IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 54, NO.

9, SEPTEMBER 2006 3501

Design of Compensated Coupled-Stripline

3-dB Directional Couplers, Phase Shifters,
and Magic-T’s—Part II: Broadband
Coupled-Line Circuits
Slawomir Gruszczynski, Krzysztof Wincza, and Krzysztof Sachse

Abstract—The problem of discontinuities in broadband multi- TEM strip- and quasi-TEM microstrip conductor geometries
section coupled-stripline 3-dB directional couplers, phase shifters, contribute reactive discontinuities, which significantly degrade
high-pass tapered-line 3-dB directional couplers, and magic-T’s, the circuits’ performance [4]–[6]. In another group, multioctave
regarding the connections of coupled and terminating signal lines,
is comprehensively investigated in this paper for the first time. The bandwidth can be achieved if several cascaded quarter-wave-
equivalent circuit of these discontinuities proposed in Part I has length sections of uniformly coupled lines are replaced by a
been used for accurate modeling of the broadband multisection section of nonuniformly coupled lines, in which the coupling
and ultra-broadband high-pass coupled-stripline circuits. It has coefficient changes continuously along the whole section
been shown that parasitic reactances, which result from the con- length [7]. Theoretically, in view of their high-pass response
nections of signal and coupled lines, severely deteriorate the re-
turn losses and the isolation of such circuits and also—in case of
behavior, these tapered-line directional couplers and magic-T’s
tapered-line directional couplers—the coupling responses. More- can operate in frequency bands significantly wider than these
over, it has been proven theoretically and experimentally that these of the multisection coupled-line circuits.
discontinuity effects can be substantially reduced by introducing Although the methods of compensation of discontinuities in
compensating shunt capacitances in a number of cross sections transmission lines within a wide frequency range have been
of coupled and signal lines. Results of measurements carried out
reported [8], no methods of the multioctave coupled-strip- and
for various designed and manufactured coupled-line circuits have
been very promising and have proven the efficiency of the proposed microstripline circuit’s design that take under consideration
broadband compensation technique. The theoretical and measured parasitic reactances associated with the regions of connected
data are given for the following coupled-stripline circuits: a decade- coupled and signal lines are known. Such discontinuities may
bandwidth asymmetric three-section 3-dB directional coupler, a be the reason of deterioration of circuits’ frequency-dependent
decade-bandwidth three-section phase-shifter compensator, and a characteristics. Until now, the problem of discontinuities in the
high-pass asymmetric tapered-line 3-dB coupler.
broadband coupled-stripline and microstrip line circuits has
Index Terms—Asymmetric multisection coupled-line directional not been reported in the literature, neither design methods are
couplers, asymmetric tapered-line directional couplers, broad-
known that would take these phenomena under consideration.
band magic-T’s, discontinuities, multisection coupled-line phase
shifters and compensators, technique of capacitive compensation. We have found only one paper [9] describing a design technique
for raising upper frequency limit of a wideband magic-T con-
sisting of tandem-connected 8.34-dB tapered coupled-stripline
I. INTRODUCTION directional couplers, where frequency-dependent characteris-
tics have been considerably improved by introducing an air-gap
OUPLED-LINE 3-dB directional couplers, phase shifters,
C and magic-T’s are often used in microwave integrated
circuits and large microwave networks and systems. For many
section near the magic-T junction, compensating for parasitic
fringing capacitances.
In this paper, the problem of discontinuities in broadband
broadband networks and systems, a one-octave bandwidth
multisection coupled-stripline 3-dB directional couplers, phase
of the most simple quarter-wavelength single-section cou-
shifters, high-pass tapered-line 3-dB directional couplers,
pled-line circuits becomes insufficient. There are two groups
and magic-T’s, regarding the connections of coupled and
of coupled-line circuits operating in wider frequency bands.
terminating signal lines, is comprehensively investigated for
In one, multioctave bandwidth can be achieved by means of
the first time. The equivalent circuit of these discontinuities,
cascading several quarter-wavelength sections of uniformly
proposed in Part I of this paper [10], the parameters of which
coupled lines [1]–[3]. Unfortunately, the physical junctions of
can be computed in a process of fitting curves of the circuit
various quarter-wavelength sections in the usually employed
and electromagnetic (EM) analyses, has been used for accurate
modeling of the broadband multisection and ultra-broadband
Manuscript received January 20, 2006; revised May 25, 2006. This work was high-pass coupled-stripline circuits. It has been shown that par-
supported by the Wroclaw Division, Telecommunications Research Institute.
The authors are with the Department of Electronics, Institute of Telecommu- asitic reactances, which result from the connections of signal
nications, Teleinformatics and Acoustics, Wroclaw University of Technology, and coupled lines, severely deteriorate the return losses and the
50-370 Wroclaw, Poland (e-mail: Slawomir.Gruszczynski@pwr.wroc.pl; isolation of such circuits and also, in the case of tapered-line
Krzysztof.Wincza@pwr.wroc.pl; Krzysztof.Sachse@pwr.wroc.pl).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMTT.2006.880649
directional couplers and magic-T’s, the couplings at coupled

