INTRODUCTION TO

COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM

N O O R I N D O N B I N T I A B D U L S A M A D

A K M A B I N T I C H E I S H A K

H A S H A M I Z A B I N T I H A R U D D I N

E L E C T R I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G
INTRODUCTION TO

COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM

N O O R I N D O N B I N T I A B D U L S A M A D

A K M A B I N T I C H E I S H A K

H A S H A M I Z A B I N T I H A R U D D I N
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O

C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M

Authors:

NOOR INDON BINTI ABDUL SAMAD

Senior Lecturer

Electrical Engineering Department

Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah

AKMA BINTI CHE ISHAK

Senior Lecturer

Electrical Engineering Department

Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah

HASHAMIZA BINTI HARUDDIN

Senior Lecturer

Electrical Engineering Department

Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah

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I | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

By the grace of Almighty Allah, we have completed our e-book on

Introduction to Communication System. Thank you to our family

and friends for being the support team to complete this e-book.

We also would like to thank you to our Head Of Electrical

Engineering Department, Puan Ida Safinar binti Aziz and Head Of

Electronic Communication Programme, Puan Rahimah binti Abdul

Rahman for giving us this opportunity. Finally, thank you also to

Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah e-book team. The completion of

this e book also could not have been accomplished without the

support of Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah e-book team.

I I | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M

ABSTRACT

Introduction to Communication System introduces the students to

the concepts of communication system. This e-book are designed

to make it particularly easy for students to understand about

communications. The purpose of this e-book is to give students the

knowledge and practice about communications. This e-book covers

the element of basic communication system, noise, information

capacity, frequency and bandwidth. It also exposes the students to

the types of transmission modes and communication system.

Theory, review questions and answers also provided for students

in this e-book for better understanding.

I I I | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II

ABSTRACT III

TABLE OF CONTENT IV

L E A R N IN G O U T C O M E S 1

1.0 E L E M E N T I N B A S I C C O M M U N IC A T IO N S Y S T E M . 2

T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N 1 4

2 .0 N O IS E 5

2.1 External Noise 6

2.1.1 Atmospheric Noise 6

2.1.2 E x t r a - T e r r e s t r i a l / S p a c e N o is e 6

2.1.2 M a n - m a d e N o i s e o r In d u s t r ia l N o is e 7

2.2 In t e r n a l N o i s e 7

2.2.1 Thermal Noise 7

2.2.2 S h o r t N o is e 7

2.2.3 T r a n s it T i m e N o i s e 7

2.3 D is t o r t io n 8

2.3.1 T y p e s o f N o n L i n e a r D is t o r t io n 8

2.4 In t e r f e r e n c e 11

T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N 2 12

3 .0 S IG N A L - T O - N O I S E P O W E R R A T IO 13

3.1 N o is e F a c t o r a n d N o is e F ig u r e 14

T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N 3 17

4 .0 UNDERSTAND FREQUENCY SPECTRUM, BANDWIDTH, AND

WAVELENGTH.

4.1 Frequency Spectrum 18

4.2 Wavelength 20

4.3 B a n d w id t h 23

T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N 4 24

I V | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 TABLE OF CONTENT

25
5 .0 IN F O R M A T I O N C A P A C IT Y

25
5 .1 A P P L Y S H A N N O N ’S L IM IT F O R M U L A

26
T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N 5

27
6 .0 T R A N S M IS S I O N M O D E S

28
6.1 S im p le x M o d e

29
6.2 H a lf - D u p le x M o d e

29
6.3 F u ll- D u p le x M o d e

31
T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N 6

32
7 .0 T Y P E S O F C O M M U N IC A T IO N S Y S T E M

33
7.1 B r o a d c a s t C o m m u n ic a t io n S y s t e m

34
7.2 M o b ile C o m m u n i c a t io n S y s t e m

35
7.3 F ix C o m m u n i c a t i o n S y s t e m

36
7 . 4 D a t a C o m m u n ic a t io n

37
T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N 7

38
A SN W E R T O R E V I E W Q U E S T IO N

39
A s n w e r T o T u t o r i a l Q u e s t io n 1

40
A s n w e r T o T u t o r i a l Q u e s t io n 2

41
A s n w e r T o T u t o r i a l Q u e s t io n 3

42
A s n w e r T o T u t o r i a l Q u e s t io n 4

43
A s n w e r T o T u t o r i a l Q u e s t io n 5

44
A s n w e r T o T u t o r i a l Q u e s t io n 6

45
A s n w e r T o T u t o r i a l Q u e s t io n 7

46
REFERENCES

V | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completing this book, you will be able to:

R e m e m b e r t h e e l e m e n t in b a s ic c o m m u n i c a t i o n system.

Remember noise, interference, and distortion.

R e m e m b e r S i g n a l - t o - N o is e P o w e r R a t i o , N o i s e F a c t o r a n d N o i s e F ig u r e .

A p p l y S N R , N o i s e F a c t o r , a n d N o is e F ig u r e f o r m u l a .

Understand the frequency spectrum, bandwidth, and wavelength.

U n d e r s t a n d I n f o r m a t io n c a p a c it y .

A p p l y S h a n n o n ’ s l i m it f o r m u la .

A p p l y b a n d w i d t h a n d w a v e le n g t h f o r m u l a

U n d e r s t a n d T r a n s m is s io n M o d e s

Understand various types of communication system

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1.0 ELEMENT IN BASIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.

Communication system is a process of The transmitter converts the e le c t r i c a l

t r a n s m is s i o n , r e c e p t io n a n d p r o c e s s in g t h e s ig n a l in t o a form that is s u it a b le for

in f o r m a t i o n between two or more t r a n s m is s i o n through the p h y s ic a l channel

lo c a t io n s through t r a n s m is s io n medium. or transmission m e d iu m . For example, in

E le c t r ic a l c o m m u n ic a t io n systems are r a d io and TV broadcast, the Federal

d e s ig n e d t o s e n d m e s s a g e s o r in f o r m a t i o n Communications C o m m is s io n (FCC)

from a source that generates the s p e c if ie s the frequency range for each

m e s s a g e s t o o n e o r m o r e d e s t in a t io n s . t r a n s m it t i n g s t a t io n . Hence, the

t r a n s m it t e r must t r a n s la t e the

In g e n e r a l , a c o m m u n ic a t io n s y s t e m c a n b e in f o r m a t i o n signal to be t r a n s m it t e d into

represented by the f u n c t io n a l block the appropriate frequency range that

d ia g r a m shown in F ig u r e 1.1. The m a t c h e s t h e f r e q u e n c y a llo c a t io n a s s i g n e d

in f o r m a t i o n g e n e r a t e d b y t h e s o u r c e m a y to the t r a n s m it t e r . Thus, signals

b e o f t h e f o r m o f v o ic e ( s p e e c h s o u r c e ) , a t r a n s m it t e d by m u lt ip le r a d io s t a t io n s do

p ic t u r e (image source), or p la in text in not in t e r f e r e with one another. Similar

some la n g u a g e , such as E n g lis h , Japanese, f u n c t io n s are performed in t e le p h o n e

German, French, etc. An e s s e n t ia l feature c o m m u n ic a t i o n systems where the

o f a n y s o u r c e t h a t g e n e r a t e s in f o r m a t i o n e le c t r ic a l speech s ig n a ls from many users

is t h a t it s o u t p u t i s d e s c r ib e d in p r o b a b i l i s t i c a r e t r a n s m i t t e d o v e r t h e s a m e w ir e .

