HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)

CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

Topic Learning Outcomes (TLO)

a. Solve problems related to the use of energy and mass conservation law.
b. Determine discharge in closed conduits, tanks and open channels using flow measuring devices.

MEASUREMENT OF FLOW THROUGH PIPES

1. VENTURI METER (reference: Hydraulics by King, et.al. pages 103 – 107)

Venturi meters are used for measuring the discharge through pipes.

Piezometers

Q
p1
w1 p2
Inlet

Throat
2
w
Z1
Z2
Q

Datum Line

Write BEE from point 1 to point 2, neglecting head loss between the two points
V 12 p 1 V 2 t 2 p2 V 2 t 2 V 12 p1 p2
2g w
+ +Z 1=
2g w
+ +Z 2
2 g 2g
− =
w (
+ Z1 −
w
+ Z2 )( )
This equation shows the Venturi Principle which states that.
“The increase in kinetic energy is equal to the decrease in potential energy”

Q Datum line
1 2 Fluid
Y
h

Substance Fig. 1

Write BEE from point 1 to point 2 (Fig. 1)

V 21 p 1 V 22 t p 2
+ + Z 1= + + Z2
2g w 2g w

V 22 t V 21 p 1 p2
− = −
2g 2 g w w

The increase in the kinetic energy.

π D 12 π D 22 D2 2 D2 4 2
Q 1=Q2
4
V 1=
4
V
V2 1 =
D1
V ( )
V
2 1
2
=
D1 ( )
V 2 t h en

V 2 t 2 V 12 V 2 t2 4
V 2 t2 V 2 t 2 4
D D
2 g 2g
− = ( )( )
2g
− 2
D1 2g
=
2g [ ( )]
1− 2
D1

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CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

The decrease in potential head is the difference in levels of the liquid in piezometer tubes
connected to the inlet and throat.

Considering the pressure head in meters of fluid from point 1 to point 2, let h and Y in meters,
using principles of manometers and Pascal’s Law. (Fig. 1)
p1 sp . gr .subs p2
w
+Y +h−h ( )
sp . gr fluid
−Y =
w
p 1 p2 sp . gr .subs
w w
− =h
[(
sp . gr . fluid
Substitute:
−1
) ]
V 22 t V 21 p 1 p2
− = −
2g 2 g w w

V 22 t 4
D sp . gr .subs
2g [ ( ) ] [(
1− 2
D1
=h
)
sp . gr . fluid
−1
]
sp . gr .subs

√ [( ) ]
2 gh −1
sp . gr .fluid
V 2t= 4
D2
[ ( )]
1−
D1

The “theoretical discharge”, Qt, is the discharge in the pipe neglecting the loss of head between
the inlet and throat.
Q t =A 2 V 2t , V2t is the theoretical velocity at point 2

In practical use of the Venturi meter this loss of head, though small, should not be neglected. It
causes the actual flow, Q, to be less than the theoretical flow, Qt.
Q=C Qt=C A 2 V 2 t
Where: C = Venturi meter coefficient = 0.96 to 0.98

Sample problems:

1. A Venturi meter having a throat 15 cm in diameter is installed in a horizontal 30 cm

pipeline carrying a light oil (sp. Gr. = 0.80). A mercury U-tube connected in the inlet and
the throat shows a difference in height of Hg columns of 20 cm, the remainder of the

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CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

tube being filled with oil. If the meter coefficient is 0.97, find (a) the actual discharge in
CMS, (b) the loss of head between the inlet and the throat.

Given: C = 0.97

30 cm diam pipe
Q 15 cm Ø Fluid, light oilDatum line
1 2
Sp.gr. = 0.80

h = 20 cm

Substance, Hg

Required: Q and HL

Solution:
Write BEE from point 1 to point 2 neglecting head loss

V 21 p 1 V 22 t p 2
+ + Z 1= + + Z2
2g w 2g w

V 22 t V 21 p 1 p2
− = − + Z 1−Z 2
2g 2 g w w

V 22 t 4
D p 1 p2
2g [ ( )]
1− 2
D1
=
w w
−

Considering the pressure head in meters of light oil from point 1 to point 2, using
principles of manometers and Pascal’s Law.

p 1 20 20 13.6 p
+ −
w 100 100 0.8
= 2
w ( )
p 1 p2
− =3.2 mof oil
w w
Thus
2 4
V 15
2g
2t
1−
[ ( )]
30
=3.2

2 g ( 3.2 ) m
V 2t=

√()
1−
Then
15
30
4
=8.183 (theoritical velocity at point 2)
s

π 15 2 ( m3
Q=C A 2 V 2 t =( 0.97 ) ( )( )
4 100
8.183 )=0.140
s

Write BEE from point 1 to point 2 considering the head loss

2
V p1
1 V 22 p1
+ + Z1 = + + Z 2 + H L
2g w 2g w

4 Q 4 ( 0.140 ) m
V 2= = =7.922 (actual velocity at point 2)
2 2
π D 2 π ( 0.15 ) s

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CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

