9

Name : .............................................

Class : ....................
 CERTIFICATE

T h is is to c e rtify th a t .................................................................... ,

R eg . N o . ............................ o f c la s s X II o f Government Model

Sanskriti SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL has

s u c c e s s fu lly c o m p lete d h is / h e r p ro je c t rep o rt in c h e m is try o n th e

to p ic “ Sterilization of water using Bleaching powder....”

fo r th e p a rtia l f u lfillm e n t o f AISSCE a s p re s c rib e d b y th e CBSE in

th e y e a r 2023 - 2024.

Viva voce held on :

Registration No :

Signature of the Guide Signature of the principal

Signature of the Internal Signature of the External

Examiner Examiner
 A t th e o u tset, I e xp re ss o ur g ra titu d e to th e Almighty

Lord fo r th e d iv in e g uid a n ce a nd w isd o m sho w e re d o n m e

to un d e rtak e this p ro je ct.

I am im m e n sely g rate ful to m y b e lo ve d Principal fo r h is

e in vo lve m en t in th is p ro je c t b y p ro vid ing use ful in p u ts an d

tim e ly sug g estio n s.

I a m a lso tha n k fu l to m y Chemistry teacher fo r h is

g u id a nc e a n d he lp to m ak e this p ro je ct a su cc e ss.

M y Parents also p la ye d a k e y ro le in sha p ing u p th is

p ro je c t n ic e ly a n d I c o nve y m y sp e cia l th a nk s to th e m as

w ell.
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Aim :
To D ete rm ine the d o sa g e o f b lea c hing p o w de r re q uired fo r steriliza tion o r
d isinfe ction o f d iffere nt sa m ple s o f w a te r.

Introduction :

W a ter is a n im p o rta nt a nd esse ntia l ingre d ie nt in ou r q uest fo r surv iv a l o n this

p la net. It is ve ry e ssentia l fo r ca rrying o ut va rio us m e ta bo lic pro c esse s in o ur
b o dy a nd a lso to c a rry o ut H e m o glo bin thro ug hout the b o d y.

Sta nding up, a n a v era g e a llow a nc e o f 5 g a llons sho uld b e g iv en for a m a n,

a nd 1 0 g a llo ns fo r a h orse o r a ca m e l.
A n ele pha n t d rinks 2 5 g a llo ns, e a ch m ule o r o x drinks 6 to 8 ga llo ns, ea c h
she ep o r p ig 6 to 8 p ints. The se a re m inim um q ua ntitie s.

In o rde r to fulfill such a huge d e m a nd o f w a ter, it nee d s to b e pu rifie d a nd

sup p lie d in a o rd erly a nd syste m a tic w a y.
B ut w ith the incre a sing w o rld p op ula tion, the d em a nd for d rin king w a ter ha s
a lso incre a se d dra m a tic a lly a nd there fore it is ve ry e ssentia l to id entify
re sou rc e s o f w a te r fro m w hich w e ca n use w a ter for d rinkin g p urp ose s. M a n y
a v a ila b le re so urce s of w a ter d o no t ha v e it in drinka b le form . Eithe r th e w a ter
c on ta ins e xc ess o f C a lc iu m o r M a g ne sium sa lts o r a ny o the r org a nic im p urity
o r it sim p ly co nta ins fo re ign p a rtic les w hic h m a ke it un fit a nd u nsa fe for
D rinking.
The re a re m a ny m e tho ds fo r the p urifica tio n o f w a te r. So m e o f the m a re

