Optical Materials 145 (2023) 114389

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Optical Materials
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optmat

Research Article

Gap coupled symmetric square split ring high EMR resonator-based

metamaterial for S-, C-, and X-bands wireless applications: Simulation
and experiment
Shawon Hossen a, Abdulrahman Alqahtani b, c, Ismail Hossain d, Mohammad Tariqul Islam e,
Md Moniruzzaman f, Md Samsuzzaman g, h, *
a
Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh
b
Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
c
Department of Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied, Medical Science, Majmaah University, Majmaah City, 11952, Saudi Arabia
d
Space Science Center (ANGKASA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
e
Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
f
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Uttara, Dhaka,
1230, Bangladesh
g
Dept. of Computer and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, 8602,
Patuakhali, Bangladesh
h
Department of General Educational Development (GED), Faculty of Science and Information Technology (FSIT), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This article describes a metamaterial (MTM) based on a symmetric square ring resonator (SSRR) that exhibits
Gap coupled epsilon negative (ENG) and near-zero index (NZI) properties. A 0.035 mm thick copper resonator is used to
Symmetric square construct the proposed asymmetric MTM structure, designed on a 1.5 mm thick FR-4 substrate for microwave
Split ring
applications. The MTM structure attained optimum resonance at frequencies corresponding to the microwave
High EMR
Metamaterial
frequency range of the S, C, and X bands, 2.88 GHz, 4.78 GHz, and 10.9 GHz, respectively. The near-zero index
Wireless applications characteristics are realized in the frequency ranges 2.22–3.17 GHz, 4.52–5.10 GHz, and 9.63–11.36 GHz, while
the ENG characteristics are realized in the frequency ranges 2.1–3.2 GHz, 4.57–5 GHz, and 9.7–11.4 GHz. The
electrical dimensions of the structure are 0.139λ × 0.139λ × 0.014λ, corresponding to an estimated wavelength
of 2.88 GHz. The effective medium ratio (EMR), which for this construction is 7.194, indicates the compactness
of the design structure. Using CST 2019 simulation software, the proposed structure is designed and developed
before its construction and performance evaluation. The circuit was validated by comparing the S21 response
using the Advanced Design System (ADS) software. The response of S21 from the proposed MTM structure was
almost identical when it was tested through simulation (using CST and ADS software) or actual measurements.
The compact size, substantial electromagnetic response (ER), negative permittivity, almost zero permeability,
and refractive index of this MTM make it perfect for wireless applications in S-, C-, and X-bands.

1. Introduction significant attention in several applications within the microwave fre­

quency range, owing to its unique characteristics. These applications
Metamaterial (MTM) is an artificial material that does not exist include filters [5–7], multiple band components [8], invisible cloaking
naturally. The characteristics of it can be altered as needed to achieve [9], absorbing structure [10], leaky wave antennas [11], elements for
different values [1]. Periodic arrays of metallic and dielectric materials increasing bandwidth [12,13], SAR reduction [14], cross-polarization
may create metamaterials on a hosting substrate [2]. Metamaterials are conversion metasurface [15], etc. Permittivity and permeability are
synthetic structures with special electromagnetic (EM) features such as both positive for naturally occurring materials. Although uncommon,
super-focusing and negative indexing [3,4]. Metamaterial has garnered the actual component of either permeability and permittivity or both

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sobuz@pstu.ac.bd (M. Samsuzzaman).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2023.114389
Received 28 June 2023; Received in revised form 16 September 2023; Accepted 17 September 2023
Available online 3 October 2023
0925-3467/© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S. Hossen et al. Optical Materials 145 (2023) 114389

