FLUIDS MECHANIC (MDB 2013)

Semester May 2019

LAB REPORT

EXP 4: AIR FLOW RIG DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF AN

ORIFICE PLATE

GROUP 4 (Mon 04.00 – 06.00 pm)

Group Members:

1) Muhammad Amir Syahmi bin Zainul Asri ID: 24916

2) Muhammad Danish bin Noor Azarul ID: 24967
3) Muhammad Umar Shah bin Mohammad ID: 17008601
4) Nazmi bin Zainul Abidin ID: 24947
5) Nur Syamim Akhtar ID: 25014

Lab Session: Monday 04.00 – 06.00 pm, 17 Jun, 2019

Submission Date: Friday, 28 June, 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Abstract 3
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Overview 4
2.2 Objectives 4
3.0 Procedure
3.1 Procedure 5
3.2 Safety precaution 5
4.0 Results 6
5.0 Discussions 12
6.0 Conclusion 13

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1.0 ABSTRACT

In the experiment, the major devices and components are manometers, Venturi tubes, orifice
plates and pitot tube. This are mainly composed by Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration
equipment’s. The manometer is used to determine the height of each damper openings that is
separated into several section for both nozzles (80mm and 50mm). The Venturi tubes here is
used to measure the flow rate through a tube, also based from the Venturi effect, the
reduction of fluid pressure that results when a fluid runs through a constricted section pipe.
Orifice plates measures the flow rate for reducing pressure and for restricting flows. Finally,
for pitot tube, it enables to measures the static pressure and the total impact pressure. Overall,
from this section through all the application of law of static, dynamics and thermodynamics,
we can treat the fluid as a continuous media. The particular laws involved are those of
conservation of mass, can also be describe as quantitively behavior of the fluids.

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2.0 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Overview

Air Flow Rig experiment is used to determine the discharge coefficient experimentally for an
orifice plate meter fitted in an air flow and the pressure distribution along the pipe
downstream of the orifice plate. Based on this experiment, we are able to obtain the reading
data through the height of the manometer fluid (mm). The readings are done for the standard
Nozzle (80mm) and for the small Nozzle (50mm). Both of the readings are divided into
several rows which is known as Points. Here, it is place in this form as it produces different
readings and varies accordingly with the percentage of the damper openings. To obtain the
readings, we are first briefly explained by the lab demonstrators that we should be collecting
12 reading of the height in mm for each damper opening for both 80mm nozzle and 50mm
nozzle. This is because, the experiment is design in a way that we are able to collect the data
chronologically in which we are able to avoid confusion. In the discussion section later, we
will be mentioning about the differences in the reading of height based from each damper
opening. The data that we collected is needed to plot a graph for each nozzle, for this case the
discharge coefficient (Cd) obtained against corresponding values of Reynolds number (Re) is
done through excel.

2.2 Objectives

The title of this experiment is to find out discharge coefficient for an orifice plate using an air
flow rig. Based on this experiment the objectives are to investigate the flow rate using
particular flow measuring apparatus. Besides that, in this experiment we need to find the
pressure distribution which is along the pipe downstream of the orifice plate.

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3.0 PROCEDURE

3.1 Procedure

1. First of all, was to insert the 50mm standard nozzle, given that the orifice plate which
surface ought to face the approaching air flow and all the pressure tapping points were as
have now connected to the manometer tubes (one manometer tube had to stay detached
to record room air temperature).
2. Subsequently, the damper plate was completely closed, and the fan was turned on. All
readings of the manometer tubes were studied and enlisted once the fluid heights had
stabilized. The damper plate was opened at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, and all the
readings of the manometer tubes were taken.
3. Once the procedure was done, the fan was switched off and the 50mm nozzle was
substituted by the 80mm nozzle. The complete process was rehashed for that nozzle too
and at the end, the damper plate was completely closed, and it was verified if the
machine was appropriately offed.
3.2 Safety Precaution

For this experiment, the fluid used was a mixture of benzene and toluene, to identify the fluid
height in the manometer, for the pressure head measurement.

Benzene is a clear, highly flammable, volatile and colourless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon
with a gasoline-like odour; it is found in crude oils and as a by-product of oil refining
processes. Its molecular formula is C6H5CH3, has a density of 7.2 lb/gal at 20 degrees
Celsius and is insoluble in water. Toluene is a simple member of the class toluene’s
consisting of a benzene core which bears a single methyl substituent. The molecular formula
is C6H6, it has a density of 7.31 lb/gal at 20 degrees Celsius and it is slightly soluble in
water.

Mixtures of the two components (Benzene and Toluene), which have very similar molecular
structures are ideal – any mixture of them has a volume that is equivalent to the sum of the
volumes of the separate components and there is no absorption or evolution of heat in the
mixing process.

