Cell/ Structure Location Function

Bowman’s glands Olfactory epithelium -Secretes serous fluid that enhances ability to
detect smell
Olfactory cells Olfactory epithelium -Bipolar neurons which congregate to from CN I

Sustentacular/ Supporting cells Olfactory epithelium -Metabolic and physical support for the olfactory
cells
Basal cells Olfactory epithelium -Stem cells that can become olfactory or
sustentacular
Brush cells Olfactory epithelium -Transduction of general sensation, nerve fibers
to CN V
Goblet cells Trachea -Produce mucinogen which becomes hydrated
and known as mucin
Clara cells Terminal bronchiole -Replace goblet cells
(between the ciliated cells) -Secrete glycosaminoglycans in response to
chemical irritation
-Detoxify substances
-Secretes surfactant like material and enzymes
Endothelial cells Alveolar wall -Form blood capillaries
Secretory cells (type II alveolar/ Alveolar wall -Synthesize and secrete surfactant to reduces
pneumocyte) surface tension of alveoli
-Prevent collapse (60% Type I)
Alveolar macrophages Alveolar wall -Phagocytose particulate matter in the lumen of
the alveolus

Cell/ Structure Location Function

Purkinje fibers Myocardium (specialized cardiac -Part of the impulse conducting system of the
muscle cells) heart (15-25 beats/min)
Vaso vasorum Penetrate tunica adventitia to connect -Blood and nerve supply to the vessel
to tunica media -More in veins
Endothelial cells Tunica intima -Secretes angiotensin enzyme that generates
angiotensin II à regulating arterial blood
pressure and other enzymes

Pericyte/ Myoid cell Outside of capillaries -Form gap junctions with the endothelial cells
-Contain proteins that regulate blood flow

Cell/ Structure Location Function

Macrophages Innate immune system -Phagocytose invaders
Neutrophils Innate immune system -Phagocytose invaders
Natural killer (NK) cells Innate immune system -Kill tumour cells, virally infected cells,
bacteria and parasites
T-helper cells Adaptive immune system (originate in bone -Recognition of foreign antigens as well
marrow and migrate to mature in thymus, as mounting an immunological response
end differentiation in paracortex of lymph
node)
T- cytotoxic cells Adaptive immune system -Kill foreign cells, tumour cells and virally
altered cells
B cell Adaptive immune system (originate in bone -Finds an antigen which matches its
marrow and become immunocompetent in receptor
bone marrow) -Once activated by T helper cell, it splits
into plasma and memory cells
Plasma cell Adaptive immune system -Produce and release antibodies for the
(generated from B cells in cortex of lymph same type of invader marking them for
nodes) destruction
Memory cells Adaptive immune system (generated from B -For the same invader it helps to activate
cells in cortex of lymph nodes) the immune system faster
-Greater affinity for subsequent
exposures
Epithelial reticular cells Thymus -Segregate cortex from medulla
-Cells do not pass between the 2 areas
without their knowledge
Hassall’s corpuscles Medulla of thymus -Function unknown
-Grouped large pale staining cells that
increase with age
Periarterial lympathic Spleen à mostly T cells, may contain B cell -Sheath of lymphocytes that infiltrate
sheath (PALS)- central nodules vessels from trabeculae arteries
artery- associated with
white pulp
Payer’s patches ( gut Ileum -Lymphoid follicles that function in
associated lymphoid surveillance or screening
tissue GALT)
Tonsils (mucosa Ring around the pharynx -Guard entrance to the oral pharynx
associated lymphoid -React to antigens by forming
tissue- MALT) lymphocytes

Cell/ Structure Location Function

Serous cell -Parotid gland (30% of saliva) -Secrete fluid containing alpha amylase
-Submandibular gland (60% of saliva) and proline rich proteins
*note* submandibular is 90% serous and 10%
mucous
Mucous cell Sublingual gland (5% of saliva) -Secrete mucous
*note* sublingual secretes serous and mucous
Serous Demilunes Sublingual gland à attach to mucous producing -Secrete serous and mucous (mixed)
acini
Intercalated ducts Duct to glands à more prominent in salivary -Add bicarbonate to the saliva (buffering
glands having a watery secretion (parotid) function) and absorb Cl-
Striated ducts Duct to glands (both striated and intercalated -Secretion of K+ and the absorption of Na+
are intralobular ducts) -Secrete antibodies into saliva

Structure Location Function

Filiform papillae Tongue à “v-shaped” cones -Don’t contain taste buds,
-High keratinization to help scrape food
off a surface
Fungiform papilla Dorsum of the tongue àappear reddish, -Nonkeratinized
resemble a mushroom -taste buds on the dorsal aspect of their
cap
Foliate papillae Posterolateral aspect of the tongue -Functional taste buds only in neonate
(children)
Cirumvallate papillae 8-12 in a v-shaped arrangement just -Base pierced by ducts of glands of von
anterior to the sulcus terminalis Ebner (serous)
-Epithelial lining of the groove and side
have taste buds
Auditory/ Eustachian Nasopharynx -Connects the pharynx to the middle ear
tube cavity
-Maintains pressure in middle ear cavity
Pharyngeal tonsil Nasopharynx -Specialized lymphoid tissue
Palatine tonsils Oropharynx -Belong to lymphatic system
Lingual tonsils Post surface of tongue near oropharynx -Belong to lymphatic system