can be negative in the metamaterial. A metamaterial exhibiting this

characteristic is a double negative (DNG). If only one of the values is
negative, it is classified as a single negative (SNG) metamaterial. Many
applications exist for DNG and SNG metamaterials, and both types are
widely conceived and developed.
Several studies have investigated various techniques to obtain the
optimal resonator-based metamaterials. In Ref. [16], the authors created
a microwave absorber using an origami structure with an adjustable
bandwidth of 3.4–18 GHz. However, subsequent research led to devel­
oping of a thin and compact triple-band microwave metamaterial
absorber [17]. Another study on multi-band absorption [18] found that
plasmon and Mie resonators demonstrate electrical and magnetic reso­
nances simultaneously, leading to two near-unity absorption peaks at
9.45 and 9.80 GHz. In Ref. [19], an asymmetric segmental
resonator-based wideband metamaterial microwave absorber was
created, and a compact, lower frequency wideband microwave meta­
material absorber was made by loading a resistor with a meander wire
structure [20]. Tofigh et al. [21] demonstrated that a
polarization-insensitive metamaterial absorber could estimate crowd
size with a frequency range of 2.4 GHz–5.1 GHz and an EMR of 6.94.
Additionally, another study showed a transparent and pliable micro­
wave absorber that works across the entire WiFi frequency range [22]. A
multi-band application was examined both mathematically and physi­
cally, involving the creation of a parallel double-E-shaped structure
utilizing double negative (DNG) metamaterial (MTM) [23]. Meta­
Fig. 1. Proposed SSRR structure.
material Microwave absorbers (MMAs) can be found in Refs. [24–30],
with various patch designs including circular rings, rectangular, square
shapes, and circular slots in addition to the triple absorption band. Ex­ Table 1
amples of metallic ring configurations that have been utilized to create Design considerations for unit cells.
triple absorption bands include six distinct concentric rings using a
Parameter Values (mm) Parameter Values (mm)
neoprene rubber substrate which gives resonance at 1.75 GHz, 2.17
GHz, and 2.6 GHz [24]. Ultrathin Metamaterial with 0.014λ thickness L1 14.50 S4 10
S1 14 S5 2
and three concentric metallic resonators resonates at 3.95 GHz, 5.92 S2 13 S6 3
GHz, and 9.21 GHz [31]. The triple circular slot ring made up of FR-4 S3 11 G 0.20
substrate achieved triple resonance at 2.9 GHz, 4.18 GHz, and 9.25
GHz [25], and the inner Jerusalem cross based on multi-reflection
interference theory achieved resonance at 4.4 GHz, 6.05 GHz, and 13.9
GHz [27]. However, the dual-band MMAs suggested in Refs. [27,32]
have a minimum bandwidth and cannot operate in the unlicensed sub-6
GHz spectrum. The majority of the literature reviewed indicates that the
electromagnetic radiation (EMR) value of the methyl methacrylate
(MMA) falls below 7. However, it is imperative to achieve a higher EMR
value in order to achieve a more condensed MMA structure..
The present study utilizes a connected square split ring resonator
(SRRR) that exhibits pronounced resonances within the S, C, and X
microwave frequency bands, in order to fabricate a metamaterial. The S-
band frequency range spans from 2 to 4 GHz, the C-band ranges from 4
to 8 GHz, and the X-band is from 8 to 12 GHz. These frequency bands are
commonly utilized in satellite and radar communication systems. The
proposed SRRR-based structure achieves an EMR value of 7.14, and the
asymmetric MTM structure is built with an electrical dimension of
0.139, 0.139, and 0.014. Maximum resonance is achieved at frequencies
that correspond to the microwave frequency range of the S, C, and X
bands, namely, 2.88 GHz, 4.78 GHz, and 10.9 GHz, respectively. The
MTM structure achieves near-zero index characteristics in the frequency
Fig. 2. Modelling of the proposed unit cell.
ranges of 2.22–3.17 GHz, 4.52–5.10 GHz, and 9.63–11.36 GHz,
respectively, while ENG characteristics are achieved in the frequency
Unit Cell, and the result analysis and investigation of the proposed
ranges of 2.1–3.2 GHz, 4.57–5 GHz, and 9.7–11.4 GHz. Asymmetrical
structure are explained in Section 4. Finally, section 5 presents a
construction reduces the impact of reciprocal coupling, allowing for
comparative study of the designed MTM with the existing literature.
repeated resonances across multiple arrays. The proposed metamaterial
permittivity and refractive index are successfully recovered, and the
2. Metamaterial unit cell design and simulation
properties of electric and magnetic fields and surface currents behavior
are investigated. The proposed asymmetric MTM structure may be
The proposed metamaterial unit cell, which measures 14.5 × 14.5 ×
suitable for microwave applications in the S, C, and X bands. In this
1.5 mm3, is illustrated in Fig. 1. It is based on a square split ring reso­
article, section 2 presents the metamaterial unit cell design and simu­
nator (SSRR) made of 0.04 mm thick copper. The metamaterial unit cells
lation. Section 3 illustrates the design evaluation of the Proposed MTM