terms, i. e . , the output of a source is not

d e t e r m in i s t i c . O t h e r w is e , there would be T h e t r a n s m i s s i o n m e d iu m o r c h a n n e l i s t h e

n o n e e d t o t r a n s m it t h e m e s s a g e . p h y s ic a l medium that is used to send the

s ig n a l from the t r a n s m it t e r to the

A transducer is u s u a lly r e q u ir e d to r e c e iv e r . In w i r e le s s t r a n s m is s io n , the

convert the output of a source in t o an channel is usually the atmosphere (free

e le c t r ic a l signal that is s u it a b le for space). On the other hand, t e le p h o n e

t r a n s m is s i o n . For e x a m p le , a m ic r o p h o n e c h a n n e ls usually e m p lo y a v a r ie t y of

serves as the transducer that converts p h y s ic a l media, i n c lu d in g w ir e lin e s , optical

an acoustic speech s ig n a l in t o an e le c t r i c a l f ib e r cables, and w ir e le s s ( m ic r o w a v e

s ig n a l, and a video camera converts an r a d io ) . Whatever the p h y s ic a l m e d iu m for

im a g e in t o an e le c t r ic a l s ig n a l. At the s ig n a l t r a n s m i s s i o n , t h e e s s e n t ia l f e a t u r e i s

d e s t in a t io n , a s im ila r transducer is t h a t t h e t r a n s m i t t e d s ig n a l is c o r r u p t e d i n

r e q u ir e d to convert the e le c t r ic a l signals a random manner by a v a r ie t y of possible

that are received in t o a form that is m e c h a n is m s .

s u it a b le for the user, e.g., a c o u s t ic signals,

im a g e s , e t c .

0 2 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 The most common form of s ig n a l A r e c e iv e r is a c o lle c t io n of e le c t r o n i c

d e g r a d a t i o n c o m e s in t h e f o r m o f a d d i t i v e c o m p o n e n t s a n d c ir c u it s t h a t a c c e p t s t h e

n o is e , w h i c h i s g e n e r a t e d a t t h e f r o n t e n d t r a n s m it t e d message from the channel

of the receiver, where s ig n a l a m p lif ic a t i o n and converts it back to a form

is performed. Noise is an unwanted signal understandable by humans. Receivers

w h ic h t e n d t o i n t e r f e r e w it h t h e r e q u i r e d c o n t a in a m p l i f i e r s , o s c illa t o r s , m ix e r s , t u n e d

s ig n a l. Noise signal is a lw a y s random in c ir c u it s and filters, and a d e m o d u la t o r or

c h a r a c t e r . N o i s e m a y in t e r f e r e w it h s i g n a l detector that recovers the original

at any point in a c o m m u n ic a t io n system. in t e llig e n c e signal from the modulated

H o w e v e r , t h e n o i s e h a s it s g r e a t e s t e f f e c t c a r r ie r . The output is the o r ig in a l signal,

o n t h e s ig n a l i n t h e c h a n n e l. w h ic h is t h e n r e a d o u t o r d is p la y e d . It m a y

b e a v o ic e s i g n a l s e n t t o a s p e a k e r , a v i d e o

s ig n a l that is fed to an LCD screen for

d is p la y , o r b i n a r y d a t a t h a t is r e c e iv e d b y a

computer and then p r in t e d out or

d is p la y e d o n a v i d e o m o n it o r .

F ig u r e 1 . 1 : B lo c k d ia g r a m o f a c o m m u n ic a t io n s y s t e m

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 T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N S 1

1. D e f in e c o m m u n i c a t io n s y s t e m a n d id e n t i f y t h e e l e m e n t o f

c o m m u n ic a t i o n s y s t e m .

2. L is t F O U R ( 4 ) e x a m p le s o f d e s t in a t io n i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m b l o c k

d ia g r a m .

3. S t a t e t h e p r o c e s s t h a t in v o lv e in r e c e i v e r p a r t a n d g i v e t h e e x a m p l e s o f

e le c t r o n ic d e v i c e s t h a t u s e d in t h e p r o c e s s .

4. F ig u r e b e l o w s h o w t h e b lo c k d ia g r a m o f a c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m . N a m e

b lo c k A , B , C , D , E a n d F . G iv e t h e f u n c t i o n o f e a c h b l o c k .

0 4 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
2.0 NOISE

N o is e can be defined as unwanted signal from sources other than the t ra n s m i tte d signal

s o u r c e . It i s a s i g n a l t h a t d o e s n o t c o n v e y a n y i n f o r m a t i o n . E l e c t r i c a l n o i s e i s d e fi n e d a s a n y

u n w a n t e d e l e c t r i c a l s ig n a l t h a t f a lls w i t h i n t h e p a s s b a n d o f t h e s i g n a l . F o r e x a m p l e , i n a u d i o

r e c o r d in g , a n y u n w a n t e d e le c t r ic a l s ig n a l s t h a t f a l l w i t h i n t h e a u d i o f r e q u e n cy b a n d o f 0 H z

t o 1 5 k H z w i l l i n t e r f e r e t h e m u s ic w ill b e c o n s i d e r e d a s n o i s e .

F ig u r e 1 . 2 : T h e s i g n a l w it h n o is e a n d t h e s i g n a l w i t h o u t n o i s e .

P a r t ic u la r l y n o i s e c a n b e d iv id e d in t o t w o g e n e r a l c a t e g o r i e s w h i c h i s C o r re l a te d No i s e a n d

U n c o r r e la t e d Noise. U n c o r r e la t e d Noise is divided into two groups, which is E x te rn a l No i s e

a n d In t e r n a l N o i s e .

F ig u r e 1 . 3 : N o i s e C l a s s if ic a t io n

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2.1 EXTERNAL NOISE

External Noise is the n o is e w h ic h is generated outside the

device or circuit system. External noises are somewhat

uncontrollable, and these are:

Atmospheric Noise

E x t r a - T e r r e s t r i a l / S p a c e N o is e

. M a n - m a d e n o i s e o r In d u s t r ia l N o is e

2.1.1 ATMOSPHERIC NOISE

Atmospheric Noise is caused by lighting discharge in thunderstorm

and other natural disturbance in atmosphere. These electrical

impulses are random in nature. Hence the energy spreads over the

complete frequency spectrum which is used for radio

communication. The receiving antenna not only picks up the desired

signal but also the noise from thunderstorm and various

disturbance causes at the output. Thus, large atmospheric noise is

generated in low or medium frequency band (LF @ MF) while very

little noise is generated in very high frequency (VHF) band.

2.1.2 SPACE NOISE

Space noise is divided into two categories which is solar noise and

cosmic noise.

Solar noise is an electrical noise generated from the sun heat.

This is continuous radiation from sun. For example, result from

large body of very high temperature (60000°C) will radiate

electrical energy spectrum which is in the form of noise which

spread over all the spectrum used for radio communication.

Cosmic Noise is an electrical noise generated from the galaxies

such as star. The star and distant also like a sun which have high

temperature. Therefore, these stars radiate the noise in the

same way as sun. The noise receives from the distant, star is

known as thermal noise and distributed almost uniformly over

the entire and almost effects on communication of radio

waves.

0 6 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 2.1.3 MAN-MADE NOISE OR INDUSTRIAL NOISE

It is an electrical noise which produced by a source like automobiles such as an aircraft ignition,

electric motors, switch gear leakage from higher voltage light, etc. Fluorescent light and many

of man-made noise like electrical machine are intensive in industrial area and populated urban

area.

2.2 INTERNAL NOISE

In t e r n a l N o i s e i s t h e n o is e w h ic h is g e n e r a t e d i n s i d e t h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s te m , w i th i n a

d e v i c e o r c i r c u i t . I t is p r o d u c e d b y p r o p e r l y d e s i g n o f r e c e i v e r c i r c u i t r y a n d th e s e a re :

Thermal Noise

Shot Noise

Transit-time Noise

2.2.1 THERMAL NOISE

The noise generated in a resistance or the resistive component is known as thermal noise.