The dynamic viscosities of benzene and toluene at room temperature (considering it to be 25

degrees Celsius) is 0.56 mPa.s and 0.60 mPa.s, respectively. The values of viscosity for the

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mixture should be between these two, according to the concentrations of each component in
the mixture.

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4.0 RESULTS
Table for static pressure readings when using standard nozzle (80 mm)

Damper
Openings
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Points
Room 152 122 110 104 112
Pressure
After nozzle 154 132 122 118 119
54 mm 154 130 119 116 114
294 mm 154 131 121 116 114
774 mm 156 132 122 118 116
Before 156 134 123 120 120
Orifice
After 158 210 234 248 252
Orifice
1574 mm 158 192 212 220 224
2534 mm 158 180 191 198 199
The orifice plate for each damper opening using the standard nozzle in which its Cd is
assumed to be 0.97.

Table for Static Pressure readings when using small Nozzle (50mm)

Damper
Openings
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Points
Room 154 116 98 93 92
Pressure
After nozzle 154 156 155 136 158
54 mm 154 156 154 154 156
294 mm 153 140 132 130 130
774 mm 153 140 132 129 128
Before 152 140 134 132 122
Orifice
After 160 202 220 224 250
Orifice
1574 mm 157 188 220 208 210
2534 mm 154 177 184 188 190
The orifice plate for each damper opening using the 50mm nozzle in which its Cd is
calculated.

For 80mm nozzle, Assume Cd at nozzle= 0.97

Qnozzle = CdxAxsqrt(2xgxh)

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= 0.97x∏x(0.08)^2/4 x sqrt(2 x 9.81 x (0.154-0.152))

= 9.66x10^-4 m^3/s

Vnozzle =Qnozzle/A

= 9.66x10^-4/(∏x(0.08)^2/4)

= 0.19 m/s

Re nozzle= ρVD/μ

= 1.184(0.19)(0.08)/18.37x10^-6 = 990.8

Qorifice= Qnozzle =9.66x10^-4 m^3/s

Cd = Qorifice/A x sqrt(2 x g x h)

= 22.4

Vorifice = Qorifice/A

= 6.27 m/s

Re orifice = ρVD/μ

= 1.184(0.19)(0.014)/18.37x10^-6

= 5661.5

Table for static pressure readings when using standard nozzle (80 mm)

Damper
Openings
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Points
Room 152 122 110 104 112
Pressure
After nozzle 154 132 122 118 119
54 mm 154 130 119 116 114
294 mm 154 131 121 116 114
774 mm 156 132 122 118 116
Before 156 134 123 120 120
Orifice
After 158 210 234 248 252
Orifice
1574 mm 158 192 212 220 224
2534 mm 158 180 191 198 199

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 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Cd 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97

Q 9.66X10^-4 2.16X10^-3 2.37X10^-3 2.56X10^-3 1.81x10^-3
V 0.19 0.53 0.47 0.51 0.36
Re 990.8 2732.8 2423.43 2629.68 1856.24

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Orrifice
80mm
Cd 22.4 10.30 10.35 9.87 10.45
Q 9.66X10^-4 2.16X10^-3 2.37X10^-3 2.56X10^-3 1.81x10^-3
V 8.90 12.01 13.28 13.54 17.23
Re 8004.0 10250.0 12459.0 12543.9 15296.7

For 50mm nozzle,

Assume Cd= 22.4

Qorifice = Cd x A x sqrt(2 x g x h)

= 22.4x∏x(0.014)^2/4 x sqrt (2 x 9.81 x (160-152))

= 1.37x10^-3 m^3/s

Vorifice = Qorifice/A

=1.37x10^-3/(∏x(0.014)^2/4)

= 8.87 m/s

Re orifice= ρVD/μ

= 1.184(0.19)(0.014)/18.37x10^-6 = 8006.6

Qnozzle= Qorifice =1.37x10^-3 m^3/s

Cd

= Qnozzle/A x sqrt(2 x g x h)

= 2.03

Vnozzle = Qnozzle/A

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= 0.7 m/s

Re nozzle= ρVD/μ

= 1.184(0.19)(0.05)/18.37x10^-6 = 2241.8

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Nozzle
50mm

Cd 2.03 1.00 1.01 0.93 1.13

Q 1/37x10^-3 1.74x10^-3 2.07x10^-3 2.02x10^-3 2.52x10^-3

V 0.70 0.89 1.06 1.03 1.28

Re 2241.9 2863.6 3402.6 3318.0 4130.1

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Orifice
50mm
Cd 22.4 10.28 10.37 9.77 10.32
Q 1/37x10^-3 1.74x10^-3 2.07x10^-3 2.02x10^-3 2.52x10^-3

