Petroleum

Refining

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 1

• Handbook Of Petroleum Refining Processes,
Robert A. Meyers, ed.

• Petroleum Refining Technology and

Economics, James H. Gary, et al.

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 2

• INPUT: Process Multiple Crude Compositions At
Minimum Cost
• OUTPUT: Produce Slate Of Products That Provide The
Most Profit For Current Market Conditions
• CONVERSION: Utilize Processes That Upgrade Value Of
Petroleum Components
• FULL CONVERSION REFINERY
– Change Less Valuable Fractions Into Higher Value
Transportation Fuels
– Process Heavier, Cheaper Crude Oil
– Convert ~90% Of Crude Oil Into Fuels And Products

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 3

 Refinery Products
LPG
$
Chemical Feedstock
$$
Gasoline
$$$
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
$$$
Crude Oil PETROLEUM Diesel
REFINERY $$$
Fuel Oil
$
Lube / Specialty Oil
$$
Byproducts
$
Coke
Sulfur

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 4

 Higher
Molecular
Weight Density
Lower

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 5

 CRUDE DISTILLATION CONVERSION PRODUCT FINISHING
LPG & GAS REFINERY FUEL GAS
LIGHT ENDS
UNIT
STABILIZER
LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
SR GASOLINE
ISOMERIZATION

CHEMICAL FEEDSTOCKS
T
NAPHTHA NAPHTHA REFORMATE R
HYDRO REFORMING E REGULAR GASOLINE
TREATING A
T PREMIUM GASOLINE
I
MIDDLE DISTILLATES DISTILLATE DISTILLATES N
ATMOSPHERIC HYDRO G JET FUEL / KEROSENE
TOWER TREATING
A DIESELS
N
CAT LIGHT ENDS ALKYLATES D
CRUDE ALKYLATION HEATING OILS
HVY ATMOS GAS OIL FLUIDIZED CAT
GAS OIL NAPHTHA
B
HYDRO CATALYTIC
L LUBE OILS
TREATING CRACKING CAT LIGHT CYCLE OIL (LCO) E
(GOHT) (FCCU)
N
D GREASES
VACUUM
GAS OIL I
(LVGO/ N ASPHALTS
HVGO) G

INDUSTRIAL FUELS
HYDRO- HYDROCRACKATE
CRACKING
HCU DIESEL REFINERY FUEL OIL
(HCU)

VACUUM
TOWER

RICH LEAN
AMINE AMINE
SULFUR SWEET WATER
SOUR
COKER
WATER
RECOVERY SULFUR
NAPHTHA

VACUUM TOWER BOTTOMS DELAYED COKER DISTILLATE

COKER
COKER GAS OIL
COKE

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 6

 LPG

Chemical Feedstock

Gasoline

Jet Fuel / Kerosene

Crude Oil Crude
Product Diesel
Distillation Conversion
Finishing
Fuel Oil

Lube / Specialty Oil

Byproducts
Byproduct Recovery

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 7

 LPG
Light Ends
Chemical Feedstock

Naphtha Gasoline

Jet Fuel / Kerosene

Crude Middle Distillates
Crude Oil Product Diesel
Distillation Conversion
Finishing
Fuel Oil
Gas Oils
Lube / Specialty Oil
Residuals Byproducts
Byproduct Recovery

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 8

1 BARREL 1 BARREL

GASOLINE
$87 / BBL
CRUDE JET FUEL
$60 / BBL (BRENT) $90 / BBL
DIESEL
$92 / BBL

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 9

1 BARREL 1.1 BARREL
=
CRUDE PRODUCT

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 10

 Crude
Oil

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 11

• Crude Oil Is A Complex Mixture Of
Hydrocarbons Generated By Nature
• Light Crudes Have Lower Boiling Point
Components With More Value As Products
• Sweet Crudes Have Lower Sulfur Concentrations
– Less Expensive Materials Of Construction
– Less Sulfur Handling Requirements
• Light, Sweet Crudes Are Becoming More Scarce
And More Expensive

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 12

• Heavier Crudes Have Higher Boiling Point
Components With Less Value As Products
• Heavier Crudes Require More Refinery Process
Steps To Convert To Lower Boiling Point
Components Of Higher Value
• Sour Crudes Have Higher Sulfur Concentrations
– More Expensive Materials Of Construction
– More Sulfur Handling Requirements
• Heavy, Sour Crudes Are More Available And Less
Expensive Than Light, Sweet Crudes