Thermal noise is present in all electronic communications system. It is due to the rapid and

random motion of the molecules (atoms and electrons) inside the component itself. It is a form

of additive noise which meaning that it cannot be eliminated, and it increases in intensity with the

number of devices and circuit length. ‘Also known as Brownian Noise, Johnson Noise, and White

Noise (because the random movement of electrons is at all frequencies).

2.2.2 SHORT NOISE

Shot noise is caused by the random arrival of current carriers (holes and electrons) at the

output element of an electronic device, such as a diode, field-effect transistor (FET) or bipolar

transistor (BJT). These random arrival of the carriers because of the random paths and

difference distance of travels. The amount of shot noise is directly proportional to the amount

of dc bias flowing in a device. The bandwidth of the device or circuit is also important.

2.2.3 TRANSIT-TIME NOISE

The term transit time refers to how long it takes for a current carrier such as a hole or

electron to move from the input to the output. Transit-time noise is any modification to a

stream of carrier signals as they pass from the input to the output of a device (such as from

the emitter to the collector of a transistor) produces an irregular, random variation. Transit-

time noise in transistors is determined by carrier mobility, bias voltage, and transistor

construction.

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2.3 DISTORTION

D is t o r t io n i s a n y c h a n g e s in t h e o r ig in a l s i g n a l w h i c h h a s a c o r r u p t i n g e f f e ct o n i ts fo rm o r

shape. It is the m o d if ic a t io n of the original shape (or other c h a r a c t e r i s ti cs ) of o ri g i n a l

in f o r m a t i o n signal. It creates unwanted frequencies (Harmonics) that i n t e rfe re w i th th e

o r ig in a l s ig n a l a n d d e g r a d e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e . I t i s a k i n d o f c o r r e l a t e d n o i s e w h i ch th e n o i s e

( d is t o r t io n ) i s e x i s t w h e n t h e s ig n a l is e x i s t . S o m e p o s s i b l e t y p e s o f n o n l i n e a r d i s to rti o n a re

lis t e d b e lo w :

H a r m o n ic D i s t o r t i o n /

A m p lit u d e D i s t o r t io n

Frequency Response In t e r m o d u l a t i o n

D is t o r t io n D is t o r t io n

Phase

D is t o r t io n

F ig u r e 2 . 1 : Types of Distortion

0 8 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
2.3.1 TYPES OF NONLINEAR DISTORTION

i) H a r m o n ic D i s t o r t i o n / A m p lit u d e D is t o r t i o n

Occurs when unwanted h a r m o n ic s of a signal are produced through n o n -l i n e a r

a m p lif ic a t i o n . F i g u r e s h o w s t h e in p u t i s a s i n g l e f r e q u e n c y ( p u r e s i n e w a v e ) , b u t th e

output waveform is c lip p e d by the amplifier. The result is that h a rm o n i c

frequencies do not present in the original signal are produced at the o u tp u t

( h a r m o n ic d i s t o r t i o n ) .

F ig u r e 2 . 2 : H a r m o n ic D i s t o r t i o n

ii) In t e r m o d u l a t i o n D is t o r t io n

N o n - lin e a r i t y i n a m p lif ie r c o m p o n e n t s c a u s e s m i x i n g o f f r e q u e n c y c o m p o n e n ts to

form components at sum and d if f e r e n c e frequencies. This i n t e r m o d u l a ti o n

d is t o r t io n is p a r t i c u la r ly t r o u b le s o m e in the reproduction of music b e ca u s e it

g e n e r a t e s f r e q u e n c ie s w h ic h w e r e n o t p r e s e n t i n t h e o r i g i n a l m u s i c a n d a re th u s

v e r y n o t ic e a b l e .

F ig u r e 2 . 3 : In t e r m o d u l a t i o n D i s t o r t io n

0 9 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
iii) F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e D is t o r t io n

A distortion that occurs when different frequencies are amplified by different

amounts, caused by filters. Figure below shows the input waveform consists of the

fundamental frequency plus a second harmonic signal. The resultant output

waveform is shown on the right-hand side. The frequency distortion occurs when

the fundamental frequency combines with the second harmonic to distort the

output signal. Harmonics are therefore multiples of the fundamental frequency

and in our simple example a second harmonic was used.

F ig u r e 2 . 4 : F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e D is t o r t io n

iv ) P h a s e D is t o r t i o n

A d is t o r t i o n that occurs due to the reactive component, such as c a p a ci ti v e

reactance or i n d u c t iv e reactance. As the results, a phase shift occurs b e tw e e n

c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e o r ig in a l s ig n a l.

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 2.4 INTERFERENCE

In t e r f e r e n c e i s a f o r m o f e x t e r n a l n o i s e w h i c h m e a n s “t o d i s t u r b o r d e t r a c t fro m ” .

In t e r f e r e n c e is when in f o r m a t io n s ig n a l s from one source produce f r e q u e n ci e s

that f a ll outside t h e ir a llo c a t e d bandwidth (Harmonics) and i n t e r f e re w i th

in f o r m a t i o n s i g n a ls from another source. Most interference occur when

h a r m o n ic s f r e q u e n c ie s from one source fall into the passband of a n e i g h b o ri n g

c h a n n e l. For e x a m p le , r a d io c h a n n e ls interference where a channel is i n te rfe re d

b y a d j a c e n t r a d i o c h a n n e l’ s f r e q u e n c i e s .

S o m e p o s s i b l e t y p e s o f in t e r f e r e n c e a r e :

A d j a c e n t - C h a n n e l In t e r f e r e n c e ( A C I )

Caused by extraneous power from a signal in an adjacent channel.

C o - C h a n n e l I n t e r f e r e n c e ( C C I) o r C r o s s t a l k

Caused by c r o s s t a lk from two d if f e r e n t radio transmitters using

the same frequency.

E le c t r o m a g n e t i c I n t e r f e r e n c e ( E M I)

D is t u r b a n c e that affects an e le c t r i c a l circuit due to either

e le c t r o m a g n e t i c in d u c t io n or e le c t r o m a g n e t i c radiation emitted

from an external source.

In t e r - c a r r i e r i n t e r f e r e n c e ( IC I)

C a u s e d b y d o p p l e r s h if t in O F D M m o d u l a t i o n .

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 T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N S 2

1 . D e f in e t h e m e a n i n g o f d is t o r t io n .

2. L is t F O U R t y p e s o f n o n lin e a r d is t o r t io n i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m .

3. D e f in e t h e m e a n i n g o f in t e r f e r e n c e .

4. L is t F O U R t y p e s o f in t e r f e r e n c e in c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m .

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3.0 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE POWER RATIO

S ig n a l- t o - N o i s e Power R a t io is the ratio of

S ig n a l Power (S) to the N o is e Power (N)

w h ic h c o r r u p t i n g t h e s ig n a l. S ig n a l- t o - N o i s e

P o w e r R a t i o i s a l s o c a lle d a s S N R o r S / N .

O f t e n d e s i g n a t e d s im p ly a s S / N , t h e

r a t io is e x p r e s s e d m a t h e m a t ic a lly a t
SNR is a defining factor when it comes to

a n y p o in t a s ,
q u a lit y of measurement where a h ig h SNR

guarantees clear a c q u is it io n s w it h low

d is t o r t io n s caused by n o is e . The better

y o u r S N R , t h e b e t t e r t h e s ig n a l s t a n d s o u t ,

the better the q u a lit y of your s ig n a l s , and

the better your a b ilit y to get the results

y o u d e s ir e . The ratio is often expressed in

decibel form as:

N o is e is usually expressed as a power

because the r e c e iv e d s ig n a l is also

expressed in terms of power. By knowing

the s ig n a l to noise powers, the s ig n a l to

n o is e r a t io c a n b e c o m p u t e d .

Rather than express the s ig n a l to noise

r a t io as simply a number, it can be

e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s o f d e c ib e ls ( d B ) .