B oilin g is pe rha p s the m o st co m m o nly used w a te r p urific a tio n tec hnique in use
to d a y. W hile in n orm a l house ho lds it is a n e fficien t tec hniq ue; it c a nno t b e
use d for indu stria l a nd la rg e sca le p urp ose s. It is b ec a use in no rm a l
ho use hold s, the w a te r to b e purifie d is ve ry sm a ll in q ua ntity a nd h enc e the
w a te r lo ss d ue to ev a p ora tio n is a lm o st ne g lig ib le.
B ut in Indu stria l or la rg e sc a le p urific a tion of w a te r the w a te r loss d ue to
e va p o ra tio n w ill b e quite high a nd the a m ount o f p urifie d w a ter ob ta ined w ill
b e v ery le ss.
Filtra tio n is a lso use d for re m o ving fo reig n pa rtic le s fro m w a ter. O ne m a jor
d ra w ba c k o f this pu rific a tion p ro ce ss is th a t it c a nno t be used fo r rem ov in g
fore ign c hem ic a ls a n d im pu rities tha t a re m isc ible w ith w a te r.
SO D IS or So la r W a ter D isin fe ctio n is re co m m e nd ed by the U nited N a tio ns for
d isinfe ction o f w a ter usin g soft d rink b o ttle s, sunlig ht, a nd a bla c k surfa c e-- a t
lea st in ho t na tio ns w ith re gula rly inte nse sunlig ht.
W a te r-filled tra nspa re nt bo ttles p la c ed in a ho riz o nta l p ositio n a to p a fla t
surfa ce in stro ng sun lig ht fo r a ro und five ho urs w ill kill m icro b es in the w a ter.
Th e p roc ess is m a d e e ve n m ore sa fe a nd effe ctive if the b o ttom h a lf of the
b o ttle or the surfa c e it's lying o n is bla c kene d , a nd/ or the fla t surfa c e is m a d e
o f p la stic o r m e ta l. It's the c om b ina tion o f hea t a nd ultra v io let lig ht w hic h kills
the org a nism s.
The m a jo r dra w b a c k of this purific a tion te c hniq ue is tha t it c a nno t b e use d in
c ou ntrie s w ith co ld w e a the r. A lso, the tim e co nsum e d fo r P urifica tio n p roc ess
is m ore a nd it a lso ne ed s a ‘b la cke ned ’ surfa c e, m uc h like so la r c oo kers.
 Th ere fo re w e nee d a purific a tion te chniq ue w hic h ca n b e used a nytim e a n d
a nyw he re, d oe s not re quire the use o f a ny third p a rty c o ntent a nd w h ic h is a lso
e co no m ica lly fea sib le o n b o th norm a l sc a le a nd la rg e sc a le .
H enc e w e lo ok a t the m e tho d of p urifica tio n o f w a ter u sing the te ch niq ue o f
tre a tm en t b y b lea ching p o w de r c o m m o nly kno w n a s “C hlo rina tion ”.

Theory

In 1 8 54 it w a s d isco ve red tha t a c hole ra e p id e m ic spre a d thro ug h w a te r. T he