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 13

• Crude Assay Is Used To Define Specific Properties That
Impact Refining
• Crude Oil Properties Include:
– Boiling Point Curve
– API Gravity
– Sulfur Content
– Nitrogen Content
– Metals (Nickel/Vanadium)
– Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR)
– PONA Analysis
(Paraffins/Olefins/Naphthenes/Aromatics)
– Viscosity Curve

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 14

 1400

1300

1200

1100

1000
Vacuum Column Cutpoint
900
Temperature, F

800

700
Crude Column Cutpoint
600

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Vol Percent

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 15

• API Gravity Is A Measure Of Crude Oil Density
• Higher API Gravity = Lower Density
• Lower API Gravity = Higher Density
• Light Crudes Are Greater Than 40° API
• Medium Crudes Are 20° To 40° API
• Heavy Crudes Are Less Than 20° API

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 16

 LPG
7.05 %
Chemical Feedstock

Light Sweet Crude Oil Gasoline

35.24 %
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Oso (Nigerian) 24.46 %
Crude Oil Diesel
47.4°API 14.74 %
Fuel Oil
0.046 % Sulfur
Lube / Specialty Oil

Byproducts
Total 81.49 %

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 17

 LPG
3.4 %
Chemical Feedstock

Medium Sweet Crude Oil Gasoline

28.8 %
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Brent (North Sea) 14.9 %
Crude Oil Diesel
38.5°API 14.7 %
Fuel Oil
0.43 % Sulfur
Lube / Specialty Oil

Byproducts
Total 61.8 %

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 18

 LPG
1.1 %
Chemical Feedstock

“Medium” Sour Crude Oil Gasoline

15.6 %
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Maya (Mexico) 11.4 %
Crude Oil Diesel
22.2°API 12.7 %
Fuel Oil
3.3 % Sulfur
Lube / Specialty Oil

Byproducts
Total 40.8 %

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 19

 LPG
0.61 %
Chemical Feedstock

Heavy Sour Crude Oil Gasoline

8.55 %
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Merey (Venezuela) 8.64 %
Crude Oil Diesel
16.0°API 15.50 %
Fuel Oil
2.28 % Sulfur
Lube / Specialty Oil

Byproducts
Total 33.30 %

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 20

 Crude
Distillation

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 21

 LPG
Light Ends
Chemical Feedstock

Naphtha Gasoline

Jet Fuel / Kerosene

Middle Distillates
Crude
Crude Oil Product Diesel
Distillation
Conversion
Finishing
Fuel Oil
Gas Oils
Lube / Specialty Oil
Residuals Byproducts
Byproduct Recovery

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 22

 Batch Still Continuous Bench Still
Late 1800’s Early 1900’s

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 23

Pipe Continuous Still
Early 1900’s

Trumble Process
Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 24
 Crude Unit Crude/Vac Pipestill
LPG
Off Gas
Light Ends Light Ends
Separates Lighter Chemical Feedstock
Crude Straight-Run
Naphtha Components
Naphtha Naphtha Gasoline
Distillate Atmospheric Straight-Run
Tower Kerosene Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Middle Distillates
Crude Oil Preheat Straight-Run
Product Diesel
And Conversion Diesel
Desalter Finishing
AGO
Separates Heavier
Fuel Oil
Removes Salts Gas Oils Crude LVGO
And Components Lube / Specialty Oil
Gas Oil
Solids From Crude ATB Vacuum HVGO
Residuals
(Atmos Resid) Tower Byproducts
VTB
Byproduct
Residual Recovery (Vac Resid)

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 25

 Vacuum
Tower
Atmospheric
Tower

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 26

Lower Boiling
Temperature
Lower
Molecular Weight

Higher Boiling
Temperature
Higher
Molecular Weight

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 27

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 28
Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 29
Conversion

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 30

 Crude
Distillation
LPG
Off Gas

Light Ends Light Ends

Chemical Feedstock
Naphtha SR Naphtha
Naphtha Gasoline
Distillate SR Kero
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
SR Diesel Middle Distillates
Crude Oil Product Diesel
Conversion
AGO Finishing
LVGO Fuel Oil
HVGO
Gas Oils
Lube / Specialty Oil
Gas Oil Vac Btms

Residuals Byproducts
Residual Byproduct Recovery

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 31

 Crude
Distillation Conversion
LPG
Off Gas

Light Ends Light Ends

Alkylation Chemical Feedstock
Naphtha SR Naphtha
Naphtha Gasoline
Hydro-
Distillate SR Kero
cracker Jet Fuel / Kerosene
SR Diesel Middle Distillates
Crude Oil Product Diesel
AGO
FCCU
Finishing
LVGO Fuel Oil
HVGO
Gas Oils
Lube / Specialty Oil
Gas Oil Vac Btms Delayed
Coker
Residuals Byproducts
Residual Byproduct Recovery