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S. Hossen et al. Optical Materials 145 (2023) 114389

first ring, which produced a new resonance at 5.8 GHz. Four more
square, rectangular rings with a split gap of 0.20 mm and a length of 3
mm on each side were added, causing the resonance frequency to drop.
Then, a second similar square, rectangular ring without the split gap was
added to the center of those four rings, resulting in the discovery of a
brand-new resonance frequency of 10.8 GHz. Finally, the central rings
were connected to those four rings with a 4 mm long metal plate, as
shown in the suggested unit cell in Layout 4. This interconnection
significantly influenced |S21|, resulting in three resonances at 2.77 GHz,
4.78 GHz, and 10.9 GHz which are show in Fig. 5. This figure illustrates
how |S21| changed as the design became more complex. It shows three
pass bands between 2.1 and 3.2 GHz, 4.57 and 5 GHz, and 9.7 and 11.4
GHz, respectively, where the transmission coefficient |S21| is less than
− 10 dB and covers the S, C, and X bands. With magnitudes of − 45.32 dB,
− 37 dB, and − 45.7 dB, respectively, the |S21| minima at the resonant
Fig. 3. Electromagnetic and electric fields of the proposed cell. frequencies of 2.8 GHz, 4.8 GHz, and 10.9 GHz are present.

are constructed using FR-4 material, which has a thickness of 1.5 mm. 4. Result analysis and investigation of the proposed structure
This particular material is chosen due to its favorable electrical prop­
erties and cost-effectiveness. The suggested unit cell comprises a square 4.1. MTM property extraction method and techniques
ring between two outer square rings and four split square rings, with no
metal layer at the substrate’s base. A small metal plate connects the Electromagnetic wave interaction with a boundary condition may be
square rings that do not have outer square rings to each other, enhancing studied ideally in a subwavelength resonator. Power for a microwave-
the electrical length. The split gap is set at 0.2 mm, and the separation frequency electromagnetic wave travelling perpendicular to the wave­
between the rectangular rings is determined through trial and error to guide is supplied via this opening. The dimensions of the waveguide port
achieve the desired passbands. Each metal line’s length in each ring is and the distance between the metamaterial-based resonator and the
set at 1 mm to maintain uniformity. The lengths of the unit cell’s split waveguide port are determined through calculations in order to get the
gaps and individual segments are listed in Table 1. The metamaterial intended response. Under specific boundary conditions, the electric field
absorber presented in Fig. 2 is designed and simulated using the Fre­ (E-field) exhibits propagation along the X-axis, while the magnetic field
quency Integration Technique (FIT) CST software. Fig. 3 shows the (H-field) exhibits propagation along the Y-axis. This occurs when an
electric and magnetic field directions of the proposed metamaterial. The
x, y, and z axes are constrained by the unit cell boundary restrictions and
the extra space required for simulation. The appropriate transmission
and reflection coefficients are S11, S21, S12, and S22, with R and T rep­
resenting reflectance and transmittance, respectively.