0018-9480/$20.00 © 2006 IEEE

3502 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 54, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2006

TABLE I
STRIP WIDTHS AND STRIP OFFSETS OF THE COUPLED-LINE
SECTIONS USED IN THE 3-dB DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

TABLE II
COMPENSATING CAPACITANCES OBTAINED IN AN OPTIMIZATION
Fig. 1. Circuit models of the: (a) uncompensated and (b) compensated asym- PROCESS OF THE ASYMMETRIC THREE-SECTION
metric three-section directional couplers. 3-dB DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

and direct ports. Moreover, it has been proven theoretically and

experimentally that these discontinuity effects can be substan-
tially reduced by introducing compensating shunt capacitances
in a number of cross sections of coupled and signal lines. Very
promising results of measurements carried out for various de-
signed and manufactured coupled-line circuits have proven the
efficiency of the proposed broadband capacitive compensation lows: , , and
technique. The theoretical and measured data are given for the the odd-mode characteristic impedances can be found from
following coupled-stripline circuits:
1) decade-bandwidth asymmetric three-section 3-dB direc-
tional coupler; (1)
2) decade-bandwidth three-section phase-shifter compen-
where is the characteristic impedance of terminating signal
sator, which in conjunction with the developed asymmetric
lines.
three-section 3-dB coupler can constitute a decade-band-
width magic-T [11]–[13]; The coupler has been designed in an offset coupled stripline
3) high-pass asymmetric tapered-line 3-dB coupler, which in technique, such as in Part I of this paper. Coupled lines were
conjunction with two transmission-line sections can con- etched on both sides of a thin laminate with the thickness
stitute a high-pass tapered-line magic-T [14]. m and the dielectric constant . This laminate was
Until now, the tapered-line 3-dB couplers and magic-T’s were placed between two laminates with the thickness mm
only designed in a tandem connection of two tapered-line and the same dielectric constant . Strip widths and strip
8.34-dB couplers [9], [14]. The above-mentioned circuits are offsets of the coupled-line sections are given in Table I. The
individually described in Sections II–IV. Conclusions are values of parasitic reactances have been calculated in a similar
drawn in Section V. way as in Part I—by comparison of -parameters of the pro-
posed equivalent circuit with -parameters of the transition re-
gion obtained from EM analysis. In the asymmetric coupler, the
II. ASYMMETRIC THREE-SECTION 3-dB values of these reactances are different at each end of the cou-
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER pler due to the differences between coupling coefficients and ge-
ometries of coupled-line sections on both ends. We have found
Asymmetric multisection coupled-line directional couplers the following values of elements representing the parasitic re-
are often used circuits in microwave engineering because of actances: pF, nH, nH
their broadband characteristics. Parasitic reactances associated for the tightest coupled-line section and pF,
with the connection of signal and coupled lines, however, have a nH, and nH for the section in which
stronger deteriorative influence on the asymmetric coupler char- the coupling is the weakest. Fig. 1(b) presents a schematic dia-
acteristics for a given coupling C than on these of a single-sec- gram of the coupler with additional compensating capacitances.
tion coupled-line directional coupler with the same C. This is Values of the compensating capacitances obtained by optimiza-
related to the fact that edge sections of coupled lines in asym- tion of the return losses and the isolation of the coupler are given
metric couplers from the side of tight coupling have signifi- in Table II. Calculated frequency-dependent characteristics of
cantly stronger coupling than in case of single-section couplers. the couplers are shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2(a) presents the calculated
Here, we show the possibility of compensation of parasitic re- results of the uncompensated coupler. As we can see, parasitic
actances in a broadband asymmetric three-sec- reactances associated with the transition regions severely deteri-
tion 3-dB directional coupler. Fig. 1(a) presents a circuit model orate the return losses and the isolation of the coupler. Fig. 2(b)
of the asymmetric three-section 3-dB directional coupler con- shows the calculated frequency-dependent characteristics of the
stituted by three sections of ideal coupled lines and equivalent compensated coupler. One can see that the presented compen-
circuits of the transition regions. For a given bandwidth, the sation technique allows for great improvement of the return loss
even-mode characteristic impedances of coupled lines are as fol- and isolation characteristics.
GRUSZCZYNSKI et al.: DESIGN OF COMPENSATED COUPLED-STRIPLINE 3-dB DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS, PHASE SHIFTERS, AND MAGIC-T’s—PART II 3503