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 32

 FCC Wet Gas
Light Ends
Fractionator Overhead

Naphtha Heavy Cat Naphtha (HCN)

Reactor
Middle DistillatesLight Cycle Oil (LCO)

Main Fractionator
Product
Regenerator
Finishing
Air
Riser

AGO Gas Oils

LVGO
HVGO Clarified Slurry Oil (CSO)
Other Gas Oil Residuals
(Decant Oil)

Byproduct Recovery

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 33

 Reactor

Regenerator

Main Fractionator

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 34

 Wet Gas Compressor FCC Dry Gas
FCC Wet Gas
Light Ends FCC C3’s
FCC C4’s
Fractionator Overhead

Coker LPG Naphtha Light Cat Naphtha

(LCN)
FCC Gas Plant
Middle Distillates
(Unsat Gas Plant)
Product
(Cat Light Ends Unit)
Finishing

FCC C3’s Gas Oils FCC C4’s

P/P Olefins B/B Olefins
C3 Olefins C4 Olefins
Residuals
Refinery Grade Propylene Refinery Butylenes

Byproduct Recovery

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 35

 Light Ends
Propane
Isobutane
FCC C4’s Feed Naphtha
Reactors N-Butane
FCC C3’s Preparation

Fractionation
FCC C5’s
Middle Distillates
Product
Recycle Isobutane
Finishing
Alkylate

Gas Oils

Residuals

Byproduct Recovery

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 36

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 37
Alkylates

DuPont STRATCO

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 38

 Full Conversion
Fuel Gas

Light Ends
HCU LPG
Recycle Compressor Lt Naphtha Hydrocracker Naphtha =
Naphtha Hvy Naphtha Hydrocrackate

Fractionation
Lt Distillate

Middle Distillates HCU Diesel

Hydrogen Product
AGO HDS/HDN Hydrocrkg Finishing
Separators
Reactors Reactors
Coker GO
HVGO/LVGO Gas Oils

Residuals
Unconverted Oil

Byproduct Recovery

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 39

 Partial Conversion

Fuel Gas
Light Ends
HCU LPG
Recycle Compressor Lt Naphtha Hydrocracker Naphtha =
Naphtha Hvy Naphtha Hydrocrackate

Fractionation
Lt Distillate

Middle Distillates HCU Diesel

Hydrogen Product
AGO HDS/HDN Hydrocrkg FinishingFCC Feed
Separators
Reactors Reactors
Coker GO
HVGO/LVGO Gas Oils

Residuals

Byproduct Recovery

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 40

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 41
 Fuel Gas
Light Ends Coker
Gas Coker LPG
Plant
Naphtha Coker Naphtha

Main Fractionator
Coke Coker Distillate
Middle
Drums
Distillates
(Coker Diesel)
Product
Finishing
Coker Gas Oil

Gas Oils
Heater
Residuals
Petroleum Coke

Byproduct
Vacuum Btms
RecoveryRecycle

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 42

 Derricks For
Cutting Water

Coke Drums

Coke Pit

Feed Heaters

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 43

 Crude
Conversion
Distillation
LPG
Off Gas Propane
Light Ends Light Ends N-Butane
Isobutane
Alkylation Chemical Feedstock
Alkylate

Naphtha SR Naphtha
Naphtha HCU LPG Gasoline
Lt Hydrocrackate
Hydro- Hvy Hydrocrackate
Distillate SR Kero
cracker HCU Diesel Jet Fuel / Kerosene
SR Diesel Middle Distillates
Crude Oil FCC Feed FCC C3’s
FCC C4’s Diesel
Lt Cat Naphtha
AGO
FCCU Hvy Cat Naphtha
LVGO Light Cycle Oil Fuel Oil
HVGO
Gas Oils Coker LPG
Coker Naphtha Lube / Specialty Oil
Gas Oil Vac Btms Delayed
Coker Distillate
Coker
Residuals Coker Gas Oil
Byproducts
Petroleum Coke Clarified Slurry Oil
Residual Byproduct Recovery

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 44

Product
Finishing

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 45

• Light Ends – Fuel Gas

• Naphtha – Gasoline

• Distillates – Kerosene, Jet Fuel, Diesel

• Gas Oils – Pre-/Post- Hydrotreating Before

Converting to Gasoline (FCCU) Or Diesel
(Hydrocracking)

