Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek RomanEarly Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance18th-19th C: 20th C:

Revival Modern

Near East Islamic

Indian Chinese & Japanese

PALEOLITHIC PERIOD: 46,000 years ago
- caves, tents from branches, animal skins

NEOLITHIC PERIOD: 10,000 years ago

- houses of timber and mud

MENHIR: single, large upright monolith of stone

DOLMEN: underground mount, earliest post and lintel system
CROMLECH: circular layout of menhirs (ex. Stonehenge)
TUMULUS: passage grave with corbel-vaulted ceiling; is also a multiple grave

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
(3200 BC to 1 AD)

TRABEATED: post and lintel construction

BATTER WALL: wall that diminishes in thickness towards the top
SERDAB: contains statue of the deceased
STELAE: stone with name of the deceased inscribed

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:
Softstone – limestone, sandstone, alabaster
Hardstone – granite, quartite, basalt
MASTABA: first type of Egyptian tomb
PYRAMID TYPES:
- stepped pyramid
o Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara: earliest pyramid, designed by Imhotep
- sloped pyramid
o regular pyramid
o Pyramids of Gizeh
- bent pyramid: features two angles at 54O and 43O
o Bent Pyramids at Seneferu

OBELISK: upright stone that is square in plan and tapers to the top with an electrum-capped pyramidion
PYLON: monumental gateway to the temple; slanted walls flanking the entrance portal

TEMPLE TYPES:
- Mortuary Temples: in honor of pharaohs
- Cult Temples: in honor of the gods
1. Pylon
2. Hypaethral court
3. Hypostyle hall
4. Sanctuary
 NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE

ARCUATED: use of the corbel arch

ZIGGURAT: terraced stepped structure with receding levels; temple at the top
PERSEPOLIS: chief city of Persians

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

HELLAS: Greece
HELLENIC PERIOD: period of emergence of the polis (city-state)
CYCLOPEAN WALL: large stones, no mortar, clay bedding
POLYGONAL WALL: advanced technique with no pith or tar
DOWELS: connects rectangular walls
THALAMUS: sleeping room
THOLOS: underground tomb; updated version of tumulus
ENTASIS: bulging of columns outwards to correct perspective vision
TEMENOS: sacred enclosure built on the highest part of a settlement, allowing it to be a citadel
10 STRUCTURES OF THE ACROPOLIS
1. Propylaea  gateway
2. Pinacotheca  gallery for painted pictures
3. Statue of Athena Promachos
4. Erectheion  group of buildings
5. Parthenon
6. Temple of Nike Apteros
7. Old Temple of Athena
8. Stoa of Eumeses
9. Theater of Dionysus
10. Odeon of Herodes Atticus

PARTS OF A TEMPLE
- Naos: principal chamber containing a statue (or cella)
- Treasury Chamber
- Front (pronaos) and rear porticoes (opisthodomus or epinaos)
TEMPLE STYLE BASED ON COLUMNS IN ANTIS
 1. Hemostyle 7. Heptastyle
2. Distyle 8. Octastyle
3. Tristyle 9. Enneastyle
4. Tetrastyle 10. Decastyle
5. Pentastyle 12. Dodecastyle
6. Hexastyle

COLUMN SPACING
Pycnostyle 1.50D
Systyle 2.00D
Eustyle 2.25D
Diastyle 3.00D
Aerostyle 4.00D

ARRISES: column shaft flute of Doric Temple (which usually has 24 flutes)
FILLETS: column shaft flute of Ionic Temples (which usually has 24 flutes)
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: trabeated (post and lintel) and arcuated (corbel arch)

TUSCAN ORDER: Doric with base

COMPOSITE ORDER: Ionic + Corinthian

WALLS
- Opus Quadratum: rectangular blocks
- Opus Incertum: loose pattern of small stones
- Opus Reticulatum: net-like effect, diagonal joints
- Opus Testaceum: brick facing
- Opus Mixtum: alternating brickwork and small squared stone blocks
 GREEK ROMAN
monumental gateway Propylaea
Theater Theatron / Koilon Theater (freestanding)
(carved into the hillside) Amphitheater (elliptical)
- Orchestra: focal point
- Cavea: auditoria in
tiers of stone seats
- Skene: building for
scene or stage décor
- Parados: passageway
to skene
civic plaza, center of social and business life Agora Forum
(forum romanum and
imperial forum)
Covered walkways with shops Stoa
Senate House Prytaneion Basilica (court + assembly
Council House Bouleuterion hall)
Theater for music ONLY Odeion
Sports arena Stadium / Stadion
Chariot racing arena Hippodrome Circus (for horse and chariot
racing)
Wrestling school Palaestra
Used for physical exercise Gymnasium (prototype for Thermae (bathhouse)
Roman thermae) - Tepidarium: warm
 - Frigidarium: unheated;
cold
- Laconicum or
sudatorium: dry
sweating room; hot air
- Apodyteria: dressing
room
- Unctuaria: oils room
- Calidarium: hot water
room
Tombs Columbaria (for urns)
Loculi (for sarcophagi)
 Houses and Dwellings Domus (private house)
Villa (country house; for the
rich)
Insula (apartment block;
public housing)