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 3.1 NOISE FACTOR AND NOISE FIGURE

N o is e Factor (F) and N o is e F ig u r e (NF) are figures of merit used to

in d ic a t e how much the s ig n a l to noise ratio deteriorates as a signal

p a s s e s t h r o u g h a c ir c u it o r s e r ie s o f c i r c u i t s .

NOISE FACTOR NOISE FIGURE

T h e n o is e f a c t o r F o f a s y s t e m is T h e n o is e f i g u r e i s s im p ly t h e n o is e

d e f in e d a s : f a c t o r s t a t e d i n d B a n d is a p a r a m e t e r

c o m m o n ly u s e d t o in d ic a t e t h e q u a lit y

o f a r e c e iv e r .

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 LET'S TRY !!

EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

A t r a n s is t o r a m p l i f ie r h a s a m e a s u r e d For an amplifier w it h an output s ig n a l

S / N p o w e r o f 1 0 a t it s in p u t a n d 5 a t it s power of 10W and an output noise

output. power of 0.01W, d e t e r m in e the s ig n a l

( a ) C a lc u la t e t h e S N R t o n o is e p o w e r r a t io in d B

( b ) C a lc u la t e N F

S o lu t io n :

S o lu t io n :

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EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4

For an amplifier w it h an output s ig n a l For an amplifier w it h an output s ig n a l

v o lt a g e o f 4 V , a n d o u t p u t n o is e v o lt a g e power of 100W and an output noise

of 0.005V and an in p u t and output power of 0.02W, d e t e r m in e the s ig n a l

r e s is t a n c e of 50 Ω , d e t e r m in e the t o n o is e p o w e r r a t io .

s ig n a l- t o - n o i s e p o w e r .

S o lu t io n :

S o lu t io n :

EXAMPLE 5 EXAMPLE 6

For an amplifier w it h an output s ig n a l An a m p lif i e r has the output s ig n a l

power of 1000W and an output noise v o lt a g e 8 V a n d o u t p u t o f n o is e v o lt a g e

power of 0.04W, d e t e r m in e the s ig n a l 0.006V. If the input r e s is t a n c e is 50 Ω

t o n o is e p o w e r r a t io . a n d t h e o u t p u t r e s is t a n c e is 7 5 Ω , what

. is the s ig n a l to noise power r a t io of an

S o lu t io n : a m p lif ie r ?

S o lu t io n :

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T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N S 3

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 4.1 FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

Frequency is the number of t im e s a particular phenomenon occurs in e a ch p e ri o d . In

e le c t r o n ic s , f r e q u e n c y is t h e n u m b e r o f c y c l e s o f a r e p e t i t i v e w a v e t h a t o ccu rs i n e a ch

t im e . A cycle c o n s is t s of two voltage polarity reversals, current re v e rs a l s , or

e le c t r o m a g n e t i c f ie ld o s c illa t io n s . T h e c y c l e s r e p e a t , f o r m i n g a c o n t i n u o u s b u t re p e ti ti v e

wave.

T h e e le c t r o m a g n e t ic f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m i s d i v i d e d i n t o s u b s e c t i o n s , o r b a n d s o r ra n g e

w it h each band h a v in g a d if f e r e n t name and boundary. The I n te rn a ti o n a l

T e le c o m m u n i c a t i o n s U n io n ( IT U ) is an international agency in control of a l l o ca ti o n

f r e q u e n c i e s a n d s e r v ic e s w it h in t h e o v e r a l l f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m .

F ig u r e 4 . 1 : T h e E le c t r o m a g n e t ic S p e c t r u m

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 4.1 FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

E X T R E M E L Y L O W

F R E Q U E N C I E S ( E L F )

V O I C E F R E Q U E N C I E S ( V F )

A r e s ig n a l s i n t h e 3 0 H z t o 3 0 0 H z

Are signals in the 300 Hz to 3000 Hz

range and include ac power

range and include frequencies

d is t r ib u t io n s i g n a l s ( 6 0 H z ) a n d lo w

generally associated with human

f r e q u e n c y t e l e m e t r y s ig n a ls .

speech.

V E R Y L O W F R E Q U E N C IE S ( V L F )

A r e s ig n a l s i n t h e 3 k H z t o 3 0 k H z

LOW FREQUENCIES (LF)

range, which include the upper

e n d o f t h e h u m a n h e a r in g r a n g e . A r e s ig n a l s i n t h e 3 0 k H z t o 3 0 0 k H z r a n g e

VLFs are used for some and are used p r i m a r ily for m a r in e and

s p e c ia liz e d g o v e r n m e n t a n d a e r o n a u t i c a l n a v i g a t io n .

m ilit a r y s y s t e m s , s u c h a s

s u b m a r in e c o m m u n ic a t io n s .

M E D I U M F R E Q U E N C I E S ( M F )

A r e s ig n a l s i n t h e 3 0 0 k H z t o 3 M H z

H IG H F R E Q U E N C I E S ( H F )
r a n g e a n d a r e u s e d p r im a r ily f o r

c o m m e r c i a l A M r a d io b r o a d c a s t in g A r e s ig n a l s i n t h e 3 M H z t o 3 0 M H z r a n g e

(535kHz – 1605kHz) and are often referred as short waves.

M o s t t w o - w a y r a d io c o m m u n ic a t io n s u s e

t h is r a n g e . A m a t e u r r a d io a n d C it iz e n s

b a n d ( C B ) r a d i o a l s o u s e s ig n a ls in t h is

range.

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 4.1 FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

V E R Y H IG H F R E Q U E N C IE S ( V H F )

U L T R A - H I G H F R E Q U E N C IE S ( U H F S )
A r e s ig n a l s i n t h e 3 0 M H z t o 3 0 0 M H z

r a n g e a n d a r e u s e d f o r m o b ile r a d io , A r e s ig n a l s i n t h e 3 0 0 M H z t o 3 G H z

m a r in e a n d a e r o n a u t ic a l range and are used by

c o m m u n ic a t i o n s , c o m m e r c ia l F M commercial television

b r o a d c a s t i n g , a n d c o m m e r c ia l t e le v is io n b r o a d c a s t i n g , l a n d m o b ile

broadcasting of TV1 and TV2. c o m m u n ic a t i o n s e r v ic e s , c e llu la r

t e le p h o n e s , c e r t a i n r a d a r ,

n a v ig a t io n s y s t e m s , m ic r o w a v e ,

a n d s a t e lli t e r a d i o s y s t e m s .

S U P E R H IG H F R E Q U E N C IE S ( S H F )

A r e s ig n a l s i n t h e 3 G H z t o 3 0 G H z
E X T R E M E L Y H I G H F R E Q U E N C IE S ( E H F )

range and include most of the

A r e s ig n a l s i n t h e 3 0 G H z t o 3 0 0 G H z r a n g e

f r e q u e n c i e s u s e d f o r m ic r o w a v e

a n d a r e s e l d o m u s e d f o r r a d io

a n d s a t e lli t e r a d i o c o m m u n ic a t io n s

c o m m u n ic a t i o n s e x c e p t in v e r y

systems.

s o p h is t ic a t e d , e x p e n s iv e , a n d s p e c ia liz e d

a p p lic a t io n s .

IN F R A R E D

A r e s ig n a l s i n t h e 0 . 3 T H z t o 3 0 0

V IS IB L E L I G H T
THz. In f r a r e d s i g n a l s a r e u s e d in

t h e h e a t - s e e k i n g g u id a n c e
includes electromagnetic frequencies

systems, electronic photography,

that fall within the visible range of

and astronomy.
humans (0.3 PHz to 3 PHz). Used with

optical fiber systems.

