Analog Electronic Circuits (PC231EC)

UNIT-I

SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

Classification of amplifiers:
An Amplifier circuit is one which strengthens the signal. Let us now try to understand the
classification of amplifiers. Amplifiers are classified according to many considerations.
Based on number of stages
Depending upon the number of stages of Amplification, there are Single-stage amplifiers and
Multi-stage amplifiers.
 Single-stage Amplifiers − this has only one transistor circuit, which is a single stage
amplification.
 Multi-stage Amplifiers − this has multiple transistor circuit, which provides multi-
stage amplification.
Based on its output
Depending upon the parameter that is amplified at the output, there are voltage and power
amplifiers.
 Voltage Amplifiers − the amplifier circuit that increases the voltage level of the input
signal, is called as Voltage amplifier.
 Power Amplifiers − the amplifier circuit that increases the power level of the input
signal, is called as Power amplifier.
Based on the input signals
Depending upon the magnitude of the input signal applied, they can be categorized as Small
signal and large signal amplifiers.
 Small signal Amplifiers − When the input signal is so weak so as to produce small
fluctuations in the collector current compared to its quiescent value, the amplifier is
known as Small signal amplifier.
 Large signal amplifiers − When the fluctuations in collector current are large i.e.
beyond the linear portion of the characteristics, the amplifier is known as large signal
amplifier.
Based on the frequency range
Depending upon the frequency range of the signals being used, there are audio and radio
amplifiers.
 Audio Amplifiers − the amplifier circuit that amplifies the signals that lie in the audio
frequency range i.e. from 20Hz to 20 KHz frequency range, is called as audio
amplifier.
 Power Amplifiers − the amplifier circuit that amplifies the signals that lie in a very
high frequency range, is called as Power amplifier.
Based on Biasing Conditions
Depending upon their mode of operation, there are class A, class B and class C amplifiers.
 Class A amplifier − The biasing conditions in class A power amplifier are such that
the collector current flows for the entire AC signal applied.
 Class B amplifier − The biasing conditions in class B power amplifier are such that
the collector current flows for half-cycle of input AC signal applied.
 Class C amplifier − The biasing conditions in class C power amplifier are such that
the collector current flows for less than half cycle of input AC signal applied.
 Class AB amplifier − The class AB power amplifier is one which is created by
combining both class A and class B in order to have all the advantages of both the
classes and to minimize the problems they have.
Based on the Coupling method
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Depending upon the method of coupling one stage to the other, there are RC coupled,
Transformer coupled and direct coupled amplifier.
 RC Coupled amplifier − A Multi-stage amplifier circuit that is coupled to the next
stage using resistor and capacitor (RC) combination can be called as a RC coupled
amplifier.
 Transformer Coupled amplifier − A Multi-stage amplifier circuit that is coupled to
the next stage, with the help of a transformer, can be called as a Transformer coupled
amplifier.
 Direct Coupled amplifier − A Multi-stage amplifier circuit that is coupled to the
next stage directly, can be called as a direct coupled amplifier.
Based on the Transistor Configuration
Depending upon the type of transistor configuration, there are CE CB and CC amplifiers.
 CE amplifier − the amplifier circuit that is formed using a CE configured transistor
combination is called as CE amplifier.
 CB amplifier − the amplifier circuit that is formed using a CB configured transistor
combination is called as CB amplifier.
 CC amplifier − the amplifier circuit that is formed using a CC configured transistor
combination is called as CC amplifier.
Simplified Common Emitter (CE) hybrid model

hre and hoe is very small they can be neglected.

Analysis of Common Emitter (CE) amplifier using simplified equivalent ckt

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 Ic=hfeIb
Apply KVL input side
RsIb+hieIb=0 => (Rs+hie)Ib=0
It is possible only when Ib=0 =>Ic=hfeIb=0
Ro=∞
Response of BJT amplifier in Common Collector (CC) configuration using
simplified hybrid model in CE configuration

Common Base (CB) Configuration

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Comparison of CE,CC and CB

CE amplifier with emitter resistance RE

AI without RE = -hfe ------------(1 a)

Current gain is unaltered by one addition of amplifier resistance.