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 46

 Saturate
Gas Plant
Crude Unit Off Gas
From Amine Lean Amine Fuel Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane To Refinery Heaters
Light Ends

Absorber
Regeneration HCU LPG

Amine
Alkylation FCC C3’s
SR Naphtha
Lean Oil Rich Amine
Alkylate To Amine
Naphtha Lt/Hvy Hydrocrackate Regeneration

Absorber
Sponge
Hydro- Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
Propane
cracker Coker Naphtha To Sales
Rich Oil
Middle Distillates SR Kerosene
SR Diesel Isobutane
HCU Diesel To Alkylation
Lt Naphtha Light Cycle Oil
FCCU Coker Distillate

Deisobutanizer
Depropanizer
Debutanizer
Deethanizer
Absorber –

From Multiple LPG

Gas Oils
Refinery Sources
Delayed
Coker
Residuals N-Butane
To Gasoline Blending
Clarified
Lt SR Slurry Oil
Naphtha Or Sales
Byproduct Recovery Petroleum Coke

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 47

 Straight Run
Crude Atmospheric
Distillation Crude Tower
Light Hydrocrackate
Hydrocracker Heavy Hydrocrackate
Naphtha
Light Cat
Conversion FCCU Heavy Cat Critical Gasoline
Specifications:
Octane
Sulfur
Delayed Coker Reid Vapor Pressure
Coker

Product Wild
Hydrotreaters
Finishing

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 48

 Octane Sulfur RVP
SR Naphtha Low High High

Coker Naphtha Medium Very High High

Wild Naphtha Very Low Very High Very High

Lt Hydrocrackate Medium Very Low High

Hvy Hydrocrackate Medium Very Low Low

Lt Cat Naphtha High Medium Medium

Hvy Cat Naphtha High High Low

Alkylate Very High None Low

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 49

SR/Coker/Wild Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
Light Ends HCU LPG
Alkylation
Hydrogen FCC C3’s Fuel Gas
SR Naphtha
Isomerization
Alkylate
(Penex)
Naphtha Isomerate
Lt/Hvy Hydrocrackate
Hydrogen LPG
Hydro- Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
cracker Coker Naphtha

SR Naphtha Middle Distillates SR Kerosene

SR Diesel

Stabilizer
Naphtha

Naphtha
HCU Diesel

Splitter
Coker Naphtha Light Cycle Oil
Hydrotreater
FCCU Coker Distillate
Wild Naphtha (NHT)

Gas Oils Hydrogen

Delayed
Proprietary Reformer Trademarks (Net Gas)
Platformer (UOP) Coker
Residuals Reformer LPG
Rheniformer (Chevron)
Powerformer (ExxonMobil) Reformate
Clarified Slurry Oil
Byproduct Recovery Petroleum Coke

Stabilize – Reduce RVP Reform – Boost Heavy SR Octane

Hydrotreat – Remove Sulfur and Olefins Isomerize – Boost Light SR Octane

Split – Separate Light And Heavy SR

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 50
SR/Coker/Wild Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
Light Ends HCU LPG
Caustic Soda Alkylation Light SR FCC C3’s
Merox / SR Naphtha
Merichem Alkylate
LPG Naphtha Hydrogen
Treater Lt/Hvy Hydrocrackate
Hydro- Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
cracker Coker Naphtha

SR Naphtha Middle Distillates SR Kerosene

SR Diesel
Stabilizer
Naphtha HCU Diesel

Naphtha
Splitter
Coker Naphtha
HydrotreaterLight Cycle Oil
FCCU Coker Distillate
Wild Naphtha (NHT)

Gas Oils Hydrogen

Delayed
Proprietary Reformer Trademarks (Net Gas)
Platformer (UOP) Coker
Residuals Reformer LPG
Rheniformer (Chevron)
Powerformer (ExxonMobil) Reformate
Clarified Slurry Oil
Byproduct Recovery Petroleum Coke

Stabilize – Reduce RVP Reform – Boost Heavy SR Octane

Hydrotreat – Remove Sulfur and Olefins Isomerize – Boost Light SR Octane

Split – Separate Light And Heavy SR

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 51
SR/Coker/Wild Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
Light Ends HCU LPG
Alkylation
Hydrogen FCC C3’s Fuel Gas
SR Naphtha
Isomerization
Lt Hydrocrackate
Alkylate
(Penex)
Hydrogen Naphtha
LPG
Isomerate
Lt/Hvy Hydrocrackate
Hydro- Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
cracker Coker Naphtha

