Reduces many disagreeable tastes and odours.
• Eliminates slime, bacteria, molds and algae that commonly

grow in water.
• Removes chemical compounds that have an unpleasant taste

and hinder disinfection.
• Helps to remove iron and manganese from raw water.
• Prevent microbial regrowth.
• Bleaching powder also reacts with the organic matter

naturally present in water such as decaying leaves.
3
• It is economically feasible.
• It can be used for both normal and large-scale water

purification.
PREPARATION OF BLEACHING POWDER
Bleaching powder or Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical

compound with the formula Ca(ClO)₂. It is widely used for
water treatment and as a bleaching agent.
It is prepared by either the calcium process or the sodium

process.
Calcium process: Calcium hypochlorite also known as

chloride of lime is made by reacting chlorine with calcium
hydroxide.
2Ca(OH)₂ + 2Cl₂ ➡ Ca(ClO)₂+ CaCl₂ + 2H₂O
Sodium process: Calcium hypochlorite is made by reacting

chlorine with sodium hydroxide.
2Ca(OH) + 3Cl₂+ 2NaOH ➡ Ca(ClO)₂ + CaCl₂ + 2H₂O +

2NaCl
4
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To determine the dosage of bleaching powder required for

sterilization or disinfection of different samples of water.
REQUIREMENTS
Instruments required:
1. Burette
2. Titration flask
3. 100 ml graduated cylinder
4. 250ml measuring flask
5. Weight box
6. Glazed tile
7. Glass wool
Chemicals required:
1. Bleaching powder
2. 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution
3. 10 % KI solution
4. Different samples of water
5. Starch solution
5
PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
A known mass of bleaching powder is dissolved in water which

liberates chlorine in the solution
CaOCl₂ + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ +Cl₂
A known volume of the above solution is treated with 10%

iodide solution to determine the chlorine present in it. An
equivalent amount of iodine is liberated and is estimated by
titrating it against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate,
using starch solution as an indicator
Cl₂ + 2KI → 2KCl + I₂
I₂ + 2Na₂S₂O₃ → Na₂S₄O₆ + 2NaI
A known volume of one of the given sample of water is treated

with a known volume of bleaching powder solution. The
amount of residual chlorine is determined by adding excess
potassium iodide solution and titrating against standard
thiosulphate solution. From the readings in 2 and 3, the amount
of chlorine and the bleaching powder required for the
disinfection of a given volume of a given sample of water can
be calculated.
6
PROCEDURE
1. Preparation of bleaching powder solution. Weigh

accurately 2.5g bleaching powder and transfer it to a 250
ml conical flask. Add about 100 ml of distilled water.
Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. The suspension
thus obtained is filtered through glass wool and the filtrate
is diluted with water to make the volume 250ml. The
solution obtained is 1% bleaching powder solution.
2. Take 20 ml of bleaching powder solution in a stoppered
conical flask and add it to 20 ml of 10% KI solution.
Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. Titrate this
solution against 0.1N Na₂S₂O₃ solution taken in the
burette. When the solution in the conical flask becomes
light yellow in colour, add about 2 ml of starch solution.
The solution now becomes blue in colour. Continue
titrating till the blue colour just disappears. Repeat the
titration to get a set of three concordant readings.
3. Repeat the titration with different samples of Tank water
and Pond water.
7
OBSERVATION
• Volume of bleaching powder sol. taken 20ml
• Volume of KI solution added 20ml
• Volume of different samples of water 100ml
Titration Table for Distilled Water
S.No Initial Final Final Vol. of 0.1 N Mean Vol.

(ml) (ml) Na2S2O3sol. (ml) (ml)
1 15.1 25.2 10.1 10.1
2 25.2 35.2 10
3 35.2 454 10.2

Titration Table for Tank Water
4.
S.No Initial Final Final Vol. of 0.1 N Mean Vol.
(ml) (ml) Na2S2O3 sol. (ml) (ml)
1 2 10.1 8.1
2 10.1 18.4 8.3 8.2
3 18.4 26.6 8.2
8
Titration Table for Pond Water
S.No Initial Final Final Vol. of 0.1 N Mean Vol. (ml)

(ml) (ml) Na2S2O3sol. (ml)
1 7.2 12.1 4.9
2 12.1 16.9 4.8 4.8
3 16.9 21.9 4.7
CALCULATIONS
TANK WATER (Sample I)
Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100 ml of tap

water = (8.2 – 10.1) ml of 0.1 N of Na₂S₂O₃ solution
= 1.9ml. Of 0.1 N of Na2S2O3 solution
Since, 250ml bleaching powder solution contains 2.5g

bleaching powder
Thus, 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching

powder =2.5 / 250 = 0.01g
Also, 20 ml of bleaching powder solution = 8.2ml of 0.1N of

