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in
MatPlotLib:
Matplotlib is a plotting library for Python.
It is used along with NumPy to provide an environment that is an
effective open source alternative for MatLab.
Matplotlib module was first written by John D. Hunter
Here we import Matplotlib's Pyplot module and Numpy library as most of
the data that we will be working with will be in the form of arrays only.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[10,20,30,40])
plt.show()
We pass two arrays as our input arguments to Pyplot’s plot() method
and use show() method to invoke the required plot.
Here note that the first array appears on the x-axis and second array
appears on the y-axis of the plot.
Now that our first plot is ready, let us add the title, and name x-axis and
y-axis using methods title(), xlabel() and ylabel() respectively.
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plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[10,20,30,40])
plt.title("Sales Plot")
plt.xlabel("Month")
plt.ylabel("Sales")
plt.show()
We can also specify the size of the figure using method figure() and
passing the values as a tuple of the length of rows and columns to the
argument figsize
plt.figure(figsize=(15,5))
plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[10,20,30,40])
plt.show()
Instead of the linear graph, the values can be displayed discretely by
adding a format string to the plot() function.
- Solid line style
-- Dashed line style
-. Dash-dot line style
: Dotted line style
. Point marker
, Pixel marker
o Circle marker
v Triangle_down marker
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^ Triangle_up marker
< Triangle_left marker
> Triangle_right marker
1 Tri_down marker
2 Tri_up marker
3 Tri_left marker
4 Tri_right marker
s Square marker
p Pentagon marker
* Star marker
h Hexagon1 marker
H Hexagon2 marker
+ Plus marker
x X marker
D Diamond marker
d Thin_diamond marker
| Vline marker
_ Hline marker
The following color abbreviations are also defined.
Character Color
b Blue
g Green
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r Red
c Cyan
m Magenta
y Yellow
k Black
w White
With every X and Y argument, you can also pass an optional third
argument in the form of a string which indicates the colour and line type
of the plot.
The default format is b- which means a solid blue line.
Likewise, we can make many such combinations to format our plot.
plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[10,20,30,40],"go")
plt.title("Sales Plot")
plt.xlabel("Month")
plt.ylabel("Sales")
plt.show()
We can also plot multiple sets of data by passing in multiple sets of
arguments of X and Y axis in the plot() method
x = np.arange(1,5)
y = x**5
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plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[10,20,30,40],"go",x,y,"r^")
plt.title("Sales Plot")
plt.xlabel("Month")
plt.ylabel("Sales")
plt.show()
Sine Wave Plot
==============
# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on a sine curve
x = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)
y = np.sin(x)
plt.title("sine wave form")
# Plot the points using matplotlib
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()
Bar Graphs
===========
Bar graphs are one of the most common types of graphs and are used
to show data associated with the categorical variables.
Pyplot provides a method bar() to make bar graphs which take
arguments: categorical variables, their values and color (if you want to
specify any).
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month = ["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May"]
sales = [50,60,55,75,65]
plt.bar(month,sales,color="green")
plt.title("Bar Graph")
plt.xlabel("Months")
plt.ylabel("Sales")
plt.show()
To make horizontal bar graphs use method barh()
plt.barh(month,sales,color="green")
plt.title("Bar Graph")
plt.xlabel("Months")
plt.ylabel("Sales")
plt.show()
To create horizontally stacked bar graphs we use the bar() method twice
and pass the arguments where we mention the index and width of our
bar graphs in order to horizontally stack them together.
Also, notice the use of two other methods legend() which is used to
show the legend of the graph and xticks() to label our x-axis based on
the position of our bars.
month = ["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May"]
HYDsales = [50,60,55,75,65]
BNGsales = [55,50,70,60,80]
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index = np.arange(5)
width = 0.30
plt.bar(index,HYDsales,width,color="green",label="Hyd Sales")
plt.bar(index+width,BNGsales,width,color="blue",label="Bang Sales")
plt.title("Horizontally Stacked Bar Graphs")
plt.xlabel("Months")
plt.ylabel("Sales")
plt.xticks(index+ width/2, month)
plt.legend(loc="best")
plt.show()
Similarly, to vertically stack the bar graphs together, we can use an
argument bottom and mention the bar graph which we want to stack
below as its value.
plt.bar(index,HYDsales,width,color="blue",label="Hyd Sales")
plt.bar(index,BNGsales,width,color="red",label="Bang
Sales",bottom=HYDsales)
plt.title("Vertically Stacked Bar Graphs")
plt.xlabel("Months")
plt.ylabel("Sales")
plt.xticks(index, month)
plt.legend(loc="best")
plt.show()
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Pie Charts
==========
One more basic type of chart is a Pie chart which can be made using the
method pie() We can also pass in arguments to customize our Pie chart
to show shadow, explode a part of it, tilt it at an angle as follows:
month = ["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May"]
sales = [50,60,55,75,65]
e = [0,0.1,0,0,0]
plt.pie(sales,explode=e,labels=month,shadow=True,startangle=45)
plt.axis("equal")
plt.legend(title="Sales Graph")
plt.show()
Histogram
=========
Histograms are a very common type of plots when we are looking at
data like height and weight, stock prices, waiting time for a customer, etc
which are continuous in nature.
Histogram’s data is plotted within a range against its frequency.
Histograms are very commonly occurring graphs in probability and
statistics and form the basis for various distributions like the normal -
distribution, t-distribution, etc.
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In the following example, we generate a random continuous data of
1000 entries and plot it against its frequency with the data divided into
10 equal strata.