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 Table 4.1 : Frequency Bands and their common uses

FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
A P P L IC A T I O N

BAND RANGE

E x t r e m e ly L o w p o w e r d is t r i b u t i o n s ig n a ls ( 6 0 H z ) a n d l o w

30 Hz to 300 Hz

Frequencies (ELF) f r e q u e n c y t e l e m e t r y s ig n a ls

V o ic e F r e q u e n c i e s
300 Hz to 3000 Hz
H u m a n s p e e c h , T e le p h o n e c o m m u n ic a t i o n

(VF)

Very Low m ilit a r y s y s t e m s s u c h a s s u b m a r in e

3 kHz to 30 kHz

Frequencies (VLF) c o m m u n ic a t i o n s

Low Frequencies

30 kHz to 300 kHz m a r in e a n d a e r o n a u t ic a l n a v ig a t io n

(LF)

M e d iu m F r e q u e n c i e s

300kHz to 3 MHz A M r a d io b r o a d c a s t in g

(MF)

H ig h F r e q u e n c i e s

3MHz to 30 MHz t w o - w a y r a d i o c o m m u n ic a t io n s : A m a t e u r R a d i o

(HF)

m o b ile r a d i o , m a r i n e a n d a e r o n a u t ic a l

V e r y H ig h
c o m m u n ic a t i o n s , c o m m e r c ia l F M b r o a d c a s t i n g ,
30MHz to 300 MHz

Frequencies (VHF) a n d c o m m e r c i a l t e le v is io n b r o a d c a s t i n g o f T V 1

and TV2.

c o m m e r c i a l t e l e v i s io n b r o a d c a s t in g , la n d m o b i l e

U lt r a - H ig h
c o m m u n ic a t i o n s e r v ic e s , c e llu la r t e le p h o n e s ,
300 MHz to 3 GHz

Frequencies (UHFs)
c e r t a in r a d a r , n a v ig a t io n s y s t e m s , m i c r o w a v e ,

and satellite radio systems.

S u p e r H ig h m ic r o w a v e l i n k s a n d s a t e llit e r a d io
3GHz to 30 GHz

frequencies (SHF) c o m m u n ic a t i o n s s y s t e m s

E x t r e m e ly H i g h

30 GHz to 300 GHz W ir e le s s l o c a l l o o p

Frequencies (EHF)

h e a t - s e e k i n g g u i d a n c e s y s t e m s , e le c t r o n i c

In f r a r e d 0 .3 T H z t o 3 0 0 T H z

photography, and astronomy.

V is ib le L ig h t 0 .3 P H z t o 3 P H z O p t ic a l c o m m u n i c a t io n s

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 4.2 WAVELENGTH

D E F I N I T I O N :

Wavelength is the distance occupied by one cycle (or one oscillation) of a wave, and it is

usually expressed in meters.

F ig u r e 4 . 2 : O n e w a v e le n g t h

If the wavelength of a s ig n a l is known or can be measured, the f r e q u e n cy of th e

s ig n a l can be c a l c u la t e d . The r e la t io n s h i p among frequency f, light v e l o ci ty c, and

w a v e le n g t h λ , is expressed mathematically as:

EXAMPLE :

For the frequencies of 1GHz, calculate its wavelength;

Solution:

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 4.3 BANDWIDTH

B a n d w id t h (BW) is the range of

f r e q u e n c i e s . T h e b a n d w id t h o f a s ig n a l
B A N D W ID T H F O R M U L A

is d e f in e d as the d if f e r e n c e between

the upper and lower f r e q u e n c ie s of a

s ig n a l generated. As seen from the

f ig u r e , bandwidth (BW) of the s ig n a l is

equal to the difference between the

h ig h e r or upper-frequency (fH) and

the lo w e r frequency (fL). It is

m e a s u r e d i n t e r m s o f H e r t z ( H z ) i. e . , t h e

u n it o f f r e q u e n c y . B a n d w id t h in d ic a t e s

t h e c a p a c i t y o f d a t a . T h e la r g e r s iz e o f

B W m e a n s t h e b i g g e r c a p a c it y o f d a t a

F ig u r e 4 . 3 : B a n d w id t h o f S ig n a ls
and more data c o u ld be transfer at

o n e t im e .

EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

If a p e r io d i c s i g n a l i s d e c o m p o s e d in t o f i v e s i n e C a lc u la t e t h e b a n d w id t h f o r t h e g iv e n s i g n a l .

w a v e s w it h f r e q u e n c ie s 1 0 0 ,3 0 0 ,5 0 0 ,7 0 0 a n d

9 0 0 H z , w h a t i s t h e B a n d w id t h ?

S o lu t io n :

S o lu t io n :

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 T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N S 4

1. W r it e F IV E t y p e s o f f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m w i t h t h e i r b a n d w i d t h a n d c a r r y o u t w i th

O N E s u it a b l e a p p l i c a t io n .

2. A t e le v is io n s i g n a l o c c u p ie s a 6 - M H z b a n d w i d t h . I f t h e l o w - f r e q u e n c y l i m i t o f

c h a n n e l 2 i s 5 4 M H z , w h a t is t h e u p p e r - f r e q u e n c y l i m i t ?

3. B r ie f ly e x p l a i n t h e r e la t io n s h ip a m o n g ( f ) , l i g h t v e l o c i t y ( c ) a n d w a v e l e n g t h ( λ ).

4. G iv e n b e lo w f r e q u e n c ie s , c a lc u la t e it s w a v e l e n g t h ; t h e n m a k e a c o n c l u s i o n a b o u t

t h e r e la t io n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e w a v e le n g t h a n d f r e q u e n c y .

a) f = 1 kHz

b) f = 1 MHz

c) f = 1 GHz

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5.0 INFORMATION CAPACITY

5 .1 A p p ly S h a n n o n ’ s l i m it f o r m u la
In f o r m a t i o n c a p a c it y is t h e m a x im u m

a m o u n t o f i n f o r m a t io n t h a t c a n p a s s
In 1 9 4 8 , a m a t h e m a t ic ia n C la u d e E .

t h r o u g h a c h a n n e l w it h o u t e r r o r . It is a
S h a n n o n f r o m B e l l T e le p h o n e

m e a s u r e o f c h a n n e l “g o o d n e s s . ” T h e
L a b o r a t o r i e s d e v e lo p e d a u s e f u l

a c t u a l a m o u n t o f i n f o r m a t io n d e p e n d s
r e la t io n s h i p a m o n g In f o r m a t io n

o n t h e c o d e h o w i n f o r m a t io n is
C a p a c it y ( I ) o f a c o m m u n ic a t io n

r e p r e s e n t e d . I n f o r m a t io n c a p a c it y is a
c h a n n e l, B a n d w i d t h ( B W ) , a n d s ig n a l t o

m e a s u r e o f h o w m u c h in f o r m a t io n
n o is e r a t io ( S / N ) . T h e h ig h e r t h e s ig n a l -

can be propagated through a

t o - n o is e r a t i o , t h e b e t t e r t h e

c o m m u n ic a t i o n s s y s t e m . It is a f u n c t io n
p e r f o r m a n c e a n d t h e h ig h e r t h e

o f b a n d w i d t h a n d t r a n s m is s io n t im e .
in f o r m a t i o n c a p a c it y . M a t h e m a t ic a lly

In f o r m a t i o n c a p a c it y r e p r e s e n t s t h e
s t a t e d , t h e S h a n n o n L im it f o r

n u m b e r o f i n d e p e n d e n t s y m b o ls t h a t
in f o r m a t i o n c a p a c it y is :

c a n b e c a r r i e d t h r o u g h a s y s t e m in

e a c h u n it o f t i m e . U s u a lly e x p r e s s e d a s

a b it r a t e .

E x a m p le 1 :

A s t a n d a r d t e l e p h o n e c ir c u it h a s a S N R o f 1 0 0 0 W a n d a b a n d w i d t h o f 3 K H z . C a l cu l a te

t h e S h a n n o n l i m i t f o r t h e in f o r m a t io n c a p a c i t y .