Fig. 2. Frequency characteristics of the: (a) uncompensated and (b) compen-

sated couplers. Results of circuit analysis.
Fig. 3. Measurement results of the: (a) uncompensated and (b) compensated
3-dB three-section directional couplers.
In the presented design, the improvement exceeds even 20 dB
in a range of higher frequencies. The measurement results of
both uncompensated and compensated couplers are shown in
Fig. 3(a) and (b), respectively. A significant improvement has
been achieved. The return loss, as well as isolation characteris-
tics of the compensated coupler, do not exceed 25 dB, whereas Fig. 4. Coupler’s strip patterns etched on both sides of a thin laminate.
those of the uncompensated one are barely below 18 dB.
Fig. 4 shows a photograph of the compensated coupler in
which additional capacitive elements connected to both signal TABLE III
STRIP WIDTHS AND STRIP OFFSETS OF COUPLED-LINE
and coupled lines are visible. The number and location of the SECTIONS USED IN THE PHASE SHIFTER
compensating capacitances differ from what was shown by the
circuit analysis and have been taken from the EM optimization
process. Results of circuit analysis, however, can serve as a good
starting point to EM analysis.

III. THREE-SECTION PHASE-SHIFTER COMPENSATOR

AND ITS CONJUNCTION WITH ASYMMETRIC
offset coupled-stripline structure described in Section II. Di-
THREE-SECTION 3-dB COUPLER
mensions of the coupled-line sections are listed in Table III.
A similar technique of compensation can be applied in case A schematic diagram of the phase shifter with parasitic reac-
of multisection coupled-line fixed phase shifters [2] and phase tances and compensating capacitances is shown in Fig. 5. The
compensators, which, in conjunction with asymmetric multi- following values of the elements representing parasitic reac-
section 3-dB couplers, can constitute broadband magic-T net- tances have been found: pF, nH,
works. As an example, let us consider a three-section phase nH, and the values of compensating capacitances
compensator with a decade bandwidth for which the even-mode are listed in Table IV.
impedances of the coupled-line sections have been found in The calculated return-loss characteristics of the uncompen-
[13] to be the following: , sated and compensated phase shifters are shown in Fig. 6. The
and . This phase shifter was designed in the improved return-loss characteristic is considerably below the
3504 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 54, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2006

Fig. 5. Circuit model of the compensated three-section phase shifter.

TABLE IV
COMPENSATING CAPACITANCES OBTAINED IN
AN OPTIMIZATION PROCESS OF THE
THREE-SECTION PHASE SHIFTER

Fig. 7. Measurement results of the: (a) uncompensated and (b) compensated

three-section phase shifters. Return and insertion losses.

Fig. 6. Results of circuit analysis of the three-section phase shifter modeled by

the ideal coupled-line sections and equivalent circuits of the transition regions.
Return and insertion losses. Fig. 8. Phase shifter’s strip patterns etched on both sides of a thin laminate.