SR Naphtha Middle Distillates SR Kerosene

SR Diesel

Stabilizer
Naphtha

Naphtha
HCU Diesel

Splitter
Coker Naphtha Light Cycle Oil
Hydrotreater
FCCU Coker Distillate
Wild Naphtha (NHT)

Gas Oils Hydrogen

Delayed (Net Gas)
Coker
Residuals
Hvy Hydrocrackate Guard Reformer LPG
Bed
Reformate
Clarified Slurry Oil
Petroleum Coke

Stabilize – Reduce RVP Reform – Boost Heavy SR Octane

Hydrotreat – Remove Sulfur and Olefins Isomerize – Boost Light SR Octane

Split – Separate Light And Heavy SR

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 52
Lt Cat/Hvy Cat/Lt Coker Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
Light Ends HCU LPG
Alkylation
Fuel Gas FCC C3’s Fuel Gas
SR Naphtha
Hydrogen Alkylate
Naphtha Lt/Hvy Hydrocrackate
Hydro- Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
cracker Lt LS Coker
Gasoline
Naphtha
Lt Cat Naphtha

Naphtha Splitter
Middle Distillates SR Kerosene
SR Diesel

Stabilizer
Hvy Cat Naphtha SHU Recycle Compressor
HCU Diesel
Reactor Light Cycle Oil
Lt Coker Naphtha Coker Distillate
FCCU

Gas Oils HDS

Delayed Reactor
Hydrogen Coker
Residuals
HvyOilLS Gasoline
Clarified Slurry
Byproduct Recovery Petroleum Coke

Remove Diolefins (Gum-Formers) Split to Maximize Light Cat Naphtha Octane

Remove Mercaptans (Sulfur) Hydrotreat But Minimize Olefin Saturation
Stabilize To Decrease Gasoline RVP

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 53

Distillate Hydrotreater (DHT)
Fuel Gas
Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
Light Ends
Recycle Compressor HCU LPG
Alkylation FCC C3’s
SR Naphtha
Wild Naphtha
Alkylate
Naphtha Lt/Hvy Hydrocrackate
Hydro- Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
SR Kerosene cracker Coker Naphtha

Fractionation
Kerosene
SR Diesel Middle Distillates SR Kerosene
SR Diesel
HDS HCU Diesel
Coker Distillate Light Cycle Oil
Reactors Coker Distillate
Lt Cycle Oil FCCU

Hydrogen ULSD
Gas Oils

Delayed Clarified Slurry Oil

Byproduct Recovery Residuals Coker Petroleum Coke

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 54

 Gas Oil Hydrotreater (GOHT)
Fuel Gas
Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
Recycle Compressor Light Ends HCU LPG
Alkylation FCC C3’s
SR Naphtha
Wild Naphtha
Alkylate
Naphtha Lt/Hvy Hydrocrackate
Hydro- Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
AGO cracker Coker Naphtha

Fractionation
LVGO Middle Distillates SR Kerosene
SR Diesel
HDS/HDN HCU Diesel
HVGO Light Cycle Oil
Reactors Coker Distillate
Coker Gas Oil FCCU

Hydrogen FCC Feed

Gas Oils
Delayed
Coker
Residuals
Hydrotreating Gas Oil Before FCCU Avoids Hydrotreating Separate FCCU Products
Clarified Slurry Oil
Byproduct Recovery Petroleum Coke

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 55

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 56
Byproduct
Recovery

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 57

 Vent

Rich Amine
Amine Acid Gas
Regeneration

Thermal
Oxidizer
Lean Amine Unit

Tail Gas
Air SRU (Claus) Unit Treatment
(Scot) Unit

Sour Water Sour Water

Stripper
Acid Gas

Molten Sulfur

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 58

 Tail
Gas

Sulfur Sulfur Sulfur Sulfur

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 59

 US Patent No. 3,963,443
(06/15/76)

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 60

 ACID
GAS
TO
SRU

SOLVENT
REGENERATION

HP HP
COND BFW
STEAM STEAM
LEAN RICH
SOLVENT SOLVENT

REACTION PROCESS INCINERATION/ TREATED

TAIL
TAIL
GAS REACTION (SO2 GAS H2S WASTE
GAS
FROM PREHEATING CONVERSION QUENCH ABSORPTION HEAT TO
SRU TO H2S) COOLING RECOVERY ATMOS

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 61

• Petroleum Refinery Converts Crude Oil To
Fuels and Chemical Feedstocks
• Molecules In Crude Oil Are Converted To High
Value Products Through Refinery Conversion
And Product Finishing Steps
• Removing Sulfur From Refinery Products Is
Critical in Meeting Environmental
Requirements (Tier 3 = 10 ppmw)

Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 62