S o lu t io n :

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 T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N S 5

1. T h e s ig n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t io is o f t e n g iv e n i n d e c i b e l s . A s s u m e t h a t S N R ( d B ) = 3 6 a n d

t h e c h a n n e l b a n d w id t h is 2 M H z . C a lc u l a t e t h e S h a n n o n lim it f o r t h e in f o r m a t i o n

c a p a c it y .

2. A t e le p h o n e l i n e n o r m a lly h a s a b a n d w i d t h o f 3 0 0 0 H z ( 3 0 0 t o 3 3 0 0 H z ) a s s i g n e d

f o r d a t a c o m m u n i c a t io n s . T h e s ig n a l- t o - n o i s e r a t i o i s u s u a l l y 3 1 6 2 . C a l c u l a t e th e

in f o r m a t i o n c a p a c it y f o r t h is c h a n n e l.

3. F o r a s a t e l l i t e T V c h a n n e l w it h a s ig n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o o f 2 0 d B a n d a v i d e o

b a n d w id t h o f 1 0 M H z , f in d m a x im u m d a t a r a t e u s i n g S h a n n o n ’ s l i m i t f o r m u l a .

4. W h a t is t h e i n f o r m a t io n c a p a c it y f o r t e l e p r i n t e r c h a n n e l w i t h a 3 0 0 H z b a n d w i d th

a n d s ig n a l t o n o i s e r a t io o f 3 d B .

2 6 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
6.0 TRANSMISSION MODES

T r a n s m is s i o n mode is the f lo w of in f o r m a t i o n signal between two devices. These modes

d ir e c t t h e d i r e c t i o n o f f lo w o f in f o r m a t i o n s i g n a l . B u s e s a n d n e t w o r k s a r e d e s i g n e d to a l l o w

c o m m u n ic a t i o n to occur between individual devices that are i n t e rco n n e cte d . The

t r a n s m is s i o n modes can be characterized in the following three types based on th e

d ir e c t io n o f e x c h a n g e o f in f o r m a t io n a s s h o w s i n f i g u r e b e l o w .

T R A N S M IS S I O N M O D E S

S IM P L E X HALF-DUPLEX FULL-DUPLEX

F ig u r e 6 . 1 : M o d e s o f t r a n s m is s io n

2 7 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
6.1 SIMPLEX MODE

In S im p le x mode, the c o m m u n ic a t io n is unidirectional. Information signal fl o w s only in

one d ir e c t i o n on the t r a n s m is s io n medium. Simplex lines are also called r e ce i v e - only,

t r a n s m it - o n l y , o r o n e - w a y - o n ly lin e s .

W e c a n t a k e a n e x a m p le o f k e y b o a r d a n d m o n i t o r t o u n d e r s t a n d t r a n s m i s s i o n m o d e

better. The keyboard can o n ly send the data to the monitor, and the m o n i to r ca n

o n ly receive data and d is p la y it on the screen. The monitor cannot send any d a ta

return to the keyboard.

A n o t h e r e x a m p l e s f o r s im p le x a r e r a d i o b r o a d c a s t , t e l e v i s i o n b r o a d c a s t , m o u s e , e tc.

T h is transmission mode is not so popular because we cannot perform tw o -w a y

c o m m u n ic a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e n d e r a n d r e c e i v e r i n t h i s m o d e . I t i s m a i n l y u s e d i n th e

b u s in e s s f i e l d a s i n s a le s t h a t d o n o t r e q u i r e a n y c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e p l y .

F ig u r e 6 . 2 : S i m p l e x M o d e

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6.2 HALF-DUPLEX MODE

In t h is transmission mode, the communication is done in both directions, but th e

c o m m u n ic a t i o n c a n b e d o n e in o n e d ir e c t i o n a t a t i m e . H a l f d u p l e x c o m m u n i ca ti o n s l i n e s

a r e a ls o c a l l e d t w o w a y a lt e r n a t e o r e i t h e r w a y l i n e s . F o r e x a m p l e , a c o n v e rs a ti o n o n

w a lk ie - t a l k i e s i s a h a lf - d u p le x d a t a f lo w . E a c h p e r s o n t a k e s t u r n s t a l k i n g . I f b o th ta l k a t

once - nothing occurs.

F ig u r e 6 . 3 : H a lf - D u p l e x M o d e

6.3 FULL-DUPLEX MODE

The f u ll- d u p l e x c o m m u n ic a t io n permits data to be sent and received by th e same

c o m m u n ic a t i o n channel s im u lt a n e o u s l y . The sender and receiver both can tra n s m i t

a n d r e c e i v e s i m u l t a n e o u s ly a t t h e s a m e t i m e . A f u l l - d u p l e x m o d e c a n g r e a t l y i n cre a s e

t h e e f f ic ie n c y o f c o m m u n ic a t io n . T h e f u l l - d u p l e x t r a n s m i s s i o n m o d e i s l i k e a tw o -w a y

h ig h w a y road in w h ic h t r a f f ic can f lo w in both the direction at the same ti m e . H e re

t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e c h a n n e l is s h a r e d b y b o t h t h e t r a n s m i t t e d s i g n a l t r a v e l i n g i n th e

o p p o s it e direction. For e x a m p le , in the telephone system, people at b o th ends

c o m m u n ic a t i n g w i t h e a c h o t h e r b o t h c a n t a l k a n d l i s t e n a t t h e s a m e t i m e .

F ig u r e 6 . 4 : F u l l - D u p le x M o d e

2 9 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 Table 6.1 Differences between three modes of transmission

PROJECT
B A S IC

S IM P L E X HALF-DUPLEX FULL-DUPLEX

COMPARISON

Type of B id ir e c t io n a l B id ir e c t io n a l

U n id ir e c t io n a l

c o m m u n ic a t i o n ( o n e a t t im e ) ( s im u lt a n e o u s l y )

Sender can o n ly Sender can send as Sender can send

Exchange of send data (can’t w e ll as receive data and receive data

data r e c e iv e b a c k ) (but one at time) (both

s im u lt a n e o u s l y )

le s s performance

than the f u l l - d u p le x

Performance Least Better

and better the

s im p le x m o d e

Is uses the e n t ir e It is u s e d t o c o n s e r v e It is used when

c a p a c it y of the b a n d w id t h as only a c o m m u n ic a t i o n in

channel to send data s in g le c o m m u n i c a t io n both d ir e c t i o n is

in one d ir e c t i o n . So, it channel is needed, r e q u ir e d all the

Advantage

is used when w h ic h is shared t im e w it h o u t any

m a x im u m b a n d w id t h a lt e r n a t e l y between d e la y s .

is r e q u ir e d d u r i n g t h e the two direction.

t r a n s m is s i o n .

r a d io b r o a d c a s t ,

t e le p h o n e

t e le v is io n b r o a d c a s t ,

A p p lic a t io n W a lk ie - t a l k i e network, website

keyboard, mouse,

chat

etc.

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 T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N S 6

1. L is t T H R E E ( 3 ) t y p e s o f t r a n s m i s s io n m o d e .

2. Illu s t r a t e t h e dif f e re n ce s o f d a t a t r a n s m is s io n m o d e b e t w e e n h a l f d u p l e x a n d f u l l

d u p le x .

3. W it h t h e a i d o f s u i t a b le d ia g r a m , d e s c r i b e t h e T H R E E ( 3 ) t r a n s m i s s i o n m o d e th a t

are commonly used today.

4. W h a t k in d o f t r a n s m is s io n m o d e s u it a b l e f o r t r a n s m i t d a t a f r o m k e y b o a r d to

PC?