Cell/ Structure Location Function

Parietal cells (oxyntic)- Stomach gastric glands à lamina -Secrete HCl (turns pesinogen into pepsin for
more pink propria fundus digestion), gastric intrinsic factor (B12)
-Eosinophillic
Chief cells (zymogenic)- Stomach gastric glands à lamina -Secrete pepsinogen, gastric lipase, renin
more dark purple propria fundus
Surface mucous cells Stomach gastric glands à lamina -Secrete mucus and HCO3 mixed with the chyme
(neck) propria fundus to reduce friction
-Secrete lysozyme bacteria into the pylorus
Regenerative (stem) cells Stomach gastric glands à lamina -Replace all specialized cells in the gastric pit (5-7
propria fundus days)
Diffuse neuroendocrine Stomach gastric glands à lamina -Manufacture endocrine, paracrine and
cells (DNES) propria fundus, small intestine neurocrine hormones
-Could be closed
G cells (DNES) Stomach/ small intestine -Secretes gastrin which stimulates HCl secretion
and gastric motility
ECL cells (DNES) Stomach/ small intestine -Secretes histamine which stimulates HCl
secretion
A cell (DNES) Stomach/ small intestine -Secretes glucagon à stimulate glycogenolysis
D cell (DNES) Stomach/ small intestine -Secrete somatostatin
-Inhibits hormone release from other DNES cells
Goblet cells Small/ large intestine -Secretes mucous
Auerbach myenteric Muscularis externa à between -Innervation for movement (peristalsis)
plexus (enteric nervous circular and longitudinal smooth -Regulates muscularis externa
system) muscle layers
Meissner’s submucosal Submucosa -Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve cell
plexus (enteric nervous bodies that control motility and secretion
system)
Crypts of Lieberkuhn Small intestine/ large intestine (no -Composed of DNES, surface absorptive, goblet,
paneth cells in large) regenerative and Paneth cells (central lacteal)
Brunner’s glands* Duodenum -Provide abundant alkaline mucus (HCO3) to
neutralize the acid from the stomach
-Secretes into crypts of Lieberkuhn
Peyer’s patches Ilium à may see secondary follicles -Surveillance of microbes, virus, anything invasive
with pale germinal centers -Generates immune response within mucosa
(lymphatic) surrounding them
Paneth cells Small intestine à in the lacteal or -Protect against microbes secreting lysozyme and
bottom of the crypt TNF-α
Surface absorptive cells Duodenum -Digestion and absorption of H2O and nutrients
APUD cells Large intestine/ colon -Equivalent to DNES
Hepatocyte Liver parenchyma -Endocrine and exocrine products (bile)
-Can detoxify toxins and excrete them in bile
-Synthesize enzyme
-Store lipids and glycogen,vitamins (A, B12, D)
-Modifies IgA for bile etc
Classic lobule Liver -Has 6 borders with a central vein that will
connect to hepatic vein
Portal area/ lobule Between 3 classic lobules -Houses tributes of hepatic artery, portal vein
(exocrine path) and bile canaliculi
-Brings blood with oxygen and nutrients to
hepatocyte and bile out to duct
Hepatic Acinus (kite Liver (each angle on hepatic artery -Blood flow from the outer area toward the
shaped) or central vein) central vein
Kupffer cells Endothelial cells of liver, space of -Derived from monocytes and phagocytose
disse* foreign particles in the blood
Islets/ Island of Pancreas, among exocrine -Alpha cells produce glucagon (20%)
Langerhans secretory acini -Beta cells produce insulin (75%)
-PP cells produce pancreatic polypeptide
-G cells produce gastrin
-Delta cells produce somatostatin to activate
DNES cells (5% of endocrine)

Cell/Structure Location Function

Renal corpuscle Kidney cortex à continuous with the -Holds the glomerulus which contacts the
visceral (glomerular epithelium) visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
Mesangial cells Extraglomerular at the vascular pole (space -Physical support and phagocyte function
bounded by afferent arteriole) -Contractile function b/c of receptors for
Intraglomerular within the renal corpsucle vasoconstrictors (angiotensin)
Podocytes Glomeruli -Build the visceral epithelium of
glomerular capsule
-Maintain the slits for filtration
Proximal convoluted First part of renal tubule -Absorption of organic nutrients and
tubule (pars recta is plasma proteins (60% Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+,
straight) Mg2+, HCO3-, phosphate, sulfate, H2O)
Limbs of Henle’s loop Cortex and medulla of kidney -Descending limb highly permeable to
water and reasonably to urea and ions
-Ascending limb is moderately permeable
to water
Distal convoluted Continuation of ascending (thick) limb of -Impermeable to water but in response to
tubule (pars recta is henle aldosterone can reabsorb Na+, Cl-
straight) -Can secrete ions, acids, small material
Macula Densa (part of Distal convoluted tubule -Act as chemoreceptors
JG apparatus)
JG (juxtaglomerular Tunica media of afferent and occasionally -House the proteolytic enzyme renin;
cells) efferent glomerular arterioles -Intimate connection with macula densa
cells