original one. Measured return-loss characteristics of the un-

compensated and compensated phase shifters are shown in
Fig. 7(a) and (b), respectively. These results prove the possibility
of compensation of coupled-line phase shifters using the pro-
posed technique. Fig. 8 shows a photograph of the compensated
three-section phase shifter. As in the case of an asymmetric
three-section 3-dB coupler, the number and location of compen-
sating capacitances have been optimized electromagnetically.
It is worth mentioning that the influence of the proposed capac-
itive compensation technique on the phase shifters’ response is
negligible. Fig. 9 shows the simulated and measured sum and
difference characteristics of the magic-T network consisting of
the asymmetric 3-dB coupler described in Section II and two
identical phase compensators described above. 6 1
Fig. 9. Sum and difference characteristics of a magic-T being a connection
of the asymmetric three-section coupled-line 3-dB coupler and two three-section
coupled-line phase compensators.
IV. ASYMMETRIC TAPERED-LINE 3-dB DIRECTIONAL
COUPLER AS A MAGIC-T
In asymmetric tapered coupled-line couplers, the coupling require the strongest coupling. Consequently, the transition re-
coefficient, starting from a high value, changes continuously gions in which the signal lines and coupled lines are connected
along the coupled lines down to zero. From all of the couplers introduce parasitic reactances having greater impact on the fre-
with a given coupling C, the asymmetric tapered-line couplers quency-dependent circuit’s characteristics than in case of other
GRUSZCZYNSKI et al.: DESIGN OF COMPENSATED COUPLED-STRIPLINE 3-dB DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS, PHASE SHIFTERS, AND MAGIC-T’s—PART II 3505

TABLE V
COUPLING COEFFICIENTS, EVEN- AND ODD-MODE IMPEDANCES, COMPENSATING CAPACITANCES, COUPLED-LINE SECTION
STRIP WIDTHS AND OFFSETS OF THE ASYMMETRIC TAPERED-LINE 3.3-dB DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

types of couplers with the same coupling C. To illustrate this

problem, a design of asymmetric tapered-line 3.3-dB directional
coupler1 is briefly presented. Such a coupler has the proper-
ties of a magic-T when 50- transmission lines of appropriate
length are added. This directional coupler was designed in the
coupled-line structure described in Section II. For the analysis
Fig. 10. Circuit model of the tapered-line directional coupler with parasitic
we used the method given in [7] and analyzed this coupler as reactances and compensating capacitances.
a cascade of 35 sections of coupled transmission lines. For the
purpose of the coupler’s design, the following dependence of
the normalized even-mode impedance of the tapered-coupled Formula (2) is a new one and has been obtained in an opti-
lines constituting the coupler versus normalized distance mization process aimed at minimizing the designed 3.3-dB cou-
has been chosen: pler’s cutoff frequency for both amplitude and phase charac-
teristics in a way that would ensure the widest bandwidth of
the magic-T. The coupling coefficients, even- and odd-mode
(2) characteristic impedances, strip widths, and offsets of the cou-
pled-line sections are listed in Table V. A schematic diagram of
where is the distance measured in the direction of weak cou- the tapered-line coupler with the parasitic reactances and com-
pling and is the coupler’s overall length. pensating capacitances is shown in Fig. 10, whereas Fig. 11
presents the calculated amplitude and phase characteristics of
1This is our experience, that the coupling to direct port in a directional cou-
the coupler with additional 50- transmission lines. For the an-
pler with losses, especially in a tapered-line long length loss coupler, is weaker alyzed coupler, the following values of elements representing
than in case of the same coupler without losses. This behavior can decrease the
assumed unbalance between the two output ports and it is the reason that we parasitic reactances have been found: pF,
assumed 3.3-dB coupling instead of 3.01-dB. nH, nH.
3506 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 54, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2006

Fig. 13. Measurement results of the compensated tapered-line directional

coupler.

Fig. 11. Frequency characteristics of the ideal 3.3-dB tapered-line directional

6 1
coupler. Coupling coefficient distribution is given by (2). (a) Amplitude charac-
teristics. (b) Phase characteristic. Fig. 14. Sum and difference characteristics of the magic-T network being
a connection of the 3.3-dB tapered-line directional coupler and transmission-
line sections.

Fig. 15. Layout of the tapered-line coupler with compensating capacitances.