3 1 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
7.0 Types of

Communication

System

Communication system may be categorized based on

t h e ir p h y s i c a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f t h e

s ig n a l they t r a n s m it . The p h y s ic a l structure pertains to

the type of the channel used and the hardware design

of the transmitting and r e c e iv in g equipment. The signal

s p e c if ic a t i o n s s i g n if y the nature and type of the

t r a n s m it t e d s i g n a l. T h e r e a r e 4 t y p e s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n

system:

Broadcast Communication System

Mobile Communication System

Fixed Communication System

Data Communication System

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 7.1 BROADCAST COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

A broadcast is the w ir e le s s t r a n s m is s i o n of audio and video signal to a r e ce i v e r via ra d i o ,

t e le v is io n , o r o t h e r s . It is a m e t h o d o f s e n d i n g a s i g n a l w h e r e m u l t i p l e r e c e iv e rs m a y re ce i v e

f r o m a s in g l e s e n d e r . B r o a d c a s t is a t y p e o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n s c a l l e d S i m p l e x (d a ta fl o w i n o n e

d ir e c t io n ) .

T h e r e is n o i n t e r a c t io n b e t w e e n t h e o r i g i n a t o r o f t h e c o n t e n t a n d t h e u s e r o f th e co n te n t,

s o if t h e c o n t e n t d e liv e r y is d e la y e d b y e v e n a s e c o n d o r s o , t h e r e w i l l b e l i t tl e e ffe ct o n th e

v a lu e of the c o m m u n ic a t io n s . H is t o r i c a l l y , there have been several d i ffe re n t ty p e s of

e le c t r o n ic b r o a d c a s t in g m e d ia :

T e le p h o n e b r o a d c a s t in g ( 1 8 8 1 )

R a d io b r o a d c a s t i n g ( 1 9 0 6 )

T e le v is io n b r o a d c a s t in g ( t e le c a s t ) ( 1 9 2 5 )

C a b le r a d i o ( 1 9 2 8 )

S a t e llit e t e l e v i s i o n ( 1 9 7 4 ) a n d S a t e llit e r a d i o ( 1 9 9 0 )

W e b c a s t in g o f v i d e o / t e le v is io n ( 1 9 9 3 ) a n d a u d i o / r a d i o ( 1 9 9 4 ) s t r e a m s .

F ig u r e 7 . 1 : B r o a d c a s t C o m m u n ic a t io n S y s t e m

3 3 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 7.2 MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

M o b ile c o m m u n i c a t io n system is a wireless communication in which v o i ce and d a ta

in f o r m a t i o n i s e m i t t e d , t r a n s m it t e d , a n d r e c e i v e d v i a m i c r o w a v e s i g n a l s . E x a m p l e : ta l k i n g o n

t h e h a n d p h o n e , S M S v ia h a n d p h o n e a n d s o o n . I t i s a F u l l D u p l e x c o m m u n i c a ti o n (d a ta fl o w i n

2 d ir e c t io n s s i m u l t a n e o u s ly ) . U s in g GSM (Global System for Mobile) which is a s ta n d a rd set

d e v e lo p e d by the European T e le c o m m u n i c a t i o n s Standards Institute (E T S I ) . A w i re l e s s

c o m m u n ic a t i o n link in c lu d e s a transmitter, a receiver, and a channel as shown in F i g u re .

M o s t lin k s a r e f u l l d u p le x a n d in c lu d e a t r a n s m i t t e r a n d a r e c e i v e r o r a t r a n s ce i v e r a t e a ch

end of the link.

F ig u r e 7 . 2 : M o b ile C o m m u n i c a t io n S y s t e m

F ig u r e a b o v e s h o w t h e w ir e le s s m o b il e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m w i t h d i f f e r e n t s y s te m :

(a) M o b ile - b a s e s t a t i o n

(b) Peer-to-peer

(c) M o b ile - r e p e a t e r - m o b ile

(d) M o b ile s a t e l l i t e

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 7.3 FIX COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

F ix e d C o m m u n i c a t io n is a f u ll- d u p le x (FDX) or sometimes double-duplex s y s te m , allows

c o m m u n ic a t i o n in both d ir e c t io n s using fixed line. Example: Land-line telephone n e tw o rk s

U s in g Public S w i t c h in g T e le p h o n e Network (PSTN) which is a standard set developed by

IT U - T . N o w , M a l a y s i a is m o v in g t o w a r d s N G N ( N e x t G e n e r a t i o n N e t w o r k ) .

F ig u r e 7 . 3 : P u b l i c S w it c h in g T e le p h o n e N e t w o r k ( P S T N )

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 7.4 DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Data communication is the process of transferring digital information (usually in b i n a ry

form) between two or more p o in t s . Example: computer communications (b e ca u s e m u ch

of the in f o r m a t i o n is exchanged between computers and peripheral d e v i ce s ) . D a ta may

b e a s s im p l e a s b i n a r y o n e s a n d z e r o s , o r i t m a y i n c l u d e c o m p l e x i n f o r m a t i o n , s u ch a s d i g i ta l

a u d io o r v i d e o .

F ig u r e 7 . 4 : D a t a C o m m u n ic a t io n S y s t e m C o m p o n e n t

3 6 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 T U T O R IA L Q U E S T IO N S 7

1. L is t F O U R ( 4 ) t y p e s o f c o m m u n ic a t io n s y s t e m a n d r e l a t e t h e m w i t h O N E ( 1 )

s u it a b le a p p l i c a t i o n .

2. D if f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n B r o a d c a s t C o m m u n i c a t i o n S y s t e m a n d M o b i l e

Communication System.

3. D if f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n F ix C o m m u n ic a t i o n S y s t e m a n d D a t a C o m m u n i c a t io n

System.

4. What are the components of a data communication system?

3 7 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
ASNWER TO

TUTORIAL

QUESTIONS

3 8 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 ASNWER TO TUTORIAL QUESTION 1

Question 1 Question 2

Communication is a process of Four examples of destination in

transmission, reception, and communication system block diagram

processing the information i) People

between two or more location ii) Computer

through transmission media. The iii) Hand phone

element of communication iv) Electronic devices

system is:

i) Information source
Question 3

ii) Transmitter The process that in v o lv e s in receiver

iii) Transmission medium part in c l u d e the d e m o d u la t i o n ,

iv) Receiver d e m u lt ip le x i n g and d e c o d in g . E x a m p le s :

v) Destination D e m o d u la t o r , D e m u lt ip le x e r , T r a n s d u c e r ,

Decoder, Photo detector, etc.

Question 4

F u n c t io n o f e a c h b lo c k d ia g r a m o f a c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m .

A = In f o r m a t i o n S o u r c e

g e n e r a t e s t h e i n f o r m a t io n ( a u d io , t e x t , i m a g e , o r v i d e o )

B= Transmitter

C o n v e r t s t h e o r i g i n a l s o u r c e in f o r m a t i o n t o a f o r m m o r e s u i t a b l e f o r

t r a n s m is s i o n . E x : M o d u la t o r , M u lt ip le x e r , T r a n s d u c e r , E n c o d e r , L i g h t S o u r c e e tc.

C = T r a n s m i s s i o n M e d iu m / C h a n n e l

m e d ia / lin k / p a t h t h a t c a p a b le t o t r a n s f e r t h e e l e c t r o n i c s i g n a l f r o m t r a n s m i tte r

t o r e c e iv e r . E x : T w is t e d P a ir C a b le , C o a x i a l C a b l e , F i b e r O p t i c C a b l e , W a v e g u i d e , e tc.

D = R e c e iv e r

A c o lle c t io n o f o n e o r m o r e e le c t r o n ic d e v i c e s o r c i r c u i t s t h a t a c c e p t t h e

t r a n s m it t e d s i g n a l s f r o m t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n m e d i u m a n d t h e n c o n v e r t b a c k to th e i r

o r ig in a l in f o r m a t i o n f o r m .

E = D e s t in a t i o n

A n y t h in g t h a t r e c e iv e t h e t r a n s m it t e d i n f o r m a t i o n a n d c a p a b l e t o s t o r e t h e m .

