Exercise One

Exercise 1
Limestone sample dry weight = 155.63 g, diameter = 37.95 mm, length = 64.87 mm, the
core war fully saturated with acetone, the volume of acetone that saturated the core is
15.63 cc. calculate:
1. porosity
2. rock density
Solution:
Core volume (bulk volume) =
= 3.1416 (3.795/2)2 (6.487) = 73.38 cc
1. Porosity Ø = = = % 21.30
2. Rock density = = = 2.695 g/cc (actual limestone density)
Exercise 2
A four-layer oil reservoir is characterized by a set of reservoir capillary pressure-

saturation curves as shown in Figure 1. The following additional data are also available.
WOC 4,060 ft
Water density 65.2 lb/ft3
Oil density 55.2 lb/ft3
Calculate and plot water saturation versus depth for this reservoir?
Figure 1
Solution
Step 1. Establish the FWL by determining the displacement pressure Pd for the bottom
layer, i.e., Layer 4, and apply Equation:
Pd = 0.75 psi
Height that represent displacement (entry) pressure = hd = = 10.8 ft
FWL = WOC +
FWL = 4,060 + = 4070.8 ft
Step 2. The top of the bottom layer is located at a depth of 4,035 ft, which is 35.8 ft above
the FWL. Using that height h of 35.8 ft, calculate the capillary pressure at the top of the
bottom layer.
Pc = = = 2.486 psi
- From the capillary pressure-saturation curve designated for Layer 4, read the water
saturation that corresponds to a pc of 2.486 to give Sw = 0.23.
- Assume different values of water saturations and convert the corresponding capillary
pressures into height above the FWL by applying Equation
h=
Step 3. The top of Layer 3 is located at a distance of 50.8 ft from the FWL (i.e., h =
4,070.8 − 4,020 = 50.8 ft). Calculate the capillary pressure at the top of the third layer:
Pc = = = 3.53 psi
- The corresponding water saturation as read from the curve designated for Layer 3 is
0.370.
• Construct the following table for Layer 3.
Step 4. Distance from the FWL to the top of Layer 2 is:

h = 4,070.8 − 4,010 = 60.8 ft
Pc = = = 4.22 psi
- Sw at pc of 4.22 psi is 0.15.

- Distance from the FWL to the bottom of the layer is 50.8 ft that corresponds to a pc of
3.53 psi and Sw of 0.15. This indicates that the second layer has a uniform water
saturation of 15%.
Step 5. For Layer 1, distance from the FWL to the top of the layer:
- h = 4,070.8 – 4,000 = 70.8 ft
Pc = = = 4.92 psi
- Sw at the top of Layer 1 = 0.25

- The capillary pressure at the bottom of the layer is 3.53 psi with a corresponding water
saturation of 0.27.
Step 6. Figure 4-17 documents the calculated results graphically. The figure indicates that
Layer 2 will produce 100% oil while all remaining layers produce oil and water
simultaneously.
Exercise 3
Capillary pressure measurement on a reservoir rock in the laboratory gave the following
results:
Reservoir Condition
Sw % Pc (psia)
𝜎𝑜/𝑤 𝑁/𝑚 0.03
0.16 34.807 Lab Condition
0.16 14.503 𝜎𝑜/𝑤 𝑁/𝑚 0.05 𝜃𝑜/𝑤 25o
𝜌𝑜 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 720
0.20 10.88 𝜃𝑜𝑤 0”
𝜌𝑤 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 1070
0.35 7.25
0.85 3.625
0.96 1.45
1 0.725
Based on a wireline resistivity log data from the same reservoir, the OWC
was found at a depth of 5019.7 ft below sea level.
a) Does the data represent drainage or imbibition capillary pressure? Why?
b) What is the irreducible water saturation? Why?
c) Convert the Pc data from laboratory conditions to reservoir conditions.
d) Convert the Pc from part c to height above the free water level.
e) Based on your data, what would be the expected depth of the FWL?
f) What is the thickness of the transition zone?
g) Where would you perforate (create communication between the reservoir
and the well) in the reservoir in order to produce clean oil (oil only)? Why?
Solution
a) The data represents a drainage process, as there is a decrease in the wetting phase, and
the entry pressure starts at Sw =1.
b) The irreducible water saturation is 0.16. It can be noted from the table that as the
capillary pressure increases beyond 1 bar, the water saturation value is not affected.
c) First, we have to convert the capillary pressure to Pa, and then use Equation 8.21:
Sw Pc psi Pc res
0.16 34.807 18.927
0.16 14.503 7.887
0.20 10.88 5.916
0.35 7.25 3.942
0.85 3.625 1.971
0.96 1.45 0.788
1 0.725 0.394
d) To convert Pc to height, we use Equation 8.16:
=1070 kg/m3 = 66.8 lb/ft3

=720 kg/m3 = 44.95 lb/ft3
h= = = pc x 6.59
Sw Pc res (psi) h (ft)

0.16 18.927 124.73
0.16 7.887 51.98
0.20 5.916 38.99
0.35 3.942 25.98
0.85 1.971 12.99
0.96 0.788 5.19
1 0.394 2.6
e) OWC is located at 1530 m, where the water saturation is maximum. Thus, OWC
corresponds to the lowest capillary pressure with Sw = 1, 0,394 psi with a height above
the free water level of 2.6 ft. This means that FWL = OWC + h = 5019.7 + 2.6 = 5022.3
ft.
f) The thickness of the transition is: thickness = 51.98 – 2.6 = 49.38 ft.
g) We should perforate above the transition zone. At this depth, there is no free water in
the reservoir. The only water existing is the water trapped inside the pores and this water
is irreducible; thus, it does not affect the oil production. In the transition zone, there will
be a mixture of oil and water produced.

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Exercise 1

Core volume (bulk volume) =

= 3.1416 (3.795/2)2 (6.487) = 73.38 cc

2. Rock density = = = 2.695 g/cc (actual limestone density)

A four-layer oil reservoir is characterized by a set of reservoir capillary pressure-

FWL = 4,060 + = 4070.8 ft

Step 4. Distance from the FWL to the top of Layer 2 is:

- Sw at pc of 4.22 psi is 0.15.

- Sw at the top of Layer 1 = 0.25

d) To convert Pc to height, we use Equation 8.16:

=1070 kg/m3 = 66.8 lb/ft3

Sw Pc res (psi) h (ft)

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