the magic-T are shown in Fig. 14. Layout of the compensated

coupler is presented in Fig. 15. As in all previous cases, number
and location of compensating capacitances have been optimized
electromagnetically; at all frequencies, the return losses and the
isolation of the coupler were better than 28 dB.
Fig. 12. Calculated results of the tapered-line directional coupler together with
parasitic reactances obtained from circuit analysis. V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we have shown a significant influence of
parasitic reactances associated with the connection of signal
Calculated characteristics of the ideal tapered-line coupler and coupled lines on the frequency-dependent characteristics
with parasitic reactances are shown in Fig. 12 and, as in all pre- of broadband coupled-line directional couplers and phase
vious cases, the return loss and isolation deteriorate gradually shifters. These circuits suffer from poor return losses and poor
with the increase of frequency. To improve the performance isolations, becoming unattractive for application in high-per-
of this coupler, compensating capacitances have been added formance microwave networks and systems. As a solution to
(values are listed in Table V) and the calculation results of the this problem, we have proposed a compensation technique
compensated coupler are also shown in Fig. 12. The measure- that allows us to significantly improve the performance of the
ment results of the compensated tapered-line coupler are shown designed broadband directional couplers, phase shifters, and
in Fig. 13 and the sum and difference characteristics of magic-T’s. The method is an extension of that presented in
GRUSZCZYNSKI et al.: DESIGN OF COMPENSATED COUPLED-STRIPLINE 3-dB DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS, PHASE SHIFTERS, AND MAGIC-T’s—PART II 3507