F= System Noise

N o is e is a n y u n w a n t e d e le c t r ic a l s ig n a l s t h a t i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n s i g n a l .

3 9 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 A
ASSN
NWWE
ERR T
TOO T
TUUT
TOOR
RIIA
ALL Q
QUUE
ESST
TIIO
ONN 2
2

Q U E S T IO N 1 Q U E S T IO N 2

Distortion is any changes in the FOUR types of nonlinear distortion

original signal which has a in communication system.

corrupting effect on its form or i. Harmonic distortion/amplitude

shape distortion

ii. Intermodulation distortion

iii. Frequency response distortion

iv. Phase distortion

Q U E S T IO N 4

Q U E S T IO N 3

F O U R t y p e s o f n o n lin e a r d is t o r t io n in

In t e r f e r e n c e is when in f o r m a t io n c o m m u n ic a t i o n s y s t e m :

s ig n a ls from one source produce i. A d j a c e n t - C h a n n e l In t e r f e r e n c e

frequencies that f a ll o u t s id e t h e ir ( A C I)

a llo c a t e d bandwidth and in t e r f e r e ii. C o - C h a n n e l I n t e r f e r e n c e ( C C I) o r

w it h in f o r m a t i o n s ig n a ls from C r o s s t a lk

another source. iii. E le c t r o m a g n e t i c I n t e r f e r e n c e

( E M I)

iv . In t e r - c a r r i e r i n t e r f e r e n c e ( IC I)

4 0 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 ASNWER TO TUTORIAL QUESTION 3

Question 1 Question 2

SUMMARY

OF THE BOOK

Question 3 Question 4

4 1 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 ASNWER TO TUTORIAL QUESTION 4

Q U E S T IO N 1

M e d iu m A M r a d io b r o a d c a s t , m a r it im e / a e r o n a u t i c a l

300K-3 MHz
Frequency (MF) m o b ile

H ig h F r e q u e n c y

3 - 30 MHz S h o r t w a v e B r o a d c a s t R a d io

(HF)

V e r y H ig h L o w b a n d : T V B a n d 1 - C h a n n e l 2 - 6 , M id b a n d :

30 - 300 MHz

Frequency (VHF) F M r a d io , H i g h B a n d : T V B a n d 2 - C h a n n e l 7 - 1 3

U lt r a - H ig h

300M - 1GHz M o b ile p h o n e , C h a n n e l 1 4 - 7 0

frequency (UHF)

S u p e r - H ig h S a t e llit e c o m m u n i c a t io n , C - b a n d , x - b a n d ,

3-30 GHz

frequency (UHF) Ku-band, Ka-band.

Q U E S T IO N 2 Q U E S T IO N 3

From the e q u a t io n , w a v e le n g t h is inversely

p r o p o r t io n a l t o t h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e w a v e a n d

d ir e c t ly p r o p o r t io n a l to the velocity of

propagation.

Where;

λ = w a v e le n g t h ( m e t e r )

c = v e lo c it y o f l i g h t ( 3 x 1 0 8 m / s )

f = frequency (Hz)

Q U E S T IO N 4

T h e c o n c l u s i o n i s f r e q u e n c y a n d w a v e l e n g t h a r e i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o e a ch

o t h e r . T h e w a v e w it h t h e g r e a t e s t f r e q u e n c y h a s t h e s h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g th .

4 2 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 ASNWER TO TUTORIAL QUESTION 5

Question 1 Question 2

Question 3 Question 4

4 3 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 ASNWER TO TUTORIAL QUESTION 6

1 . T h r e e t y p e s o f t r a n s m is s io n m o d e .

i) D u p le x

ii) H a lf d u p le x

iii) F u ll d u p l e x

2 . F o r h a lf d u p l e x m o d e , d a t a c a n b e t r a n s m i t t e d i n b o t h d i r e c t i o n b u t n o t a t th e s a m e

t im e . F o r e x a m p l e , w a lk ie t a lk ie .

For f u ll duplex mode, t r a n s m is s io n of data in two direction. It allows t r a n s m i tti n g and

r e c e iv in g a t t h e s a m e t im e . F o r e x a m p l e , t e l e p h o n e .

3 . D ia g r a m o f T H R E E ( 3 ) t r a n s m is s io n m o d e t h a t a r e c o m m o n l y u s e d t o d a y .

i) S im p le x m o d e

ii) H a lf d u p l e x m o d e

iii) F u ll d u p l e x m o d e

4. T r a n s m is s i o n m o d e t h a t s u it a b le f o r t r a n s m i t d a t a f r o m k e y b o a r d t o P C i s

S im p le x M o d e

4 4 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
 ASNWER TO TUTORIAL QUESTION 7

1. F O U R t y p e s o f c o m m u n ic a t io n s y s t e m w i t h O N E s u i t a b l e a p p l i c a t i o n .

i) B r o a d c a s t C o m m u n ic a t io n S y s t e m – A p p l i c a t i o n : t v / r a d i o b r o a d c a s t i n g

ii) M o b ile C o m m u n i c a t io n S y s t e m – A p p lic a t i o n : t a l k i n g / S M S / W h a t s A p p v i a h a n d p h o n e

iii) F ix e d C o m m u n i c a t i o n S y s t e m - A p p lic a t i o n : L a n d - l i n e t e l e p h o n e n e t w o r k s

iv ) D a t a C o m m u n i c a t io n S y s t e m - A p p l i c a t i o n : c o m p u t e r s

2 . D if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n B r o a d c a s t C o m m u n i c a t i o n S y s t e m a n d M o b i l e C o m m u n i ca ti o n S y s te m .

B r o a d c a s t C o m m u n ic a t io n S y s t e m M o b ile C o m m u n i c a t io n S y s t e m

O n e w a y c o m m u n ic a t io n ( S im p le x ) T w o - w a y c o m m u n ic a t io n ( F u ll D u p le x )

U s in g r a d i o w a v e U s in g m ic r o w a v e

3 . D if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n F ix C o m m u n ic a t i o n S y s t e m a n d D a t a C o m m u n i c a t i o n S y s te m .

F ix C o m m u n i c a t i o n S y s t e m Data Communication System

In f o r m a t i o n i n a n a lo g s ig n a l ( a u d io ) In f o r m a t i o n i n d i g i t a l s ig n a l

T e le p h o n e - t e l e p h o n e Computer-computer

4 . C o m p o n e n t s o f a d a t a c o m m u n ic a t i o n s y s t e m ?

M e s s a g e i s t h e i n f o r m a t io n t o b e c o m m u n i c a t e d b y t h e

Message

s e n d e r t o t h e r e c e iv e r .

T h e s e n d e r i s a n y d e v ic e t h a t is c a p a b l e o f s e n d i n g t h e

Sender

data (message).

T h e r e c e i v e r i s a d e v ic e t h a t t h e s e n d e r w a n t s t o

R e c e iv e r

c o m m u n ic a t e t h e m d a t a ( m e s s a g e ) .

It is t h e p a t h b y w h ic h t h e m e s s a g e t r a v e l s f r o m s e n d e r t o

T r a n s m is s i o n M e d i u m

r e c e iv e r . I t c a n b e w ir e d o r w ir e le s s .

It is a n a g r e e d u p o n s e t o r r u le s u s e d b y t h e s e n d e r a n d

Protocol
r e c e iv e r t o c o m m u n ic a t e d a t a .

A set of rules that governs data communication.

A n e c e s s i t y i n d a t a c o m m u n ic a t io n s w i t h o u t w h i c h t h e

c o m m u n ic a t i n g e n t it ie s a r e lik e t w o p e r s o n s t r y i n g t o t a l k t o

e a c h o t h e r i n a d i f f e r e n t la n g u a g e w i t h o u t k n o w t h e o t h e r

la n g u a g e .

4 5 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
REFERENCES

4 6 | I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M
Terbitan