Na₂S₂O₃
9
So 1 ml of Na₂S₂O₃ solution = 20 / 8.2 ml of bleaching powder
solution.
The volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect

100ml of water = 1.9 x 20 / 8.2ml.
1.9 x 20 / 8.2 ml. of bleaching powder solution
=1.9 x 20 x 0.01 / 8.2 (gm) Bleaching Powder
Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 1 ltr. of water
=1.9 x 20 x 0.01 x 1000 / 8.2 x 100
= 0.4634gm
POND WATER (Sample II)
Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water.
= (8.2 – 4.8) ml of 0.1 N Na₂S₂O₃ solution
= 3.4ml
Accordingly,
Volume of Ca(OCl)₂ solution required to disinfect 1lt. of water
= 3.4 x 20 x 0.01 x 1000 / 8.2 x 100
= 0.8293 gm.
10
RESULT
Amount of the given samples of bleaching powder required to

disinfect one litre of water: -
Samples I = 0.4634gm
Samples II = 0.8293gm
Since the amount of bleaching powder required for disinfecting

POND WATER is more than that required for TANK WATER,
thus it can be concluded that the former contains more
impurities.
11
CONCLUSION
While household bleaching solutions are widely available, it is

not recommended to use them for household water treatment.
If bleach is used for household water treatment systems,
concentration should be regularly checked and a proper dosage
strategy should be developed as recommended by authorized
organizations.
Bleaching Powder water treatment is useful in disinfecting

water in places or conditions where the boiling method cannot
be practiced.
12
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The medical front - water supply

http/www.vlib.us/medical/sancamp/water.htm
2. “Chemistry projects’’: http/www.icbse.com
3. Water treatment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/water

treatment.
13

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Chemistry Project Revised 2

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INTRODUCTION

Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for

There are many methods for the purification of water. Some of

1.) Boiling - It is the most commonly used water purification

2) Filtration - It is used for removing foreign particles from

3) Solar water disinfection(SODIS) - Solar water

4) Bleaching powder treatment - We need a stable

Benefits of using Bleaching powder

• Reduces many disagreeable tastes and odours.

• Eliminates slime, bacteria, molds and algae that commonly

• Removes chemical compounds that have an unpleasant taste

• Helps to remove iron and manganese from raw water.

• Prevent microbial regrowth.

• Bleaching powder also reacts with the organic matter

• It can be used for both normal and large-scale water

PREPARATION OF BLEACHING POWDER

Bleaching powder or Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical

It is prepared by either the calcium process or the sodium

Calcium process: Calcium hypochlorite also known as

2Ca(OH)₂ + 2Cl₂ ➡ Ca(ClO)₂+ CaCl₂ + 2H₂O

Sodium process: Calcium hypochlorite is made by reacting

2Ca(OH) + 3Cl₂+ 2NaOH ➡ Ca(ClO)₂ + CaCl₂ + 2H₂O +

To determine the dosage of bleaching powder required for

A known mass of bleaching powder is dissolved in water which

CaOCl₂ + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ +Cl₂

A known volume of the above solution is treated with 10%

Cl₂ + 2KI → 2KCl + I₂

I₂ + 2Na₂S₂O₃ → Na₂S₄O₆ + 2NaI

A known volume of one of the given sample of water is treated

1. Preparation of bleaching powder solution. Weigh

• Volume of bleaching powder sol. taken 20ml

• Volume of KI solution added 20ml

• Volume of different samples of water 100ml

Titration Table for Distilled Water

S.No Initial Final Final Vol. of 0.1 N Mean Vol.

1 15.1 25.2 10.1 10.1

3 35.2 454 10.2

S.No Initial Final Final Vol. of 0.1 N Mean Vol.

(ml) (ml) Na2S2O3 sol. (ml) (ml)

2 10.1 18.4 8.3 8.2

3 18.4 26.6 8.2

S.No Initial Final Final Vol. of 0.1 N Mean Vol. (ml)

1 7.2 12.1 4.9

2 12.1 16.9 4.8 4.8

3 16.9 21.9 4.7

TANK WATER (Sample I)

Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100 ml of tap

= 1.9ml. Of 0.1 N of Na2S2O3 solution

Since, 250ml bleaching powder solution contains 2.5g

Thus, 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching

Also, 20 ml of bleaching powder solution = 8.2ml of 0.1N of

The volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect

1.9 x 20 / 8.2 ml. of bleaching powder solution

=1.9 x 20 x 0.01 / 8.2 (gm) Bleaching Powder

Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 1 ltr. of water

=1.9 x 20 x 0.01 x 1000 / 8.2 x 100

POND WATER (Sample II)

Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water.

= (8.2 – 4.8) ml of 0.1 N Na₂S₂O₃ solution