Cell Location Function

Sertoli cells Seminiferous epithelium (basal -Support developing spermatogenic cells
lamina to the lumen) -Establish the blood-testis barrier,
-Phagocytosis of cytoplasm
 -Manufacture proteins and a fructose rich
medium
Leydig cells Seminiferous tubules à tunica -Secrete testosterone
vasculosa
Spermatogonia (diploid Basal compartment -Form stem cells which will proceed through
cells) spermatogenesis
Spermatocyte Adluminal compartment
Spermatid (haploid cells) Adluminal compartment -Shed cytoplasm, rearrange organelles and
form flagella to become spermatozoa
(spermiogenesis)
Spermatozoa Adluminal area (lumen) -Mature and make babies
Seminal vesicles Near ampulla of vas deferens -Contribute 60-70% to ejaculation
posterior to prostate -Contains fructose (energy), lipochrome
pigment (yellowish)
Prostate gland Surrounds portion of the urethra -Secretes serous fluid with lipids, proteolytic
(secretions regulated by enzymes, acid phosphatase, fibrinolysin, and
dihydrotestosterone à 25% of citric acid into the urethra
sperm fluid) -Making sure to have neutral pH
Cowper (Bulbourethral) Attached to urethra (during -Secreting lubricating solution directly into
Glands ejaculation precedes the remainder urethra
of the semen) -Neutralize pH of urine (urine is alkaline)

Cell Location Function (Sorta)

Primordial follicle Ovaries -Single layer of flat follicular (granulosa) cell
-Separated by stroma by basement membrane
-Have desmosomes
Primary follicle (oocyte) Ovaries -Cuboidal follicular cells
-1 to many layers with gap junctions
-Zona pellucida appears
Secondary follicle Ovaries -Theca folliculi (from stroma cells)
-Theca interna: estradiol precursor, LH & FSH
receptors
-Start to see antrum or follicular space
-Liquor folliculi inside
Graafian (Mature) Follicle Ovaries -Large transparent antral cavity
-Membrana granulosa
-Cumulus oophorus (bridge)
-Corona radiate (around oocyte)
Granulosa Cells Ovaries -Secrete estrogen and progesterone
-Receptors for LH, follicular liquor
Corpus Luteum (yellow bodies) Ovaries à Remnants of the -Temporary endocrine gland that manufactures
graafian follicle hormones that support uterine endometrium
Fallopian tube (oviduct) Infundibulum narrowing -Conduit for oocyte from ovaries to the uterus
Ampulla enlargement
(fertilization)
Istmus and intramural
(entrance to uterus)
Peg cells Mucousal layer of oviduct -Resting secretory cells that nourish the oocyte
and early embryo
Cell Location Function
Follicular cell Thyroid (T3 -10% more potent than T4 - -Contains TSH receptors
90%, steroidal type hormones) -Synthesize thyroglobulin & secretes it
to the follicular lumen
-Take up Iodine from blood and transfer
it to the follicular lumen
Parafollicular cell Thyroid à basement membrane of follicle, -Secrete calcitonin à inhibits bone
adjacent to follicle* resorption by osteoclasts thereby
decreasing blood calcium
Colloid Lumen of follicle -Stores the hormones
Chief Cells Parathyroid gland -Synthesize PTH which stimulates
osteoclastic bone resorption
-Intestinal calcium uptake and calcium
resorption in the kidneys à higher
blood calcium
Oxygenic Cells (more pink) Parathyroid gland -Cytoplasm is strongly acidophilic
-Nucleus is small and uniformly intense
basophilic
-Lots of mitochondria àmay be an
inactive intermediate
Zona Glomerulosa Adrenal gland Cortex -Cells secrete aldosterone à acts on the
kidney and increases reabsorption of
sodium, adjusts water and changes BP
Zona fasiculata Adrenal gland cortex (70% of cortex, cells -Lipids that correspond to production of
in columns) cortisol
-Increases glucose levels in blood in
response to stress
-Prevents substances that cause
inflammation in the body
Zona reticularis Adrenal gland cortex -Secrete androgenic steroids that are
converted to androgens and estrogens
Medulla Medulla of adrenal gland (cells originated -Secrete catecholamine hormones à
in neuroectoderm à chromaffin cells) “fight or flight” (adrenaline,
noreadrenaline, opioids, substance P)