o utb rea k see m e d le ss se ve re in a re a s w he re sa nd filte rs w e re insta lled .
B ritish sc ie ntist John Sno w fou nd tha t th e d ire c t c a use of the outb rea k w a s
w a te r p um p c o nta m ina tio n b y se w a g e w a te r. H e a p p lie d c hlo rine to p urify the
w a te r, a n d this p a v ed the w a y fo r w a te r d isin fe ctio n.
Since the w a te r in th e p um p ha d ta sted a nd sm elled no rm a l, the c onc lusion
w a s fina lly dra w n tha t g o od ta ste a n d sm e ll a lo ne d o n ot g ua ra nte e sa fe
d rinkin g w a ter. Th is d isc o ve ry led to g ov ern m ents sta rting to insta ll m unicip a l
w a te r filte rs (sa nd filters a nd chlo rin a tio n), a nd he nc e the first g o ve rnm ent
re gu la tio n of p ub lic w a te r.
In the 1 8 90 s A m e ric a sta rte d b uilding la rge sa nd filte rs to p ro tec t p ublic hea lth.
Th ese tu rned ou t to b e a suc ce ss. Inste a d o f slo w sa n d filtra tion , ra pid sa nd
filtra tio n w a s no w a pp lie d . Filte r c a pa city w a s im pro ve d by c lea ning it w ith
p o w e rful je t ste a m .
Sub seq ue ntly, D r. Fuller fou nd tha t ra p id sa nd filtra tion w o rked m uc h be tter
w he n it w a s p rec e de d b y co a g ula tio n a nd sed im e nta tio n te c hnique s.
M e a nw hile , such w a te rbo rne illnesse s a s cho lera a nd typ hoid be ca m e less
a nd less co m m o n a s w a te r chlo rin a tio n w on te rra in thro ug ho ut the w o rld.
B u t the victo ry o bta ine d by the inv entio n o f chlo rina tio n d id not la st lo ng . A fter
so m e tim e the ne ga tiv e e ffec ts o f this elem e nt w e re d isco ve red . Ch lo rine
v a po rize s m uch fa ster tha n w a ter, a nd it w a s linked to the a g g ra va tio n a nd
c a use o f re spira to ry d isea se .
W a te r e xp erts sta rted lo o king fo r a lte rna tive w a ter d isinfec ta nts. In 19 0 2
c a lcium hypo ch lo rite a nd fe rric chlo rid e w e re m ixe d in a d rinking w a ter sup p ly
in B e lg ium , resulting in b oth c oa g ula tion a nd d isinfec tio n.
The tre a tm ent a nd distribu tio n o f w a te r for sa fe use is on e o f the gre a test
a c hiev em e nts o f the tw en tie th c e ntury. B efore c itie s b e ga n ro utin ely tre a ting
d rinkin g w a ter w ith chlo rine (sta rtin g w ith C hic a g o a n d Je rsey C ity in U S in
1 9 08 ), c hole ra , typ ho id fev er, d ysente ry a n d he p a titis A kille d th ousa n ds of
U .S . reside nts a nnua lly.
 D rinking w a te r chlo rina tio n a nd filtra tio n ha v e he lp e d to virtua lly e lim ina te
the se d isea se s in the U .S. a n d o ther d ev elo p ed co untries. M e e ting the g o a l o f
c le a n, sa fe drinking w a ter re qu ire s a m ulti-b a rrie r a p p roa c h tha t inc lude s:
p ro te c ting so urce w a ter fro m c onta m ina tio n, a p pro p ria tely trea ting ra w w a te r,
a nd en suring sa fe distribu tio n of trea te d w a te r to co nsum e rs’ ta p s.
D uring the trea tm ent pro ce ss, c hlo rine is a d d ed to d rinking w a te r a s ele m enta l
c hlorine (chlo rine g a s), so dium hyp oc hlorite so lutio n or d ry c a lcium
hyp o chlo rite . W he n a p p lie d to w a ter, e a c h o f these form s “free c hlorine ,”
w hich d estro ys pa tho g en ic (d ise a se -c a usin g) org a nism s.
A lm ost a ll syste m s tha t d isinfec t the ir w a te r use so m e type o f chlo rin e-b a se d
p ro ce ss, e ither a lo ne o r in c o m bina tio n w ith o th er d isinfec ta nts. In a d d itio n to
c on tro lling d ise a se -ca usin g o rga nism s, c hlorina tio n offe rs a num b er o f
b en efits includ ing:

s s s s
s
s s s
s
s s s s
s ks
s s
s s s s

A s im po rta ntly, o nly c hlorine -b a sed che m ica ls pro vid e “re sidua l d isinfec ta nt”
lev els tha t pre ve nt m icro b ia l re -g row th a nd h elp pro te ct tre a ted w a ter
thro ug ho ut the distribu tio n system .
For m o re tha n a c entu ry, the sa fe ty of d rinking w a te r su pp lie s ha s be e n g re a tly
im p rov ed by the a d dition o f b le a c hin g po w d er. D isinfec ting o ur d rinking w a ter
e nsure s it is free o f the m ic roo rg a nism s tha t ca n c a use serio us a nd
life -thre a tening d isea ses, such a s cho lera a nd typ ho id fe ve r. To this da y,
b lea c hing p ow d er re m a ins th e m ost co m m o nly use d drinking w a ter
d isinfe cta nt, a nd the disinfec ta nt fo r w hic h w e ha ve the m o st scie ntific
inform a tio n. B lea c hing p o w d e r is a d d ed a s p a rt of the d rinking w a ter
tre a tm en t p ro ce ss.
H ow e ve r, b le a ch ing p o w d e r a lso rea c ts w ith the org a nic m a tter, na tura lly
p rese nt in w a te r, suc h a s de ca ying le a v es. T his c he m ic a l rea c tio n form s a
g ro up o f c hem ic a ls kno w n a s d isinfec tion b y-p ro duc ts. C urren t sc ientific da ta
sho w s tha t the b en efits of b le a c hing our drinking w a ter (less d isea se ) a re
m uc h gre a te r tha n a n y he a lth risks fro m TH M s a nd o ther b y-p rod uc ts.

