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INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic and
oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long hydrocarbon
chain of about 10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the functional group.
A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different

polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and
hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other end is the short
polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil and
grease.
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Long Hydrocarbon Chain Hydrophobic end Hydrophilic end
When soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap solution that is colloidal
in nature. Agitating it tends to concentrate the solution on the surface and causes
foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a unimolecular film on the surface of
water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end of a soap molecule that
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are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust
absorbed in it). The short polar end containing the carboxylate ion, face the water
away from the dirt. A number of soap molecules surround or encircle dirt and
grease in a clustered structure called 'micelles', which encircles such particles and
emulsify them.
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Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard water contains

Calcium and magnesium ions which react with sodium carbonate to produce
insoluble carbonates of higher fatty acids.
2C17H35COONa +Ca2+ (C17H35COO) 2 Ca +2Na+
(Water soluble) (ppt.)
2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ (C17H35COO) 2 Mg +2Na+
This hardness can be removed by addition of Sodium Carbonate.
Ca2++ Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+
Mg2++ Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2Na+

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EXPERIMENT 1
Aim: To compare the foaming capacities of five different commercial soaps.
Apparatus: 5 test tubes, 5 conical flasks (100 ml), test tube stand, Bunsen burner
and stop watch.
Materials 5 different samples of soap and distilled water

Required:
Theory: The foaming capacity of a soap sample depends upon the nature of
soap and its concentration. This can be compared for various samples of
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soaps by taking the same concentration of solution and shaking them.
The foam is formed and the time taken for disappearances of
foam in all cases is compared. The lesser the time taken by a solution
for the disappearance of foam, the lower is its foaming capacity.
 Five conical flasks (100 ml each) are taken and numbered 1 to 5.
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Procedure:
 In each of these flasks equal amounts (say 5 gm) of the given
samples of soap shavings or granules are taken and 50 ml of distilled
water is added.
 Each conical flask is heated few minutes to dissolve all the soap
completely.
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 In a test-tube stand, five big clean and dry test tubes are taken and
numbered 1 to 5
 One ml of the five soap solution is then poured in the test tubes of
corresponding number.
 10 ml. of distilled water is then added to each test tube.
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 Test tube no 1 is then shaken vigorously 5 times.

 The foam would be formed in the empty space above the container.
Stop watch is started immediately and the time taken for the
disappearance of foam is noted.
 Similarly the other test tubes are shaken vigorously for equal
number of times (i.e., 5 times) with approximately with the same
force and the time taken for the disappearance of foam in each case
is recorded.
 The lesser the time taken for the disappearance of foam, the lower
is the foaming capacity.
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Observation: Amount of each soap sample taken = 5 gm.

Amount of distilled water taken = 50 ml.
Volume of each soap solution taken = 1 ml.
Volume of distilled water added = 10 ml.
S. No. Soap Sample Time taken (seconds)
1.
2.
3.
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4.
5.
Conclusions: The soap for which the time taken for the disappearance of foam is
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highest has maximum foaming capacity and is the best quality soap
among the soaps tested.
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EXPERIMENT 2
Aim: Study the effect of the addition of Sodium Carbonate (Washing Soda)
on the foaming capacity of different soap solutions.
Apparatus: 3 test tubes, test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop watch.
Materials 0.5 g sample of soap, water (distilled & tap both) and M/10 Na2CO3
Required: solution.
Theory: When sodium or potassium soaps are put into water containing calcium
and magnesium ions (Hard water), results in formation of scum which
applies grey appearance on the cloth. To achieve the same washing or
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cleaning action, more soap must be added.
2C17H35COONa +Ca2+ (C17H35COO) 2 Ca +2Na+

(Water soluble) (scum)
Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly

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calcium and magnesium ions) (in contrast with soft water). Hard water
minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+)
metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as
bicarbonates and sulphates. Calcium usually enters the water as either
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of limestone and chalk, or
calcium sulphate (CaSO4), in the form of other mineral deposits.
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When Na2CO3 is added to tap water the calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium
(Mg2+) ions precipitate as their carbonates .i.e. foaming capacity of soap
increases.
Ca2++ Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+
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Mg2++ Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2Na+

Procedure:  Dissolve 0.5g of soap and dissolve it in 50 ml of distilled water.
 Take three test tubes and add distilled water in first, tap water in
second and third test tube.
 Add 5 ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to third test tube.
 To above test tubes add soap solutions separately.
 Now shake first test tubes for formation of foam.
 Now start the stop watch to calculate time taken for disappearance
of foam.
 Similarly, perform the experiment with other soap solutions.
Record the observations in a tabular form.
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Observation: Amount of each soap sample taken = 0. 5 gm.

Amount of distilled water taken = 50 ml.
Volume of each soap solution taken = 1 ml.
Volume of distilled water added = 10 ml.
S. No. Water used Time taken (seconds)
1.
2.
3.
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Conclusions: Foaming capacity of soap in maximum in distilled water.
The foaming capacity of soap increases on the addition of Sodium
Carbonate.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Internet :
 www.wikipedia.co.in
 www.google.co.in
 www.icbse.com
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 Books :
 Comprehensive Practical Chemistry
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A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different

Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard water contains

2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ (C17H35COO) 2 Mg +2Na+

This hardness can be removed by addition of Sodium Carbonate.

Ca2++ Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+

Mg2++ Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2Na+

Aim: To compare the foaming capacities of five different commercial soaps.

Materials 5 different samples of soap and distilled water

 Test tube no 1 is then shaken vigorously 5 times.

Observation: Amount of each soap sample taken = 5 gm.

S. No. Soap Sample Time taken (seconds)

2C17H35COONa +Ca2+ (C17H35COO) 2 Ca +2Na+

Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly

Mg2++ Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2Na+

Observation: Amount of each soap sample taken = 0. 5 gm.

S. No. Water used Time taken (seconds)

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