We have used NumPy’s random.randn() method which generates data
with the properties of a standard normal distribution i.e. mean = 0 and
standard deviation = 1, and hence the histogram looks like a normal
distribution curve.
x = np.random.randn(1000)
plt.title("Histogram")
plt.xlabel("Random Data")
plt.ylabel("Frequency")
plt.hist(x,10)
plt.show()
Scatter Plots and 3-D plotting
==============================
Scatter plots are widely used graphs, especially they come in handy in
visualizing a problem of regression.
In the following example, we feed in arbitrarily created data of height and
weight and plot them against each other.
We used xlim() and ylim() methods to set the limits of X-axis and Y-axis
respectively.
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height =
np.array([130,135,120,145,165,175,180,145,150,160,140,170,165,135,1
55])
weight = np.array([60,70,65,75,80,90,95,85,70,78,88,72,68,77,88])
plt.xlim(100,200)
plt.ylim(50,100)
plt.scatter(height,weight)
plt.title("Scatter Plot")
plt.xlabel("Height")
plt.ylabel("Weight")
plt.show()
The above scatter can also be visualized in three dimensions. To use
this functionality, we first import the module mplot3d
from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d
Once the module is imported, a three-dimensional axes is created by
passing the keyword projection='3d' to the axes() method of Pyplot
module. Once the object instance is created, we pass our arguments
height and weight to scatter3D() method.
ax = plt.axes(projection="3d")
ax.scatter3D(height,weight)
ax.set_xlabel("Height")
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ax.set_ylabel("Weight")
plt.show()
We can also create 3-D graphs of other types like line graph, surface,
wireframes, contours, etc.
The above example in the form of a simple line graph is as follows: Here
instead of scatter3D() we use method plot3D()
ax = plt.axes(projection="3d")
ax.plot3D(height,weight)
ax.set_xlabel("Height")
ax.set_ylabel("Weight")
plt.show()
Multiple plots in one figure:
=============================
We can use subplot() method to add more than one plots in one figure.
In the image below, we used this method to separate two graphs which
we plotted on the same axes in the previous example.
The subplot() method takes three arguments: they are nrows, ncols and
index.
They indicate the number of rows, number of columns and the index
number of the sub-plot.
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For instance, in our example, we want to create two sub-plots in one
figure such that it comes in one row and in two columns and hence we
pass arguments (1,2,1) and (1,2,2) in the subplot() method.
Note that we have separately used title()method for both the subplots.
We use suptitle() method to make a centralized title for the figure.
plt.subplot(1,2,1)
plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[10,20,30,40],"go")
plt.title("1st subplot")
plt.subplot(1,2,2)
x = np.arange(1,5)
y = x**5
plt.plot(x,y,"r^")
plt.title("2nd subplot")
plt.suptitle("Sales Plots")
plt.show()
If we want our sub-plots in two rows and single column, we can pass
arguments (2,1,1) and (2,1,2)
plt.subplot(2,1,1)
plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[10,20,30,40],"go")
plt.title("1st subplot")
plt.subplot(2,1,2)
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x = np.arange(1,5)
y = x**5
plt.plot(x,y,"r^")
plt.title("2nd subplot")
plt.suptitle("Sales Plots")
plt.show()
The above way of creating subplots becomes a bit tedious when we
want many subplots in our figure. A more convenient way is to use
subpltots() method.
Notice the difference of ‘s’ in both the methods.
This method takes two arguments nrows and ncols as number of rows
and number of columns respectively.
This method creates two objects:figure and axes which we store in
variables fig and ax which can be used to change the figure and axes
level attributes respectively. Note that these variable names are chosen
arbitrarily.
x = np.arange(1,5)
y = x**5
fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=2,ncols=2,figsize=(6,6))
ax[0,1].plot([1,2,3,4],[10,20,30,40],"go")
ax[1,0].plot(x,y,'r^')
ax[0,1].set_title("Squares")
ax[1,0].set_title("Cubes")
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plt.show()
Summary:
========
plot(x-axis values, y-axis values) — plots a simple line graph with x-axis
values against y-axis values
show() — displays the graph
title(“string”) — set the title of the plot as specified by the string
xlabel(“string”) — set the label for x-axis as specified by the string
ylabel(“string”) — set the label for y-axis as specified by the string
figure() — used to control a figure level attributes
subplot(nrows, ncols, index) — Add a subplot to the current figure
suptitle(“string”) — It adds a common title to the figure specified by the
string
subplots(nrows, ncols, figsize) — a convenient way to create subplots, in
a single call. It returns a tuple of a figure and number of axes.
set_title(“string”) — an axes level method used to set the title of subplots
in a figure
bar(categorical variables, values, color) — used to create vertical bar
graphs
barh(categorical variables, values, color) — used to create horizontal bar
graphs
legend(loc) — used to make legend of the graph
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xticks(index, categorical variables) — Get or set the current tick locations
and labels of the x-axis
pie(value, categorical variables) — used to create a pie chart
hist(values, number of bins) — used to create a histogram
xlim(start value, end value) — used to set the limit of values of the x-axis
ylim(start value, end value) — used to set the limit of values of the y-axis
scatter(x-axis values, y-axis values) — plots a scatter plot with x-axis
values against y-axis values
axes() — adds an axes to the current figure
set_xlabel(“string”) — axes level method used to set the x-label of the
plot specified as a string
set_ylabel(“string”) — axes level method used to set the y-label of the
plot specified as a string
scatter3D(x-axis values, y-axis values) — plots a three-dimensional
scatter plot with x-axis values against y-axis values
plot3D(x-axis values, y-axis values) — plots a three-dimensional line
graph with x-axis values against y-axis values
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