c ho ic e o f w a ter tre a tm e nt ex pe rts. W he n use d w ith m o d ern w a te r filtra tion

 m e tho ds, c hlo rine is effe c tiv e a ga inst v irtua lly a ll m icro org a nism s. B lea c hing
p o w d e r is ea sy to a p p ly a nd sm a ll a m o unts of th e ch em ica l re m a in in the
w a te r a s it tra v els in the d istrib ution syste m fro m the tre a tm e nt pla nt to the
c on sum er’s ta p , this lev el o f e ffec tiv en ess ensure s tha t m icro o rga n ism s
c a nno t re c onta m ina te the w a ter a fter it le a ve s th e trea tm e nt.

B lea c hing p o w d e r o r C a lc ium hypo c hlo rite is a c he m ic a l co m p ound w ith

form u la C a (C lO ) 2. It is w id ely use d for w a ter trea tm e nt a nd a s a b lea c hing
a g e nt b lea c hing p o w d e r).
This che m ica l is co nsid ere d to be rela tive ly sta ble a nd ha s g re a ter a v a ila b le
c hlorine tha n so dium hyp o chlo rite (liq uid b lea c h). It is pre p a red b y either
c a lcium pro c ess o r so d iu m p ro ce ss.

This c he m ic a l c a n b e used for steriliz in g w a te r b y U sing 5 d ro ps of b lea c h p er

e a ch ha lf g a llo n o f w a te r to be p urified , a nd a llo w ing it to sit und isturb e d for
ha lf a n ho ur to m a ke it sa fe for d rinking .
Le tting it sit sev era l ho urs m o re w ill help re d uce the c hlo rine ta ste , a s the
c hlorine w ill slo w ly ev a p ora te o ut. A diffe re nt refere nce a dv ises w he n using
ho use hold b lea c h fo r p urific a tio n; a dd a sing le d ro p o f ble a ch p er qu a rt o f
w a te r w hic h is v isib ly c lea r, o r thre e d rop s p er q ua rt o f w a te r w he re the w a ter
is N O T v isib ly c le a r. The n a llo w th e w a ter to sit und isturb e d fo r ha lf a n ho ur.
 The c om b ina tion o f follo w ing pro ce sse s is used fo r m unicip a l d rinkin g w a ter
tre a tm en t w o rld w id e :

biolog ic a l
grow th

c o a gula tio n a nd for thicke r flo c fo rm a tio n

i.e . fo r D isinfe ction o f w a ter.

Requirements

L 10 0 m l gra dua te d cylinde r

L 2 5 0m l m e a suring fla sk

L D iffe ren t sa m p le s o f w a te r
Pre-Requisite Knowledge: A kno w n
m a ss o f the g ive n sa m ple o f b lea c hing p o w d e r is disso lve d in w a te r to
p re pa re a so lutio n of kno w n co nce ntra tio n. This so lutio n c onta ins
d issolve d chlo rin e, lib era te d by the a c tion of b lea c hing po w de r w ith w a te r.

The a m oun t o f Ch lo rine p rese nt in the a b o ve solution is d ete rm ined by tre a ting
a know n vo lum e of the a b o ve so lutio n w ith ex ce ss o f 10 % po ta ssium io did e
so lutio n, w he n eq uiva len t a m oun t o f Io dine is libe ra ted . T he Io d in e, thus
libe ra ted is the n e stim a ted b y titra ting it a ga inst a sta n da rd solution o f
So d ium th io sulph a te, using sta rc h solutio n a s ind ica to r.