AQUEDUCTS: for channeling water across large distances

VIA: paved roads
CHEVET: ambulatory and radiating chapels

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
THREE PERIODS:
1. Primarie (1200 AD): pointed arches with voussoirs and keystones; geometric traceried windows
2. Secondaire (1300 AD): Rayonnant: circular windows, wheel tracery
3. Tertiare (1400 AD to 1600 AD): Flamboyant; flame-like window tracery

RIB SYSTEM
Ridge rib
Cross
Transverse
Diagonal
Tierseron
Lierne
Boss
CATHEDRAL COMPLEX:
- Cloisters
- Refectory: canteen and prayer room
- Presbytery: priest house
- Chapter House: meeting house of monks

PLATERESQUE: rich and poetic style, extremely florid and decorative, minute detail

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

5 PILLARS OF ISLAM
1. Shahada: profession of faith
2. Salawat: ritual prayers done 5x a day
3. Sawm: fasting in the month of Ramadan
4. Zakah: obligatory payment of alms
5. Hajj: pilgrimage to mecca
TYPES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
1. Persian Style: pointed arch
- Tapered brick pillars, large arcades
- Muqarna: honeycomb work
2. Moorish Style: Spanish, peaked at the construction of the Alhambra at Spain
- Mudejar style: Spanish-Islamic
- Arabesque: intricate patterns of geometric forms using stylized plans / foliage
3. Turkishtan (Timurid) Architecture: Turkey and India
- Mughal: Indian-Islamic
4. Ottoman (Turkish) Architecture: cupola dome, onion bulb dome
- Hagia Sofia (Ottoman + Byzantine)
5. Fatimid Architecture: Egypt
6. Mamhik Architecture: Egypt
- Chiaroscuro: monochromatic picture made by using different shades of the same colour
7. Mughal or Indo-Islamic Architecture: Arabic + Persian + Hindu
8. Sino-Islamic Architecture: Chinese-Islamic
9. Sub-Saharan African Islamic Architecture (Sahelian Architecture)
Q’IBLA: principal axis followed from east to west, facing the Mecca
Q’IBLA WALL: wall erected to indicate the axis physically
MIHRAB: niche where the imam makes his prayer
SAHN: central covered court of a mosque
MASJID: mosque
JAMI-MESJID: Friday mosque
MINARET: tall tower where the faithful are called to prayer
MIMBAR / MINBAR: pulpit in the mosque
HARAEM: women’s quarters
SELAMLUK: men’s quarters
MAQSURA: areas enclosed by a screen for prayer
MASHHAD: Muslim shrine
MEDRASSAH: school
 CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS: stone, brick, timber

T’AI OR PAGODAS: highly colored, 3 – 13 storeys, octagonal in plan
PAI-LOU: gateway to a Chinese structure, 3 – 5 openings
ROOF: elaborate ornamental cresting
- yellow for imperial palaces
- red for mandarins
- blue, green, and purple for others
T’ING TYPE TEMPLE: two-storey temple with concave roof

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

PAGODAS: square plan with 5 storeys, 45 meters in height

TORII: gateway
 BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE

LOMAS RSI CAVE: earliest rock-cut Buddhist cave; first attempt to make a cave a permanent dwelling
STUPA: moundlike structure containing Buddhist relics
Stamba / lat: isolated shat / pillar serving various purposes
Harmika: railing around the stupa
Chattri: kiosk or small pavilion on roof
Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra: rock-cut caves
Caitya Hall of Worship: sacred place
VIHARA: monastery
GARBHA-GRIHA: “womb chamber” where priests are allowed to enter
STAMBHA / LATH: monumental pillars standing free without any function
CHAITYA: assembly or prayer hall enclosing the stupa
 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

BAHAY NA BATO
Arquitectura Mestiza: mixed materials (wood + stone, wood + stone + volada)

PARTS
Volada: overhang of the upper floor over the ground floor
Zaguan: storage for carriages and saints’ floats
Cuadra
Bodega
Entresuelo: mezzanine at 1 m. from ground; also an office
Patio: enclosed courtyard open to the sky
Caida: first room from the stairs
Sala
Comedor: dining room
Cocina
Dispensa: pantry adjacent to service area
Banyo: bath
Comun / Latrina: toilet
Balcon: single-protruded balcony
Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitorio: bedroom
Azotea: open terrace
Aljibe: rainwater cistern
OTHER ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES
INVENTIONISM: transforming perceptions of buildings from techniques to functions
HUMANISM: intellectual architecture based on human scale and accuracy
IDEALISM: ideal synthesis of physical form and abstract ideas
MANNERISM: bending and adaptation of Classical precedents, ornament, illusion, and inventive detailing; onset of
trompe l’oeil
BAROQUE: dynamic architectural styke of spectacle, drama, and color; characterized by an interlocking oval plan
or oval/curved façade
ART NOUVEAU: flowing, tendril-like lines
POP ARCHITECTURE: popular representation of the romantic image
PURE ARCHITECTURE: purist minimal response
ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE: emerging from organic form
TECTONIC ARCHITECTURE: application of technology in the articulation of structure and component design
Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir-el-Bahri Senmut
Corinthian Capital Invented by Callimachus, inspired by basket over root
of acanthus plant
Hagia Sophia (S. Sophia), Constantinople Justinian
Pisa Campanile Dioti Salvi
Notre Dame, Paris Begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully
Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore) Arnolfo di Cambio
Dome by Michelangelo Buonarotti
Palazzo Ricardi Michelozzi
Tempietto, San Pietro Donato Bramante
St. Peter’s Basilica Donato Bramante
Giuliano da Sanglio
Fra Giocondo
Raphael Santi
Baldassare Peruzzi
Antonio da Sangalio
Michelangelo Buonarotti (also designed the dome)
Giacomo della Porta
Domenico Fontana
Giacomo da Vignola
Carlo Maderna

