HYDRAULICS 1-93.

a fluid is flowing in a pipe 8” in diameter with a mean

Energy and Head velocity of 10 ft/s. the pressure at the center of the pipe is
Energy - ability to do work 5 psi, and the elevation of the pipe above the assumed datum
is 15 ft. Compute the total head in feet if the fluid is:
2 Forms of Energy Commonly Recognized: (a) Water
1. Kinetic Energy v2 P 102 5(12)2
2. Potential Energy - subdivided into energy due to E= + +z = + + 15 = ��. ��� ��
2g 2(32.2) 62.4
position/elevation above a given datum plane, and energy due
to pressure in fluid (b) Oil (sp gr 0.80)
v2 P 102 5(12)2
3 forms of energy which must be considered in connection with flow E= + +z = + + 15 = ��. ��� ��
of fluids: 2g 2(32.2) 0.80(62.4)
1. Kinetic Energy
- ability of a mass to do work by virtue of its velocity (c) Molasses (sp gr 1.50)
v2 P 102 5(12)2
v2 ��
E= + +z = + + 15 = ��. ��� ��
Formula:
1
KE = 2 mv2 = 2
1 W
v2 = W = 2g 2(32.2) (1.50)62.4
g g ��
(�/�)2 (��/�)2
Unit: =� �� = �� (d) gas (unite weight = 0.040)
�/�2 ��/�2
v2 P 102 5(12)2
E= + +z = + + 15 = ��, ���. ��� ��
2. Elevation Energy 2g 2(32.2) 0.040
- manifested in a fluid by virtue of its position/elevation
with respect to some arbitrarily selected horizontal datum 2-93. a liquid (sg=2.0) is flowing in a 2” pipe. The total energy
plane, considered in connection with the action of gravity at a given point is found to be 24.5 ft-lb per lb. The elevation
of the pipe above the datum is 10ft, and the pressure in the
3. Pressure Energy pipe is 9.5 psi. Compute the velocity of the flow and the
- differs fundamentally from KE and elevation energy, to the horsepower in the stream at that point.
extent that no mass per se can have such energy v2 P
E= + +z
2g
�
Formula: P= h ; �= v2 9.5(12)2
24.5 = + + 10
2(32.2) 2(62.4)
Total Energy Head � = ��. ��� ��/�
v2 P
E= + +z π 2 2
2g Q E (vA)( )(E)
15.096
4 12
2(62.4) 24.5
HP = = 550
= 550
= �. ��� ��
550
Power - rate of doing work
Formula: Q E 3-93. The jet of water from a nozzle discharging into air has
Unit:
J
=
N∙m
or
lb∙ft a diameter of 6” and a mean velocity of 120 ft/s. compute the
s s s velocity head and the horsepower in the jet.
Horsepower v2 1202
= = 223.602 ft
� � 2g 2(32.2)
Formula: 550
Unit: hp π 6 2
Q = vA = 120 = 23.562 ft3 /s
4 12
v2 P
E= + + z = 223.602 ft
2g
Q E (23.562)(62.4)(223.602)
HP = = = ���. ��� ��
550 550
4-93. At a summit in a 12” pipe line in which 6.0 cfs of water is flowing Bernoulli’s Energy
the elevation above datum is 30’ and the total head is 15’. Compute E 1 = E 2 + HL
the absolute pressure in the pipe. E 1 + HP = E 2 + H L
π 6 2 V21
+
p1
+ z 1 + HP =
V22
+
p2
+ z2 + HL
Q = vA 6.0 = v v = 7.639 ft3 /s 2g 2g
4 12
1-99. In Fig. 40, assume the following head losses: from 1 to
v2 P 2, 0 ft; from 2 to 3, 2 ft; from 3 to 4, 7 ft; from 4 to 5, 1
E= + +z
2g ft. Make a table showing elevation head, velocity head, pressure
(7.639)2 P head, and total head at each of the five points. How high above
15 = + + 30 the center of the pipe will water stand in the piezometer tubes
2(32.2) 62.4
1 2 at 3 and 4?
P =− 992.542 lb/ft3 =− 6.893 psi
12

Pabs = Patm + Pgage = 14.7 − 6.893 = �. ��� ���

5-93. At point A where the suction pipe leading to a pump is 4’ below

the pump an open manometer indicated a vacuum of 7” of mercury. The
pipe is 4” in diameter, and the discharge is 1.1cfs of oil (sg=0.85).
Compute the total head at point A with respect to a datum at the pump.
π 4 2
1 2 3 4 5
Q = vA 1.1 = v v = 12.605 ft/s v2
4 12
0 0 10 10 10
2g
P 1 P P
h= −7 = P =− 495.04 0 20 8 1 0
12 13.6(62.4)
z 20 0 0 0 0
v2 P (12.605)2 495.04 E 20 20 18 11 10
E= + +z = − − 4 =− ��. ��� ��
2g 2(32.2) 0.85(62.4)
Eq 1→5 Eq 2→3
6-93. The cross section of a pipe was divided into ten equal areas V21 p1 V25 p5 V22 p2 V23 p3
+ + z1 = + + z 5 + HL + + z2 = + + z 3 + HL
by means of concentric circles. The mean velocities in the areas, 2g 2g 2g 2g
V25 p3
beginning at the center of the pipe, were measured, in ft/s, as follows: 0 + 0 + 20 = + 0 + 0 + 10 0 + 20 + 0 = 10 + +0+2
2g
5.62, 5.58, 5.50, 5.38, 5.18, 4.90, 4.54, 4.04, 3.36, 2.52. Compute α. V25 p3
= 10 ft = 8 ft
2g