3. Design evaluation of the designed MTM unit cell

The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the design

evaluation for the proposed Multi-Terminal Multi-Cell (MTM) Unit Cell
in Fig. 4 through a step by step design procedure like design 1, design 2
… ….and proposed design (design 4). The proposed metamaterial
(MTM) single cell is constructed on an FR-4 substrate with a depth of 1.5
mm, a dielectric constant of 4.30, and a loss tangent of 0.025. The
iterative trial and error design process was used to create the MTM unit
cell, which aims to cover the maximum bands with suitable |S21| values,
high EMR, and Epsilon negative properties. Several parametric studies
were conducted based on these design objectives to alter the length and
breadth of the various rings and the split gap measurements, which
significantly impacted the resonance phenomena of the MTM. A single
square ring resonator measuring 14 mm in length was used as the main
structural component, with a resonance frequency of 2.85 GHz. Next, a
Fig. 5. For various design steps, the transmission coefficient (S21) of the
rectangular ring measuring 11 mm by 11 mm was inserted inside the unit cell.

Fig. 4. Unit cell design procedures.

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S. Hossen et al. Optical Materials 145 (2023) 114389

Fig. 6. (a) Permittivity (b) permeability.

electromagnetic wave transversely traverses a dielectric substrate along

V1 = |S11 | + |S21 | (4)
the Z-axis. The H-field shifts when the electric field is altered, making
the system dynamic. The characteristics of a propagating electromag­
V2 = |S21 | − |S11 | (5)
netic wave are determined by the interference pattern created by the
wave. The polarization influence of the synthetic subwavelength inser­ if X = 1−V1V− 1VV22 .
tion utilizing metal-dielectric, the magnetic field of the conducting Then reflection coefficient of the incident wave at the interface,
surface for various geometric directions, and electromagnetic wave √̅̅̅̅̅̅
propagation through the resonator are a few instances of effective pa­ Γ = X ± X2 − 1 (6)
rameters presented. The acquisition of material attributes can be facil­
And the transmission coefficient,
itated by employing the S-Parameters template that is provided within
the CST post-processing module. The permittivity, permeability, and V1 − Γ
X= (7)
index of refraction of the metamaterial (MTM) structure are determined 1 − V1Γ
using this approach. In CST, the effective parameters are obtained
These equations may be used to get the impedance (z) and refractive
through the application of a reliable impedance retrieval technique. The
index (n) expression. It is also possible to extract and express the relative
process involves the use of the refractive index of a substance with
permittivity (εr ) and relative permeability (μr ) using equations (8) and
transmission coefficients of |S21|, and a detailed explanation of the
(9), [36].
connection between these elements is provided. Additionally, the
retrieval technique [33] is employed, and its application is thoroughly c (1 − V1 )
εr = × (8)
described. The following equations may represent the connections: jπfd (1 + V1 )

R01 (1 − ei2nkd )
|S11 | = (1) μr =
c
×
(1 − V2 )
(9)
1 − R201 ei2nkd jπ fd (1 + V2 )
( )
1 − R201 ei2nkd In this context, the variable "d" represents the depth of the substrate,
|S21 | = (2) whereas "c" denotes the speed of light.
1 − R201 ei2nkd
The unit cell shape that has been constructed exhibits periodicity,
Where, R01 = z−z+11. while the metallic loop of a particular dimension possesses negative
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ permittivity and permeability. The refractive index is defined as the
(1 + S11 )2 − S21 2 ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium.
Impedance, z = ± (3) It is determined by the artificial magnetism properties of the material,
(1 − S11 )2 − S21 2
namely its negative permittivity, in the higher frequency range. The
While m is an integer representing the actual refractive index value, refractive index is a fundamental parameter that describes how elec­
the real and imaginary components are denoted by (.)’ and (.)", tromagnetic waves propagate through the medium.
respectively. It is feasible to determine the permittivity ε = n/z and Refractive index,
permeability μ = nz using the formulas n and z.
1 {[[ inkd )]″ ] [ ( )]′}
The Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) method further validates the CST η= e + 2mπ − i ln einkd (10)
kd
result [34,35]. This method makes it simple to excerpt essential metrics,
including permittivity, permeability, refractive index, and impedance. The CST Microwave Studio simulator is utilized for the evaluation of
The transmission coefficient |S21| and reflection coefficient |S11|, which the proposed SRRR construction. The unit cell was energized by an
can be utilized in the NRW technique to determine this parameter’s electromagnetic wave propagating along the Z-axis, as illustrated in
value, are also related to the data obtained by CST. By deducting the Fig. 2, and it is positioned between two waveguide ports on the positive
S-parameter values, the values of V1 and V2 are obtained using this and negative Z-axes. The effective parameters of the MTM structure are
procedure: determined by the utilization of a simulator. The specification of