Gian Lorenzo Bernini (also designed the Piazza San

Pietro)
Chateau de Maisons Francois Mansart
Banqueting House, Whitehall, London Inigo Jones
St. Paul’s Cathedral, London Sir Christopher Wren
Churriguereque Jose de Churriguera
The Escorial, Madrid Juan de Herrera
(monastery, college, church, and palace with state
apartments)
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Francesco Borromini
Chapel of the Holy Shroud Guarino Guarini
Westminster New Palace (House of Parliament) Sir Charles Barry
Crystal Palace Sir Joseph Paxton
Casa Balto and Casa Mila Antonio Gaudi
Sagrada Familia (Church of the Holy Family) Antonio Gaudi
Altes Museum Karl Friedrich Schinkel
White House James Hoban
US Capitol William Thornton
Plan of Washington, D.C. Pierre Charles L’Enfant
Home Insurance Building, Chicago William Le Baron Jenney (first high-rise)
Reliance Building, Chicago Charles Atwood
Empire State Building Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon
Carson Pirie Scott Department Store Luis Sullivan
Chrysler Building, New York William van Alen
Radio City Music Hall, New York Edward Durell Stone
Einstein House Erich Mendelsohn
Notre Dame du Haut Le Crbusier
Sydney Opera House Jorn Utzon
 Centre Pompidou, Paris Renzo Piano
HSBC Building, Hong Kong Norman Foster
Disney World Dolphin Resort Michael Graves
World Trade Center Twin Towers Minoru Yamasaki
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao Frank Gehry
Guggenheim Museum, New York Frank Lloyd Wirght
Petronas Towers Cesar Pelli
Taipei 101 C. Y. Lee
Burj Dubai (Burj Khalifa) SOM
Turning Torso, Sweden Santiago Calatrava
Burj al Arab Atkins
St. Mary’s Axe, London Norman Foster and Partners
Torre Agbar, Barcelona Jean Nouvel
Auditorio de Tenerife, Canary Islands Santiago Calatrava
Jubilee Church, Rome, Italy Richard Meier and Partners
Beijing National Stadium (Bird’s Nest Stadium) Herzog and De Meuron
Blue Mosque Sedefkar Mehmet Aga

PHILIPPINE STRUCTURES
CHURCHES
San Pedro – San Pablo Parish Fr. Ramon Dalinao
Calasiao, Pangasinan
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte Fr. Joseph Ruiz
Las Pinas Church Fr. Diego Cera
Manila Cathedral Bishop Domingo Salazar
 Fernando Ocampo
Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo Fr. Fernando Comporedondo
Morong Church, Rizal Fr. Blas dela Madre
Quiapo Church Restoration by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragoza
San Agustin Church Fr. Juan Macias
Taal Church, Batangas Fr. Martin Aguirre
Sta. Ana Church, Manila Fr. Vicente Ingles
Restoration by Juan Nakpil
Sto. Domingo Church, Quezon City Jose Maria Zaragoza
Sto. Nino Church, Cebu Diego de Herrera

BUILDINGS
De La Salle University, Taft Tomas Mapua
Manila Hotel Renovation by Locsin
Philippine General Hospital William Parsons
UST Main Building Fr. Roque Ruano
Post Office Building Juan Arellano
FEU Main Building Pablo Antonio
Iglesia ni Cristo Cathedral, Quezon City Pablo Antonio
Metropolitan Theater Juan Arellano
Church of the Risen Lord, UP Cesar Concio
Meralco Building Jose Maria Zaragoza
Philippine Heart Center Jorge Ramos
Quiapo Mosque Jorge Ramos
Robinsons Galleria William Coscolluela
SM Megamall Antonio Sindiong
Quezon Monument Federico Ilustre
Asian Institute of Management Gabriel Formoso
Philippine Stock Exchange Leandro Locsin
PBCom Tower Gabriel Formoso
Petron Mega Plaza, Makati Ove Arup and Partners HK Ltd.
GT International Tower, Makati GF and Partners
LKG Tower, Makati Recio + Casas Architects
Manila City Hall Antonio Toledo
Insular Life Makati Cesar Concio
CCP Leandro Lcosin
San Miguel Building Manosa Brothers