V23 V24 V25

= = = 10 ft
2g 2g 2g

Eq 1→2 Eq 3→4
V21 p1 V22 p2 V23 p3 V24 p4
+ + z1 = + + z 2 + HL + + z3 = + + z 4 + HL
2g 2g 2g 2g
p2 p4
0 + 0 + 20 = 0 + +0+0 10 + 8 + 0 = 10 + +0+7
p2 p4
= 20 ft = 1 ft
2-100. A 12” pipe is connected by a reducer to a 4” pipe. Points 1 (c) Molasses (sg = 1.50)
and 2 are at the same elevation. The P 3(12)2
pressure at 1 is 30 psi. Q=1 cfs flowing HL1−2 = = = 4.615 ft
1.50(62.4)
from 1 to 2, and the energy lost between
1 and 2 is equivalent to 3 psi. Compute
Q = vA
the pressure at 2 if the liquid is: 1
v1 = 2 = 1.273 ft/s
π 12
(a) Water 4 12
P 3(12)2 1
HL1−2 = = = 6.923 ft v2 = 2
= 11.459 ft/s
62.4 π 4
4 12
Q = vA
1 V21 P1 V22 P2
v1 = 2
= 1.273 ft/s + + z1 = + + z2 + HL
π 12 2g 2g
4 12 (1.273)2 30(12)2 (11.459)2 P2
1 + +0= + + 0 + 4.615
v2 = = 11.459 ft/s 2(32.2) 1.5(62.4) 2(32.2) 15(62.4)
2
π 4
4 12 �� = �, ���. ��� ��� = ��. ��� ���

V21 P1 V22 P2 3-100. In Fig. A, with 0.5 cfs of water flowing from 1 to 2,
+ + z1 = + + z2 + HL the pressure at 1 id 15 psi and at 2 is 10 psi. Compute the loss
2g 2g
2 of head between 1 and 2.
(1.273) 30(12)2 (11.459)2 P2
+ +0= + + 0 + 6.923 Q = vA
2(32.2) 62.4 2(32.2) 62.4 0.5
v1 = 2 = 0.637 ft/s
�� = �, ���. ��� ��� = ��. ��� ��� π 12
4 12
0.5
(b) Oil (sg = 0.80) v2 = 2 = 5.30 ft/s
P 3(12)2 π 4
HL1−2 = = = 8.654 ft 4 12
0.80(62.4)

Q = vA V21 P1 V22 P2
+ + z1 = + + z2 + HL
1 2g 2g
v1 = 2 = 1.273 ft/s (0.637)2 15(12)2 (5.30)2 10(12)2
π 12 + +0= + + 0 + HL1−2
4 12 2(32.2) 62.4 2(32.2) 62.4
1
v2 = 2 = 11.459 ft/s ���−� = ��. ��� ��
π 4
4 12

V21 P1 V22 P2
+ + z1 = + + z2 + HL
2g 2g
(1.273)2 30(12)2 (11.459)2 P2
+ +0 = + + 0 + 8.654
2(32.2) 0.80(62.4) 2(32.2) 0.80(62.4)

�� = �, ���. ��� ��� = ��. ��� ���

4-100. With 1 cfs of water flowing in Fig A, what pressure must be 6-100. Compute the velocity head of the jet in Fig B if �1 is
maintained at 1 if the pressure at 2 is to be 10 psi and the loss of 3”, �2 is 1”, the pressure head at 1 is 100’ of the liquid flowing,
head between 1 and 2 is 5% of the difference in pressure heads at 1 and the lost head between 1 and 2 is 5% of the velocity head
and 2? at point 2.
Q = vA
1
v1 = 2
= 1.273 ft/s
π 12
4 12
1
v2 = 2 = 11.459 ft/s
π 4
4 12

V21 P1 V22 P2
+ + z1 = + + z2 + HL
2g 2g
(1.273)2 P1 (11.459)2 10(12)2
+ +0= + + 0 + 0.05 10(12)2 − P1
2(32.2) 62.4 2(32.2) 62.4