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S. Hossen et al. Optical Materials 145 (2023) 114389

Fig. 7. Proposed MTM unit cell (a)relative impedance and (b) refractive index.

Fig. 8. Surface current analysis of the SSRR MTM structure.

boundary conditions in both the x and y axes is essential for optimizing antenna’s directivity (through the ENG property) and gain (through the
the electric and magnetic fields.. The permittivity, permeability, near-zero refractive index property) may be improved, while the an­
impedance, and refractive index obtained from numerical simulation tenna’s bandwidth (through the ENG property) can be increased
using CST are shown in Figs. 6 and 7. Permittivity and permeability (through the ENG property) using the proposed metamaterial.
graphs were created using the robust retrieval method using data that
was extracted from the CST. These graphs are shown in Fig. 6(a) and (b). 4.2. Surface current and magnetic field analysis of the structure
Permeability and permittivity graphs are depicted in Fig. 6, whereas
refractive index and normalized impedance graphs are shown in Fig. 7 Fig. 8 illustrates the distribution of the surface current of the SSRR at
(a) and (b). Fig. 6 demonstrates how resonance in |S21| changes frequencies of 2.77 GHz, 4.15 GHz, and 10.38 GHz, respectively. The
permittivity from its best value to its worst value. The precise figure emergence of various forces and fields in metamaterials can be attrib­
displays the places where the smallest permeability value is reached and uted to the generation of charge within them. The surface current of
|S21| is the least. Permittivity moves from positive to negative, whereas metamaterials exhibits a notable correlation with both magnetic and
permeability changes quantity in a positive way. Fig. 6 makes it abun­ electric fields. The formation of an electric and magnetic field is
dantly evident that the refractive index is frequency-dependent and described by Maxwell’s curl equation [37].
exhibits near-zero properties in the SNG region. The substance referred
∂d
to as double SNG metamaterial is characterized by a negative permit­ ∇×H = J + (12)
∂t
tivity within a specified frequency range. The explanation for negative
permittivity can also be elucidated by the utilization of the Drude ∂B
[
∂ ∂ ∂
]
function: ∇×E= − where, ∇ = , , (13)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

ε(ω) = 1 −
ω2 ρ
(11) However, the equations as mentioned earlier are insufficient to
ω(ω + iΓ) illustrate the interplay of material, electric, and magnetic fields. We may
The resonance frequencies are shown by a region of the refractive model this connection using the equations described in Ref. [38].
index graph where the index is close to zero comprehend Fig. 7(b). The

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S. Hossen et al. Optical Materials 145 (2023) 114389

Fig. 9. Current density of the SSRR metamaterial structure.