Part I and is based on introducing compensating capacitive [14] R. H. DuHamel and M. E. Armstrong, “The tapered-line magic-T,”
elements in a number of coupled lines’ and signal lines’ cross in Parallel Coupled Lines and Directional Couplers, L. Young, Ed.
Dedham, MA: Artech House, 1972, pp. 207–233.
sections. Theoretical analyses have shown the possibility of
return loss and isolation improvement in all presented ex-
amples; in particular, in case of the asymmetric tapered-line
3-dB directional coupler, the return losses and isolation can Slawomir Gruszczynski was born in Wroclaw,
be improved even by 25 dB in a wide range of frequencies. Poland, on December 14, 1976. He received the
M.Sc. degree in electronics and telecommunications
The measurement results of compensated circuits are in good and Ph.D. degree in electronics and electrical en-
agreement with the calculated ones and confirm the usefulness gineering from Wroclaw University of Technology,
of the proposed capacitive compensation technique. In case Wroclaw, Poland, in 2001 and 2006, respectively.
of the asymmetric three-section 3-dB directional coupler, the From 2001 to 2006, he has been with the Wroclaw
Division, Telecommunications Research Institute,
improvement of return loss and isolation has been achieved where he was involved in numerous projects for
in the whole frequency band of 0.45–4.5 GHz . military applications. In 2005, he joined the Institute
Until now, the tapered-line 3-dB couplers and magic-T’s have of Telecommunications and Acoustics, Wroclaw
only been designed as a tandem connection of two asymmetric University of Technology, becoming an Assistant Professor in 2006. He is
currently a Principal Researcher involved in the CRAFT-016927 Project within
tapered-line 8.34-dB couplers. We trust that our attempt to de- the European Union Sixth Framework Programme. He has coauthored 17 sci-
sign high-performance compensated coupled-stripline circuits entific papers, including journal, European Microwave Conference, and IEEE
will also turn out to be useful in designing high-performance Antennas and Propagation Symposium papers. His research interests include
passive ultra-broadband microwave circuits such as directional couplers, power
compensated coupled-microstripline circuits. dividers, magic-T networks and also multibeam antennas, Butler matrices, and
integrated planar and conformal antenna arrays.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank S. Gulinska and D. Skrzypek,
both with the Wroclaw Division, Telecommunications Research
Krzysztof Wincza was born in Walbrzych, Poland,
Institute, Wroclaw, Poland, for manufacturing and assembling on May 27, 1979. He received the M.Sc. degree
all experimental models. in electronics and telecommunications from the
Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland, in 2003,
REFERENCES and is currently working towards the Ph.D. degree at
[1] E. G. Cristal and L. Young, “Theory and tables of optimum sym- Wroclaw University of Technology.
metrical TEM-mode coupled-transmission-line directional couplers,” He is currently a Principal Researcher involved
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. MTT-13, no. 9, pp. 544–558, in the CRAFT-016927 Project within the European
Sep. 1965. Union Sixth Framework Programme. He is an
[2] J. P. Shelton and J. A. Mosko, “Synthesis and design of wideband equal expert on the European Union COST 284 Project:
ripple TEM directional couplers and fixed phase shifters,” IEEE Trans. Innovative Antennas for Emerging Terrestrial and
Microw. Theory Tech., vol. MTT-14, no. 10, pp. 462–473, Oct. 1966. Space-based Applications. He has coauthored 17 scientific papers, including
[3] K. Sachse, A. Sawicki, and G. Jaworski, “Novel, multilayer coupled- journal, European Microwave Conference, and IEEE Antennas and Propagation
line structures and their circuit applications,” in Proc. MIKON 13th Symposium papers. His scientific interests include multibeam antennas, Butler
Int. Microw., Radar, Wireless Commun. Conf., Wroclaw, Poland, May matrices, lightweight and highly integrated antenna arrays, conformal antennas,
2000, pp. 131–155, pt. 3 (invited paper). spaceborne antennas, reconfigurable arrays, and satellite communication.
[4] M. Nakajima, E. Yamashita, and M. Asa, “New broadband 5-section Mr. Wincza was the recipient of The Youth Award presented at the 10th Na-
microstrip-line directional coupler,” in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. tional Symposium of Radio Sciences (URSI) and the Third-Place Award for
Dig., 1990, pp. 383–386. the best M.Sc. thesis in the field of microwaves, antenna, and radar technology
[5] C. Person, J. P. Coupez, S. Toutain, and M. Morvan, “Wideband (awarded by the IEEE Polish Chapter) in 2001 and 2004, respectively.
3-dB/90 coupler in multilayer thick-film technology,” Electron. Lett.,
vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 812–813, May 1995.
[6] C. Person, L. Carre, E. Rius, J. P. Coupez, and S. Toutain, “Original
techniques for designing wideband 3-D integrated couplers,” in IEEE
MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., 1998, pp. 119–122. Krzysztof Sachse was born in Cracow, Poland, on
[7] C. P. Tresselt, “Design and computed theoretical performance of three January 10, 1942. He received the M.Sc. degree in
classes of equal-ripple nonuniform line couplers,” IEEE Trans. Mi- telecommunications from the Gdansk University of
crow. Theory Tech., vol. MTT-17, no. 4, pp. 218–230, Apr. 1969. Technology, Gdansk, Poland, in 1965, and the Ph.D.
[8] B. M. Kats, V. P. Meschanov, and A. L. Khvalin, “Synthesis of su- degree in electronics and electrical engineering and
perwide-band matching adapters in round coaxial lines,” IEEE Trans. Doctor of Sciences degree from the Wroclaw Uni-
Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 575–579, Mar. 2001. versity of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland, in 1974 and
[9] M. Nakajima and H. Tanabe, “A design technique for raising upper fre- 1991, respectively.
quency limit of wideband 180 hybrids,” in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. From 1965 to 1967, he was a Research Fellow
Symp. Dig., 1996, pp. 879–882. with the Electronics and Electrical Engineering
[10] S. Gruszczynski, K. Wincza, and K. Sachse, “Design of compensated Department, Gdansk University of Technology. In
coupled-stripline 3-dB directional couplers, phase shifters, and magic 1967, he joined the Institute of Telecommunications and Acoustics, Wroclaw
T’s—Part I: Single-section coupled-line circuits,” IEEE Trans. Microw. University of Technology, becoming an Assistant Professor in 1974. Since
Theory Tech., submitted for publication.
1996, he has been a Full Professor. For eight months in 1979, he was a Visiting
[11] D. J. Kraker, “Asymmetric coupled-transmission-line magic-T,” IEEE
Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. MTT-12, no. 11, pp. 595–599, Nov. Scholar with the Microwave and Semiconductor Laboratory, Lille Technical
1964. University, Lille, France. He currently lectures on microwave engineering.
[12] S. Gruszczynski and K. Sachse, “A coupled-transmission-line multi- Since 1988, he has been a Chair of the Microwave Theory and Technique
section asymmetric 3 dB directional coupler in conjunction with phase Division, Institute of Telecommunications and Acoustics. His field of research
compensation networks as a broadband 3 dB=0 =180 coupler and a is the solution of EM boundary problems for microstrip-like transmission
sum-difference circuit,” in Proc. Mediterranean Microw. Symp., Cac- lines and waveguides, passive microwave integrated-circuit design, and design
eres, Spain, Jun. 2002, pp. CP:1–CP:4. of microwave feed antenna systems and components. His current research is
[13] S. Gruszczynski, “Wide band asymmetric coupled-transmission-line related to a design of planar antenna filters for modern communication systems,
magic-T and sum-difference circuit,” in Proc. MIKON 15th Int. Mi- as well as of beam-forming networks for phased-array antennas.
crow., Radar, Wireless Commun. Conf., Warsaw, Poland, May 2004, Dr. Sachse is a member of the Polish Society of Electrical and Electronic
pp. 162–165. Engineering.