A kn ow n V o lum e o f o ne of the g ive n sa m p les of w a te r is tre a ted w ith a

kno w n vo lum e of b le a c hing po w de r so lutio n. Th e a m o unt o f resid ua l ch lo rine
is de term ine d b y a dd ing e xc ess p o ta ssiu m io did e so lutio n a nd then titra ting
a g a inst sta nd a rd so dium thiosu lp ha te so lution.
Fro m the re a d in gs, the a m o unt o f c hlorine a nd henc e ble a ching p ow d er
re qu ire d for the disinfe ctio n of a give n vo lum e o f the giv en sa m p le o f w a ter
c a n be ca lc ula ted .
Procedure

W e ig h a c cu ra tely 2 .5 g of the g ive n sa m p le of b le a c hing p ow d er a nd tra nsfer it

to a 2 50 m l co nic a l fla sk. A d d a bo ut 1 00 -1 5 0m l o f d istille d w a te r. Sto pp e r the
fla sk a nd sha ke it v igo ro usly. The susp ensio n thus o b ta in ed is filtere d throu gh
g la ss w oo l a nd the filtra te is d ilu te d w ith w a ter (in a m ea su ring fla sk) to m a ke
the vo lu m e 2 50 m l. The so lution o bta ine d is 1% b lea c hing p o w d e r so lution.
Ta ke 2 0m l o f b lea c hing po w de r so lu tio n in a sto p pe red c onic a l fla sk a nd a d d it
to 2 0m l o f 10 % K I so lu tio n. S top p er the fla sk a nd sha ke it v igo ro usly. Titra te
this solutio n a g a inst 0.1N N a 2S 2O 3 solutio n ta ken in th e bu rette . W he n the
so lutio n in the c on ic a l fla sk b ec o m es lig ht ye llo w in co lor, a d d a b out 2 m l
sta rc h solutio n. The so lution no w b e co m es b lue in co lor. C o ntinue titra ting till
the b lue c olo r just d isa pp ea rs. R e pe a t the titra tio n to g et a se t o f thre e
c on co rda nt re a d in gs.
Ta ke 1 0 0m l o f the w a te r sa m p le in a 25 0 m l sto p pe red co nic a l fla sk a nd a d d
it to 1 0 m l of b lec hing p ow d er so lution. The n a d d 2 0m l o f K I so lutio n a nd
 sto pp e r the fla sk. Sha ke vig oro usly a nd titra te a g a inst 0 .1 N N a 2S 2O 3 solution
using sta rch so lu tio n a s ind ica to r.
L Re p ea t the ste p 3 w ith o ther sa m p les of w a te r a nd rec ord the ob serva tio ns.
Observations
L Vo lum e o f blea ching p ow d er solution ta ken is 20 m l.

L Vo lum e o f K I so lu tio n a d d ed is 20 m l.

Titration table for distilled water

Cvsfuuf
T/Op 0.2 O
Na2S2O 3
2
2 8.3 8.2
3 26.6 8.2

Titration table for tank water

Cvsfuuf
T/Op 0.2 O
Na2S2O 3

2
3 45.4

Titration table for pond water

Cvsfuuf
T/Op 0.2 O
Na2S2O 3
4.9
2 4.8 4.8
3
Calculations

L a m o unt o f ble a ching p o w d e r used to d isinfec t 1 0 0 m l of ta p w a te r

= (8 .2 - 10 .1 ) m l of 0 .2 N o f N a 2S 2O 3 so lutio n

= 1 .9 m l of 0 .2 N o f N a 2S 2O 3 so lution.

Sinc e 2 50 m l b lea c hing p o w d e r so lution c onta ins 2 .5 g ble a ching po w de r, 1m l

o f b lea c hing p ow d er so lutio n co nta ins 0 .01 g of b lea ching p o w de r.

2 0 m l o f b lea c hing po w de r solutio n co nsum e s 8 .2 m l of 0.2 N of N a 2S 2O 3

So 1 m l o f N a 2S 2O 3 solutio n co nsum e s 2.0 / 8 .2 m l of b le a ching p ow de r solution

Volum e of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect 100 m l of water = 1.9 x 20/8.2 m l

1.9 x 20/8.2 ml of bleaching powdersolution contains 1.9 x 20 x 0.01/8.2 g bleaching powder

A m o unt of ble a ching po w de r to d isinfec t 1 litre of w a te r is

8 .2 x1 0 0

A m o unt o f b lea c hing p ow d er use d to d isinfe ct 10 0 m l of p on d w a ter

= (8 .2 - 4 .8 ) m l o f 0 .2 N N a 2S 2O 3 so lutio n

Ac cordingly,

Vo lum e o f b lea c hing p o w d er so lutio n req uired to d isinfe ct 1 litre of

w ate r.

8 .2 x1 0 0
Result