Mukesh Lamgariya

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION
UNIVERSAL CONVENT SEN. SECONDARY SCHOOL
HALDWANI(NAINITAL)
A PRACTICAL RECORD FILE IS SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY FOR

THE PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF CLASS XI EXAMINATION.
SESSION – 2023-2024
CHEMISTRY-INVESTIGATORY PROJECT FILE
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

MUKESH LAMGARIYA MR. GANESH UPADHYAY SIR
CLASS: XI ‘A’
ROLL NO. : 29
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude and

indebtedness to our learned teacher Mr. Ganesh
Upadhyay sir, PGT CHEMISTRY , Universal Convent
Senior Secondary School Haldwani(Nainital) for his
invaluable help, advice and guidance in the preparation
of this project on the topic “FOAMING CAPACITY OF SOAP”. I
am also greatly indebted to our principal Mrs. Manju
Joshi and school authorities for providing me with the
facilities and requisite laboratory conditions for making
this project file. I also extend my thanks to a number of
teachers, my classmates and friends who helped me to
complete this practical file successfully.
Mukesh Lamgariya.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mukesh Lamgariya, student of

Class XI, Universal Convent Senior Secondary School
Haldwani(Nainital) has completed the PROJECT FILE
during the academic year 2023-2024 towards partial
fulfillment of credit for the CHEMISTRY practical
evaluation of CBSE and submitted satisfactory report,
as compiled in the following pages, under my
supervision.
Examiner Signature:-
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic
and oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long
hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the
functional group.
A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different

polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and
hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other end is the
short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble
in oil and grease.
When soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap solution that is colloidal in
nature. Agitating it tends to concentrate the solution on the surface and causes
foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a unimolecular film on the
surface of water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end of a soap
molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround the dirt (fat or
oil with dust absorbed in it). The short polar end containing the carboxylate
ion, face the water away from the dirt. A number of soap molecules surround
or encircle dirt and grease in a clustered structure called 'micelles', which
encircles such particles and emulsify them.
Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard water contains
Calcium and magnesium ions which react with sodium carbonate to produce
insoluble carbonates of higher fatty acids.
2C17H35COONA + Ca2+ (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+

(water soluble) (ppt.)
This hardness can be removed by addition of Sodium Carbonate.
Ca2+ + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+

EXPERIMENT 1
Aim:
To compare the foaming capacities of five different commercial soaps.
Apparatus:
5 test tubes, 5 conical flasks (100 ml), test tube stand, Bunsen
burner and stop watch. Materials Required: 5 different samples of soap and
distilled water
Theory:
The foaming capacity of a soap sample depends upon the nature of soap and
its concentration. This can be compared for various samples of soaps by taking
the same concentration of solution and shaking them. The foam is formed and
the time taken for disappearances of foam in all cases is compared. The lesser
the time taken by a solution for the disappearance of foam, the lower is its
foaming capacity.
Procedure:
➢ Five conical flasks (100 ml each) are taken and numbered 1 to 5.
➢ In each of these flasks equal amounts (say 5 gm) of the given samples of
soap shavings or granules are taken and 50 ml of distilled water is added.
➢ Each conical flask is heated few minutes to dissolve all the soap
completely. In a test-tube stand, five big clean and dry test tubes are taken
and numbered 1 to 5.
➢ One ml of the five soap solution is then poured in the test tubes of
corresponding number.
➢ 10 ml. of distilled water is then added to each test tube. Test tube no 1 is
then shaken vigorously 5 times.
➢ The foam would be formed in the empty space above the container. Stop
watch is started immediately and the time taken for the disappearance of
foam is noted.
➢ Similarly the other test tubes are shaken vigorously for equal number of
times (i.e., 5 times) with approximately with the same force and the time
taken for the disappearance of foam in each case is recorded.
➢ The lesser the time taken for the disappearance of foam, the lower is the
foaming capacity.
Observation:
Amount of each soap sample taken = 5 gm.
Amount of distilled water taken = 50 ml.
Volume of each soap solution taken = 1 ml.
Volume of distilled water added = 10 ml.
Observation Table:
S. No. Soap Sample(Brand name) Time Taken (seconds)
1. Dove 1’42”
2. Lux 3’28”
3. Tetmosol 5’10”
4. Santoor 15’32”
5. Cinthol 9’40”
Conclusions:
The soap for which the time taken for the disappearance of foam is highest has
maximum foaming capacity and is the best quality soap among the soaps
tested.
EXPERIMENT 2
Aim:
Study the effect of the addition of Sodium Carbonate (Washing Soda) on the
foaming capacity of different soap solutions.
Apparatus:
3 test tubes, test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop watch.
Materials Required:
0.5 g sample of soap, water (distilled & tap both) and M/10 Na2CO3 solution.
Theory:
When sodium or potassium soaps are put into water containing calcium and
magnesium ions (Hard water), results in formation of scum which applies grey
appearance on the cloth. To achieve the same washing or cleaning action,
more soap must be added.
2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ (C17H35COO)2 Ca + 2Na+

(water soluble) (scum)
Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly calcium and
magnesium ions) (in contrast with soft water). Hard water minerals primarily
consist of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes
other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and sulphates. Calcium
usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of
limestone and chalk, or calcium sulphate (CaSO4), in the form of other mineral
deposits.
When Na2CO3 is added to tap water the calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+)
ions precipitate as their carbonates .i.e. foaming capacity of soap increases.
Ca2+ + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+
Mg2+ + Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2Na+

Procedure:
➢ Dissolve 0.5g of soap and dissolve it in 50 ml of distilled water.
➢ Take three test tubes and add distilled water in first, tap water in second
and third test tube.
➢ Add 5 ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to third test tube.
➢ To above test tubes add soap solutions separately.
➢ Now shake first test tubes for formation of foam.
➢ Now start the stop watch to calculate time taken for disappearance of
foam.
➢ Similarly, perform the experiment with other soap solutions. Record the
observations in a tabular form.
Observation:
Amount of each soap sample taken = 0.5 gm.
Amount of distilled water taken = 50 ml.
Volume of each soap solution taken = 1 ml.
Volume of distilled water added = 10ml.
Observation Table:
Test Water Used Volume Of Time taken for
Tube Soap The disappearance
No. Solution Of foam
1. 10 ml distilled 1ml 29880 sec
water
2. 10 ml tap 1 ml 22680 sec
Water
3. 5 ml tab water + 1ml 33480 sec
5ml M/10 Na2CO3
solution
Conclusions:
Foaming capacity of soap in maximum in distilled water. The foaming capacity of soap
increases on the addition of Sodium Carbonate.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY

A PRACTICAL RECORD FILE IS SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY FOR

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude and

This is to certify that Mukesh Lamgariya, student of

A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different

2C17H35COONA + Ca2+ (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+

This hardness can be removed by addition of Sodium Carbonate.

Ca2+ + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+

Amount of distilled water taken = 50 ml.

Volume of each soap solution taken = 1 ml.

Volume of distilled water added = 10 ml.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ (C17H35COO)2 Ca + 2Na+

Ca2+ + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+

Mg2+ + Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2Na+

Amount of distilled water taken = 50 ml.

Volume of each soap solution taken = 1 ml.

Volume of distilled water added = 10ml.

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