�� = �, ���. � ��� = ��. ��� ���

5-100. If the smaller pipe of Fig A is cut off a short distance past 7-100. In Fig C, with 1.2 cfs of sea water (sg 1.03) flowing
the reducer so that the jet springs free into air as in Fig B, compute from 1 to 2, the pressure at 1 is 15 psi
the pressure at 1 if Q=5 cfs of water, �1 is 12”, and at 2 is -2 psi. Point 2 is 20’ higher
than point 1. Compute the lost energy in
and �2 4”. Assume that the jet has the diameter
pounds per square inch between 1 and 2.
�2 , that the pressure in the jet is atmospheric,
and that the loss of head from point 1 to point
Q = vA
2 is 5’ of water. 1.2
v1 = 2
= 1.528 ft/s
Q = vA π 12
5 4 12
v1 = 2 = 6.366 ft/s 1.2
π 12 v2 = 2 = 13.751 ft/s
4 12 π 4
5 4 12
v2 = 2 = 57.296 ft/s V21 P1 V22 P2
π 4 + + z1 = + + z2 + HL
4 12 2g 2g
(1.528)2 15(12)2 (13.751)2 2(12)2
+ +0 = − + 20 + HL
V21 P1 V22 P2 2(32.2) 1.03(62.4) 2(32.2) 1.03(62.4)
+ + z1 = + + z2 + HL
2g 2g
(6.366)2 P1 (57.296)2 14.7 HL = 15.188 ft (1.03 × 62.4) = 976.163 psf = �. ��� ���
+ +0= + +0+5
2(32.2) 62.4 2(32.2) 62.4

�� = �, ���. ��� ��� = ��. ��� ���

8-100. The diameter of a pipe carrying water changes gradually from 10-101. A horizontal pipe carries 30 cfs of water. At A the
6” at A to 18” at B. A is 15’ lower than B. What will be the difference diameter is 18” and the pressure is 10 psi. At B the diameter
in pressure, in pounds per square inch, between A and B, when 6.2 cfs is 36” and the pressure is 10.9 psi. Determine the head lost
is flowing, loss of energy being neglected. between the two points.

9-100. The diameter of a pipe carrying water changes gradually from 11-101. In Fig D, a 2” pipe line leads downhill from a reservoir
6” at A to 18” at B. A is 15’ lower than B. If the pressure at A is and discharges into air. If the
10 psi and that B is 7psi when 5 cfs is flowing, determine: (a) the loss of head between A and B is
direction of flow; (b) the frictional loss between the two points. 145’, compute the discharge.
12-101. A 6” pipe line (Fig E) conducts water from a reservoir and 13-101. Water discharges through an orifice in the side of a
discharges at a lower elevation through a nozzle which has a discharge large tank as shown in Gig F. The orifice is circular in cross
diameter of 2”. The water surface in the reservoir (1) is at elevation section and 2” in diameter. The jet is the
100’, the pipe intake (2 and 3) at elevation 80’, and the nozzle (4 same diameter as the orifice. He liquid is
and 5) at elevation 0. The water, and the surface elevation is
head loss are: from 1 to 2, 0’; maintained at a height h of 12.6’ above the
from 2 to 3, 2’; from 3 to 4, center of the jet. Compute the discharge:
30’; from 4 to 5, 10’. Compute (a) neglecting loss of head; (b) considering
the discharge and make a table the loss of head to be 10% of h. Make a table
showing elevation head, of heads at point 1, 2, and 3.
velocity head, pressure head,
and total head at each of the
five points.
1 2 3 4 5
v2
2g
P

z
E
15-101. A pump (Fig G) draws water from an 8” suction pipe and 16-102. In Fig H is shown a siphon discharging water from the
discharges through a 6” pipe in which the velocity reservoir A into the air at B. distance a is 6’, b is 20’, and
is 12 ft/s. The pressure is -5 psi at A in the the diameter is 6” throughout. If there
suction pipe. The 6” pipe discharges horizontally is a frictional loss of 5’ between A and
into air at C. To what height h above B can the the summit, and 5’ between the summit and
water raised if B is 6’ above A and 20 hp is B, what is the absolute pressure at the
delivered to the pump? Assume that the pump summit in pounds per square inch? Also
operates 70% efficiency and that the frictional determine the rate of discharge in cubic
loss in the pipe between A and C is 10 ft. feet per second and in gallons per minute.
17-102. Fig J shows a siphon discharging oil (sg=0.90). The siphon 18-102. A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to
is composed of 3” pipe from A to B followed reservoir B as shown in Fig K. The loss
by 4” pipe from B to the open discharge of head from A to 1 is 3 times the
at C. The head losses are: from 1 to 2, velocity head in the 6” pipe and the
1.1’; from 2 to 3, 0.7’; from 3 to 4, 2.5’. loss of head from 2 to B is 20 times
Compute the discharge, and make table of the velocity head in the 4” pipe.
heads at point 1, 2, 3, and 4. Compute the horsepower output of the
pump and the pressure heads at 1 and
2 when the discharge is: (a) 200 gpm;
(b) 600 gpm.
19-103. The 24” pipe shown in Fig L conducts water from reservoir A
to a pressure turbine, which discharges
through another 24” pipe into tailrace
B. The loss of head from A to 1 is 5 times
the velocity head in the pipe and the loss
of head from 2 to B is 0.2 times the
velocity head in the pipe. If the
discharge is 25cfs, what horsepower is
being given up by the water to the turbine
and what are the pressure heads at 1 and
2.