V 8.87 11.33 13.47 13.13 16.35

Re 8006.6 10227.0 12152.0 11849.9 14750.2

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 mm of manometer fluid vs points
300

250
mm of manometer fluid

200

150

100

50

0
Room After 54 mm 294 mm 774 mm Before After 1574 mm 2534 mm
pressure nozzle orifice orifice

Points

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Figure 1 Graph of mm of manometer fluid vs points for standard nozzle (80mm)

mm of manometer fluid vs points

300

250
mm of manometer fluid

200

150

100

50

0
Room After 54 mm 294 mm 774 mm Before After 1574 mm 2534 mm
pressure nozzle orifice orifice

Points

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Figure 2 Graph of mm of manometer fluid vs points for small nozzle (50mm)

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 Coefficient of discharge, Cd vs Reynolds number, Re
25

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Coefficient of discharge, Cd

15

10

0
8004 10250 12459 12543.9 15296.7

Reynolds number, Re

Figure 3 Graph of coefficient of discharge, Cd vs Reynolds number, Re for standard nozzle (80mm)

Coefficient of discharge, Cd vs Reynolds number, Re

2.5

2
Coefficient of discharge, Cd

1.5

0.5

0
2241.9 2863.6 3402.6 3318 4130.1

Reynolds number, Re

Figure 4 Graph of coefficient of discharge, Cd vs Reynolds number, Re for small nozzle (50mm)

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5.0 DISCUSSIONS
1. A nozzle could be a pipe which can have variety of cross-sectional range and used to
adjust the flow of a fluid. Nozzles are also utilized to control flow rate, speed, direction,
mass, shape and the pressure of the stream. The orifice on may be a device utilized for
measuring the flow rate for decreasing pressure or for limiting flow. The difference
between nozzle and orifice is that nozzle may be a basic and less costly than venturi
meter but not as simple as an orifice whereas orifice is the best device to measure the
flow rate. Nozzle features a shape that can be outlined into details whereas the orifice is
just a hole.
2. Coefficient of discharge is expressed as the ratio between the actual flow discharge and
theoretical flow discharge. It additionally alludes to as the ratio of mass flow rate at
nozzle’s discharge edge to the standard nozzle which extends a correct working fluid
maintained at the similar initial conditions and pressures. In nozzle measurement flow,
the value of discharge, while in orifice measurement of the flow is low. It can be
increased by bringing down the convergent angle in flow measurement additionally by
upgrading the pressure of the working fluid.
3. On the chart of longitudinal pressure profile (chart 1 and 2) we can observe that the
pressure is increasing and coming to the greatest when passing through the hole. This
causes a differential pressure at the opening to be higher compared to other points. The
flow rate can be demonstrated with an acceptably low uncertainty essentially by taking
the square root of the differential pressure over the orifice's pressure tapping and
applying a suitable steady (cross sectional region of the orifice (A) and gravitational
acceleration (g)) and assuming the coefficient of discharge to be 0.97. After getting the
flow rate (q), we will calculate the experimental coefficient of discharge by applying the
same equation within the hypothesis part.

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6.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this test we got to determine the release coefficient experimentally for an
orifice plate meter fitted in an airflow pipe and the pressure distribution along the pipe
downstream of the orifice plate. For the first objective we utilized equation to discover the
discharge coefficient. The first equation was rearranged back, so we can get the value of flow
rate and the value of Cd. The final equation used to find the flow rate is:

Q= Cd 𝐴√(2𝑔ℎ)

To find the value of velocity we used this equation:

Q= VA

Q was obtained from the previous calculation. Step to find Q, Cd and v is used in both
diameter (50mm and 80mm) and repeated for every damper opening. (0%, 25%, 50 %, 75 %,
100%). Moment, primary aim for this experiment is to determine pressure distribution along
the pipe downstream of the opening plate. The pressure can be got through the perusing of
manometer. For this section, parallax mistake happened where eyes not in opposite to the
scale of manometer when taking the reading. To urge the precise reading scale, make sure
eyes are opposite to the scale of manometer, so able to dodge the parallax mistake. Another,
the value had difference due to manual opening of damper opening. The opening section
must have marginally more or less different from the precise section due to human mistake.
To prevent this mistake from happening, utilized machine rather than manual to open the
damper opening. From the experiment, we can know that the Orifice meter is very cheap as
compared to other types of flow meters. Less space is required to Install and hence ideal for
space constrained applications. The limitation for the orifice meter is easily gets clogged due
to impurities in gas or in unclear liquids. The minimum pressure that can be achieved for
reading the flow is sometimes difficult to achieve due to limitations in the vena-contract
length for an Orifice Plate.

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