4 Q 4 ( 0.140 ) m
V 1= = =1.981 (actual velocity at point 1)
2 2
π D1 π ( 0.30 ) s

( 1.981 )2 p1 p 2 ( 7.922 )2
2g
+( −
w w
+ 0− ) 2g
−0=H L

( 1.981 )2 ( 7.922 )2
H L= +3.2− =0.201 m
2g 2g

2. A 30 cm by 15 cm Venturi meter is installed in a vertical pipe carrying water. The flow is

upward through the meter. A differential manometer containing a gage liquid (sp. gr. =
1.50) is attached to inlet base and throat, the deflection being 80 cm. Determine the
actual flow if C = 0.97.

Given:

water
30 cmØ

15 cmØ2
X
30 cm

1 80 cm Datum line
Y
Liquid
Sp.gr. = 1.5
Q

Solution:

Write BEE from point 1 to point 2 neglecting head loss between the two points

V 21 p 1 V 22 t p 2
+ + Z 1= + + Z2
2g w 2g w

V 22 t V 21 p 1 p2
− = − + Z 1−Z 2
2g 2 g w w

V 22 t 4
D p 1 p2
2g [ ( )]
1− 2
D1
=
w w
− + Z 1−Z2

Considering the pressure head in meters of water from point 1 to point 2, let X and Y in
meters, using principles of manometers and Pascal’s Law.
p1 80 sp . gr .subs p2
w
+Y − ( )(
100 )
sp . gr fluid
−X =
w
p 1 p2
w w
− =
80
100 ( ) [( spsp .. grgr .. )]+ X−Y
subs

fluid

But:
0.30+Y =0.80+ X

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CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

X −Y =−0.50 m

p 1 p2
w w
− =
80
100 ( ) [( 1.51 )]−0.50=0.70 m of water
Substitute:
2 4
V D p 1 p2
2g
2t
1− 2
D1[ ( )] =
w w
− + Z 1−Z2

V 22 t 15 4

2g [ ( )]
1−
30
=0.70+ 0−0.30=0.40

2 g ( 0.40 ) m
V 2t=

√ 1− () 1
2
4
=3.235
s

Then:
π 2 π( 2 m3
Q t =A 2 V 2t = D
( ) V = 0.15 ) ( 3.235 ) =0.057
4 2 2t 4 s

m3
Q=C Q t=0.97 ( 0.057 )=0.055
s

3. In a test to determine the discharge coefficient of a 50 mm by 12.5 mm Venturi meter the

total weight of water passing through the meter in 5.0 minutes was 3420 N. A mercury-
water differential gage connected to inlet and throat of the meter showed an average
mercury difference during that time of 38 cm. Determine the meter coefficient.

Given:

50 mm Ø
Q 12.5 mmØ
Fluid (water) Datum line
1 2
Y
h = 38 cm

Substance (mercury)

weight 3420 N w ( volume )

= = =wQ
time 5 min time

3420 N 3420 N m3
Q= = =0.001162 =actual discharge
5 min ( w ) N 60 sec s
(
5 min 9810 3
m )(
1min )
Required:

C = meter coefficient

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HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

Solution:

actual discharge
C=
theoritical discharge

Write BEE from point 1 to point 2 neglecting head loss between the two points

V 21 p 1 V 22 t p 2
+ + Z 1= + + Z2
2g w 2g w

V 22 t V 21 p 1 p2
− = − + Z 1−Z 2
2g 2 g w w

V 22 t 4
D p 1 p2
2g [ ( )]
1− 2
D1
=
w w
− + 0−0

Considering the pressure head in meters of water from point 1 to point 2, let Y in meters,
using principles of manometers and Pascal’s Law.
p1 38 38 sp . gr .subs p2
w
+Y + ( )(
−
100 100 )
sp . gr fluid
−Y =
w
p 1 p2 38
− =
w w 100 ([ 13.61 )−1 ]=4.788 m of water
V 22 t 4
D p 1 p2
2g [ ( )]
1− 2
D1
=
w w
− =4.788

2 g ( 4.788 ) m
V 2t=

√(
1−
12.5
50

π 2
4

)
=9.711
s

π 2 m3
Q t =A 2 V 2t = ( D2 ) V 2 t = ( 0.0.0125 ) ( 9.711 )=0.001192 =theoritical discharge
4 4 s

actual discharge
C=
theoritical discharge

0.001162
C= =0.975
0.001192

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HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

2. NOZZLE (reference: Hydraulics by King, et.al pages 107 - 108

A nozzle is a converging tube connected to the end of a pipe or hose and is used in
engineering practice for the creation of jets and streams for a variety of purposes as well as for
metering. It may be used to provide a high velocity stream for firefighting, or for measuring the
flow of fluid in the pipe or hose into which it is connected.