D(t) = ε(t) × E(t) (14) similar circuit. The resonating component may be viewed as an RLC tank
circuit when utilizing the cavity model method. The lumped equivalent
B(t) = ε(t) × E(t) (15) circuit technique still considers the conductance, capacitance, resis­
tance, and inductance of microwaves [27]. Since magnetic induction is
As demonstrated in Figure 8a, previous studies have indicated the
dependent on current flow, the equivalent circuit of a single meta­
presence of a substantial surface current that prevails within both the
material cell can be created by considering metallic conductors having
outer and inner quadrilateral regions of the aforementioned structure.
inductor properties. Each split ring resonator functions as the resonant
The presence of the 2.77 GHz (S-band) resonance can be attributed to
tank circuit along with the inductance L and capacitance C because the
the inner four rings. The inductive action of the metal strips causes the
split inside each ring has a capacitive impact. The split ring consequently
two rings to couple inductively to one another. This is why there is such
serves as a resonator that exhibits resonance at a particular frequency.
a heavy current around the circumference of the rings. Fig. 8(b) shows
The L and C values can be accurately controlled by adjusting the ring’s
how the surface current is more uniform at 4.15 GHz. Reduced current
length, thickness, split gap, and inter-ring distance. The Gap-linked
density is seen throughout the cell, except at the bottom and top of the
square split ring is symmetric. Resonator-based A promising structure
middle rings. At 10.38 GHz, the significant current is seen at two
for S-, C-, and X-band wireless applications is metamaterial. It has
opposing diagonal corners (see Fig. 8(c)), indicating that the current
distinctive electromagnetic characteristics make it possible to control
density also increases as the frequency rises. The inner rings and the
electromagnetic waves in specific frequency bands. This metamaterial’s
corner where the other four rings are joined have a disproportionately
equivalent circuit model includes several crucial elements that accu­
high and widely dispersed current intensity at 10.38 GHz. It’s also worth
rately represent its behavior. At the structure’s core, symmetric square
noting that the current comes mainly from the center ring. According to
split ring resonators (SSRRs) are interconnected by gaps. These SSRRs
Ampere’s law, the motion of electrical charges [39] creates a magnetic
are responsible for the resonant response of the metamaterial. Each
field. Because of this, an increase in the rate of charge flow results in a
SSRR can be represented as an inductive element due to the presence of
corresponding rise in the intensity of the H-field, as comprehended by
magnetic fields induced by the current flowing through them. The gaps
the H field in Fig. 9.
between the SSRRs are crucial in coupling the resonators and influ­
encing the overall ER. Capacitance elements are included in the equiv­
4.3. Equivalent circuit analysis of the MTM structure
alent circuit to model the capacitive behavior between adjacent SSRRs.
These capacitors account for the electric field coupling between the split
The researchers have employed a variety of techniques to replicate a

Fig. 10. Equivalent circuit of the MTM unit cell.

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S. Hossen et al. Optical Materials 145 (2023) 114389

Fig. 11. Outcomes of Measurement a) Experimental setup, (b) Made-up model of the suggested MTM unit cell, (c) Comparison of simulated and measured outcomes.

ring resonators, contributing to the metamaterial’s overall resonance cable is used to connect the VNA to the waveguide. Fig. 11(b) illustrates
and transmission characteristics. In addition to the inductive and the constructed model of the proposed CSRR. Fig. 11(c) shows the dB
capacitive elements, the equivalent circuit may include resistive com­ measurement result of S21, which corresponds well with the calculated
ponents to represent the losses coupled with the metamaterial. These data and verifies the effectiveness of the intended absorber.
losses can arise from various sources, such as conductor resistance and
dielectric losses. Overall, the equivalent circuit of the Gap coupled 5. Comparison with existing work and proposed MTM structure
symmetric square split ring Resonator-based Metamaterial combines
inductive, capacitive, and resistive elements to capture the complex Details on the resonator design and size, materials of the substrate,
electromagnetic behavior exhibited by this structure. By analyzing this operating frequency band, absorption, and metamaterial properties of
circuit, researchers can gain insights into the metamaterial’s response currently available MTMs are compared in Table 2. Using measurements
and optimize its performance for S-, C-, and X-band applications. Fig. 10 of electromagnetic energy, the authors of [21] created a
depicts the schematic representation of the predicted metamaterial unit polarization-insensitive MTM absorber for crowd estimates. In Ref. [22],
cell’s equivalent circuit. This outer circuit ring and nested split ring a transparent and flexible absorbent encompassing the whole WiFi
consists of inductance like L1, L2———L21 and capacitance like C1, C2 waveband is introduced. For RF energy harvesting [24], describes the
… ….C9. usage of a thin, adjustable, dual-layer metamaterial absorber with a
triple band: paper [27], a triple-band metamaterial absorber of circular
ring and inner Jerusalem shape. In addition [40], this study presents an
4.4. Measurements and simulation validation investigation into the development of a broadband absorber specifically
designed for the sub-6G spectrum utilized in 5G mobile communication.
We have constructed and analyzed a prototype of the proposed Therefore, a metamaterial absorber for both WiFi frequencies is shown
absorber. Fig. 11(a) depicts the measurement configuration using a in Ref. [41]. In addition, a metamaterial absorber in the form of a flower
Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Utilizing a total of three A-INFOMW that operates at 5.5 GHz is shown in Ref. [42]. In addition, a novel
WGs, each absorption band was measured. P/N:340WCAS, P/ multi-band split-S-shaped metamaterial is presented in the publication
N:187WCAS, and P/N:137WCAS were used to take readings in the 2.88 [43]. Multi-band I-shaped metamaterials based on the use of SRR are
GHz, 4.78 GHz, and 10.9 GHz frequency bands, respectively. A coaxial

