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R Codes For Data Analysis

This document discusses matrices in R. It explains that a matrix is a collection of elements arranged in rows and columns that can be constructed using the matrix() function, specifying the elements, whether to arrange by row or column, and the number of rows. It also describes how to add row and column names, select elements, perform operations like row/column sums, bind matrices, and calculate means. It then defines factors as a data type for categorical variables and how to create and rename levels within factors, as well as get counts of levels using summary().

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Amal Saeed
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92 views2 pages

R Codes For Data Analysis

This document discusses matrices in R. It explains that a matrix is a collection of elements arranged in rows and columns that can be constructed using the matrix() function, specifying the elements, whether to arrange by row or column, and the number of rows. It also describes how to add row and column names, select elements, perform operations like row/column sums, bind matrices, and calculate means. It then defines factors as a data type for categorical variables and how to create and rename levels within factors, as well as get counts of levels using summary().

Uploaded by

Amal Saeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matrix: a collection of elements of the same data type (numeric, character, or logical) arranged

into a fixed number of rows and columns.

construct a matrix in R with the matrix() function.

matrix(ARG1, byrow = .., nrow = ..)

ARG1: collection of elements


byrow: TRUE if arrange elements in rows, FALSE if arrange elements in columns
nrow: number of rows
examples:
matrix(1:14, byrow = TRUE, nrow = 2)
matrix(c(a”,”b”,”c”,”d”,”e”,f”), byrow = TRUE, nrow = 3)

add names for the rows and the columns of a matrix

rownames(my_matrix) <- row_names_vector


colnames(my_matrix) <- col_names_vector

another method in the same code of creating a matrix:


matrix(c(a”,”b”,”c”,”d”,”e”,f”), byrow = TRUE, nrow = 3, dimnames = List(rows,
columns))

the function rowSums() conveniently calculates the totals for each row of a matrix. This function
creates a new vector:
rowSums(my_matrix)
colSums(my_matrix)
add a column or multiple columns to a matrix with the cbind() function, which merges matrices
and/or vectors together by column. For example:
big_matrix <- cbind(matrix1, matrix2, vector1 ...)

to bind two matrices with similar rows and columns


new_matrix <- rbind(matrix1, matrix2)

Selection of matrix elements


Similar to vectors, you can use the square brackets [ ] to select one or multiple elements from a
matrix. Whereas vectors have one dimension, matrices have two dimensions. You should
therefore use a comma to separate the rows you want to select from the columns. For example:

 my_matrix[1,2] selects the element at the first row and second column.
 my_matrix[1:3,2:4] results in a matrix with the data on the rows 1, 2, 3 and columns 2,
3, 4.

If you want to select all elements of a row or a column, no number is needed before or after the
comma, respectively:
 my_matrix[,1] selects all elements of the first column.
 my_matrix[1,] selects all elements of the first row.

Calculate means
mean(my_variable)

factors:
factor refers to a statistical data type used to store categorical variables.
factor(my_vector)
There are two types of categorical variables: a nominal categorical variable and an ordinal
categorical variable.

A nominal variable is a categorical variable without an implied order. This means that it is
impossible to say that 'one is worth more than the other'. For example, think of the categorical
variable animals_vector with the categories "Elephant", "Giraffe", "Donkey" and "Horse".
Here, it is impossible to say that one stands above or below the other. (Note that some of you
might disagree ;-) ).
Example:
animals_vector <- c("Elephant", "Giraffe", "Donkey", "Horse")
factor_animals_vector <- factor(animals_vector)

In contrast, ordinal variables do have a natural ordering. Consider for example the categorical
variable temperature_vector with the categories: "Low", "Medium" and "High". Here it is
obvious that "Medium" stands above "Low", and "High" stands above "Medium"
Example:
temperature_vector <- c("High", "Low", "High","Low", "Medium")
factor_temperature_vector <- factor(temperature_vector, order = TRUE,
levels = c("Low", "Medium", "High"))

renaming levels within a factor:


survey_vector <- c("M", "F", "F", "M", "M")
factor_survey_vector <- factor(survey_vector)
levels(factor_survey_vector) <- c("Female", "Male")

to know counts of levels (categories) within a factor (categorical variable)

summary(my_factor)

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