Datum line V1 1 2 V2

tip
base

BEE from 1 to 2
V 21 p 1 V 22
+ =
2g w 2g
Q1 =Q2
A 1 V 1 =A 2 V 2
D2 2 V 21
V 1=
( )
D1
V2
√
V 2 =V t = 2 g (
Where: V2 = Vt = theoretical velocity at the liquid jet
2g w
+
p1
)√
= 2 gH

Va = actual velocity = CVVt

V a =CV √ 2 gH
Qa= A 2 V a =CV A 2 √ 2 gH
Where:
Qa = actual discharge
CV = coefficient of velocity
actual velocity
CV=
theoritical velocity

Considering loss of head.

V 21 p 1 V 2a
+ = +H L
2g w 2g
V 21 p 1 V 2a V2
H L= (
2g w
2
+
2
)
− =H − a
2g
2
2g
Va V V 1
H L= 2
− a = a 2 −1
2 g CV 2 g 2 g CV ( )

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CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

Sample problems:

1. A nozzle 10 cm by 4 cm is trained vertically upward. At a point 30 cm below the tip, the

pressure is maintained at 145 Kpa. If the available power in the jet is 2.5 KW, find (a) the
height through which the jet of water will rise, neglecting air friction, (b) the value of C V,
and (c) the diameter of the jet 6 m above the tip of the nozzle, and (d) head loss in the
nozzle.

Given:

Highest level that the jet of water can reach

3

4
jet h
6m
2 4 cm Ø
nozzle 30 cm
1 Datum line

10 cm Ø

P1 = 145 KPa
Powerjet = 2.5 KW

Required:
h, CV, D4

Solution:
Points 2, 3, and 4 are on the liquid jet so the pressure at those points are all
atmospheric.
Write BEE from point 1 (base) to point 2 (just after the tip of the nozzle) neglecting the
head loss.

V 21 p 1 V 22 t p 2
+ + Z 1= + + Z2
2g w 2g w

V 22 t V 21 p 1 p2
− = − + Z 1−Z 2
2g 2 g w w

V 22 t 4
D p 1 p2
2g [ ( )]
1− 2
D1
=
w w
− + Z 1−Z2

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CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

V 22 t 4 4
145 0
2g [ ( )]
1−
10
= −
9.81 9.81
+0−0.3=14.481

2 g ( 14.481 ) m
V 2t=

√ 1− ( )4
10
4
=17.076
s

Write BEE from point 2 (just after the tip of the nozzle) to point 3 neglecting air
resistance

V 22 p 2 V 23 p3
+ + Z2 = + + Z 3 + H L(2−3)
2g w 2g w

V 22
+0+0.3=0+ 0+0.3+h+ 0
2g

V 22
=h=velocity head
2g

Power in kilowatts (KW)

( KN ) ( m )
Kilowatts=
sec
Power=wQH
power jet =wQh

V 22 w π
power jet =w A2 V 2 =
2g 2g 4 ( ) ()
( D 2 )2 ( V 32 )

2
9.81 π 4
power jet =2.5 KW =
2g 4 ( )( ) ( V )
100
3
2

4 ( 100 2 ) ( 2 g ) ( 2.5 )
V 2=
√
3
2
π ( 4 ) ( 9.81 )
=15.846
m
s

V 22 ( 15.846 )2
h= = =12.798 m
2g 2g

actual velocity V 2 15.846

CV= = = =0.928
theoritical velocity V 2 t 17.076

Write BEE from point 2 (just after the tip of the nozzle) to point 4 neglecting air
resistance

V 22 p 2 V 24 p4
+ + Z2 = + + Z 4 + H L(2−4 )
2g w 2g w

V 22 V 24
+0+0.30= +0+0.30+ 6+0
2g 2g

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HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

V 24 ( 15.846 )2
= −6=6.798
2g 2g

m
V 4 =√ 2 g ( 6.798 ) =11.549
s

Q=Q1 =Q2=Q4
A 2 V 2= A 4 V 4
π π
( D 2 )2 V 2 = ( D 4 )2 V 4
4 4
D 22 ( V 2 )
√
2
( 4 ) ( 15.846 )
D4 =
V4
=
√11.549
=4.685 cm