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S. Hossen et al. Optical Materials 145 (2023) 114389

Table 2
Comparative studies with surviving MMAs.
Ref. Dimension (mm3) Substrate Operating Frequency (GHz) Metamaterial Structure of the resonator EMR
(L × W × T) Material Property

[21] 18 × 18 × 1.75 Rogers RO 3003 2.4, 5.1 N/A Split circular rings 6.94
[22] 40 × 20 × 6.25 PET-PDMS-PET 3.2–11 N/A Four C-shape ring 2.34
[24] 33.5 × 33.5 × 6 Neoprene rubber 1.75, 2.17, 2.6 N/A Six distinct concentric rings 5.11
[27] 13.8 × 13.8 × 1 FR-4 4.4, 6.05, 13.9 N/A Circular ring and inner Jerusalem 4.94
cross
[40] 40 × 40 × 11 PET-PDMS-PET 2.83–5.83 N/A Split square ring 3.40
[41] 34 × 34 × 3.2 FR-4 2.45 and 5 N/A Two C shape square ring 3.60
[42] – FR-4 5.5 N/A Flower Shaped Metamaterial 6.05
[43] 20 × 20 × 1.6 FR-4 8.7410.03, 10.87, 11.29, 11.66 and 14.96 SNG, DNG Split-S-shaped metamaterial –
[44] 10 × 10 × 1.6 FR-4 6.31, 7.79, 9.98, 10.82, 11.86, 13.36 and SNG I-Shaped Metamaterial –
15.5
[45] – RT-5880 40 SNG – 1.25
[46] 10.30 × 10.30 × 1.5 RT-5880 17.1 SNG U-shaped slotted 1.7
Proposed 14.50 × 14.50 × 1.5 FR- 4 2.77, 4.77, and 10.9 SNG symmetric square split ring 7.19

shown in Ref. [44]. SNG metamaterials with EMR values below two are Declaration of competing interest
shown in papers [45,46]. The SSRR metamaterial, if implemented, holds
potential for a wide range of applications, including radar systems, The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
communication satellites, and utilization within civil, military, and interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
government institutions. The proposed metamaterial (MTM) exhibited the work reported in this paper.
superior performance compared to existing MTMs in the frequency
range below 6 GHz. It achieved a higher electromagnetic reflection Data availability
(EMR) value than the absorbers listed in Table 2 across many absorption
frequency bands. Consequently, it is a more favorable option for S, C, No data was used for the research described in the article.
and X bands compared to the currently available MTMs.
Acknowledgment
6. Conclusion
This study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz
The present research examines a metamaterial comprising a coupled University project number (PSAU/2023/R/1445).
SSRR that displays three resonances in the S, C, and X frequency bands.
The electrical dimensions of the MTM structure are 0.139λ × 0.139λ × References
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