Write BEE from point 1 (base) to point 2 (just after the tip of the nozzle) considering the
head loss.
V 21 p 1 V 22 p2
+ + Z1= + + Z 2 + H L(1−2)
2g w 2g w
2
D2 2 V 22
1
2g [( ) ]
D1
V +
145
( 2 ) 9.81 +0=
2g
+0+0.30+ H L(1−2)

( 15.846 )2 4 4 145
H L(1−2)=
2g 10 [( ) ]
−1 +
9.81
−0.30=2.011m

2. A fire pump delivers water through 15 cm main pipe to a hydrant to which is connected
an 8 cm hose, terminating in a nozzle 2 cm in diameter. The nozzle, trained vertically up,
is 1.60 m above the hydrant and 12 m above the pump. The head losses are: pump to
hydrant: 3J/N; hydrant: 2 J/N; hydrant to nozzle base: 12 J/N; nozzle: 6% velocity head
in the nozzle. If the gage pressure at the pump is 550 KPa to what vertical height can the
jet be thrown? Neglect air friction.

Given:

h jet

X 2 cmØ tip
nozzle

1.6 m
8 cmØ 12 m
Q
15 cmØ
A hydrant
Datum line
pump

H L¿¿
H L¿¿
H L¿¿

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HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

V 2X
H L(nozzle )=6 % ( )
2g
P A =550 KPa

Required: h

Solution:
Write BEE from A (a point just after the pump) to X (a point just after the tip of the
nozzle)

V 2A p A V 2X p X
+ + Z A= + + Z X + H L( A− X )
2g w 2g w
2
DX 2
1
2g [( ) ]
DA
550 1 2
[ 0.06
( V X ) + 9.81 + 0= 2 g [ V X ] +0+12+ 3+2+12+ 2 g { V X }
2
]
V X2 2 4 550
2g [( )
5 ]
−1−0.06 =12+3+2+12−
9.81

m
V X =22.657
s

Write BEE from point X to point Y (highest point that the jet can reach)
V 2X p X V 2Y pY
+ + Z X = + + Z Y + H L(X −Y )
2g w 2g w

( 22.657 )2
+0+ 12=0+0+ 12+ h+0
2g

h=26.164 m

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HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

ACTIVITY 2

Instructions:
1. Solve the following problems showing your complete solutions on coupon bond
papers. Draw the figure completely labelled with all the notations used in your
solution.
2. Submit complete solutions (word or PDF format only) on or before 03 July 2020
through e-mail using your uc-bcf e-mail address only (OUTLOOK).

1. A 75 mm by 37.5 mm Venturi meter is installed in a 75 mm diameter pipe to

measure the flow of oil (sp gr 0.852). A differential gage connected with the inlet
and throat contains water in the lower part of the tube, the remainder of the tube
being filled with oil. The difference in height of water columns in the two legs of
the tube is 55.8 cm. If the coefficient of the meter is 0.957, compute the
discharge.

2. A Venturi meter 60 cm by 30 cm has its axis inclined downward 40 0 from the

horizontal. The distance measured along the axis, from the inlet to the throat is
1.50m. The differential manometer shows a deflection of 15 cm of mercury. If the
flowing fluid has specific gravity of 2.5, find the discharge if C = 0.98.

3. A 50 mm venturi meter (C = 0.96) is installed in a 100 mm diameter horizontal

pipe carrying oil having specific gravity of 0.82. If the recorded flow in the meter
was 15 liters per second, what could have been the deflection of water in the
differential manometer connected between the inlet and the throat?

4. A fire pump delivers water through a 150 mm main to a hydrant to which is

connected a 75 mm hose, terminating in a 25 mm nozzle. The nozzle is 3 m
above the hydrant and 18 m above the pump. Assuming a total frictional loss of
8.5 m from the pump to the base of the nozzle, and a loss in the nozzle of 6 per
cent of the velocity head in the jet, and neglecting air resistance, what gage
pressure at the pump is necessary to throw a stream 24 m vertically above the
nozzle?

5. A 63.5 mm diameter fire hose discharges water through a nozzle having a jet
diameter of 25 mm. The lost head in the nozzle is 10% of the velocity head in the
jet. If the pressure at the base of the nozzle is 425 KPa: compute the discharge
in m3/min; the maximum horizontal range to which the stream can be thrown; the

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HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS MODULE 2

maximum vertical reach, and the diameter of the jet mid-height. Neglect air
resistance.

General Comments on Activity 1

1. Draw your figure nicely always indicating the datum line and the flow direction.
2. Always write or mention where the energy conservation law (Bernoulli’s Energy
Equation) is being applied.
3. For readability use white coupon bond for your solutions only and do not fold or divide
your paper lengthwise.
4. Always check your papers to be submitted if it is readable. I am having some difficulty
reading them (some are dark, small letters, and blurred).

I hope you will improve your presentation for the succeeding activities.

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