Ri without RE = hie----------(2a)
This is a desirable effect produced by the addition of resistance RE i.e. the input
resistance is higher.
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 Normally,
(1+hfe) RE>>hie
Also hfe>> 1
Then,

So, the gain of the amplifier becomes the radio of two resistances, and hence the gain
is stabilized.

BJT Amplifiers- Frequency Response

Under reverse bias condition the capacitance at the junction is called transition or
space charge capacitance. Under forward bias condition the capacitance is called diffusion or
storage capacitance.
At high frequencies, BJT cannot be analysed by h-parameters.

Giacolleto model - hybrid π equivalent ckt

Desirable fractures of hybrid π equivalent circuit (ckt)

(1) The value of components in the equivalent ckt. are independent of frequencies.
(2) The values of all the resistive components in the equivalent ckt. can be determined from
the known or Specified values of h-parameters at low frequencies.
(3) The results obtained by using this equivalent ckt. Agrees with the experimental result.

The components of the equivalent ckt. exist in the form of π hence the name.

For small signal behaviour the transistor at its input port behaves as a resistor.

The output port is a dependent current source.

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Because the base (B) is lightly doped all the depletion region lies entirely in the Base region.
So, when the collector.
voltage is increased the depletion region in the base increases.

rce --> This resistance is added to compensate for the change in IC due to change in VCE.

is given below
Transconductance gm = Ic/Vt
Internal Base node to emitter resistance rb’e = hfe/ gm = (hfe* Vt )/ Ic
Internal Base node to collector resistance rb’e = (hre* rb’c) / (1- hre) assuming hre << 1 it
reduces to rb’e = (hre* rb’c)
Base spreading resistance rbb’ = hie – rb’e = hie – (hfe* Vt )/ Ic
Collector to emitter resistance rce = 1 / ( hoe – (1+ hfe)/rb’c)
The CE short circuit current gain (Ai)

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(1) is in shunt with short circuit and behaves as open circuit and hence is removed from the
equivalent circuit.
(2) rb’e | | rb’c rb’e
CC || Ce = CC + Ce
(3) Current delivered directly to the output from input though rb’c& CC is negligibly small
compared to dependent
current source gmVb’e
Under these assumptions the simplified hybrid model of CE amplifier.

At f = 0, Ai = - hfe

The parameter fT: The frequency at which the magnitude short ckt. current gain of CE
amplifier reduces to unity is
defined as frequency fT
fT --> Gain bandwidth product of an amplifier.
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|Ai| = at f = fT

Current gain of CE amplifier with Resistive Load

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Assumptions :

1) Both input and output loop contain RC ckt. the RC product of input loop is larger than that
of output loop and
determines the bandwidth of (3dB frequency) of the amplifier. Consequently the

(2) For practical amplifier RL< 2KΩ

rce = 80K

(3) Vce = -gm Vb’e RL

Typical value of gm = 50mA/V & RL = 2KΩ. Putting these value K = -100.

In the input loop

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(4) C = Ce + CC (1-K)
= Ce + CC (1 + gm)
Final equivalent ckt.

At f = 0, AI = -hfe

Current gain of CE amplifier taking source resistance into account

AIS= (1) * (2)

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For f = 0, jωc

AISO= -gmRs where gb'e<< G'S

From (4)

So, to summarize

C = Ce + CC (1 + gm RL) -------------(5)
(b) Taking source resistance into account

C = Ce + CC (1 + gmRL) --------(9)
Voltage gain taking source resistance into consideration

R =RS + rbb' C = Ce + CC (1 + gmRL)

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Where f = 0

Voltage Gain Bandwidth Product

Problem - = fH = 50 * 106Hz, RL= 500Ω, hfe = 100, gm = 100mA/V, rbb’ = 100Ω, CC =

1PF, fT = 400MHz, find RS = ?

C = Ce + CC (1 + gmRL)

RS = 449 Ω

Multi-stage amplifiers

In practical applications, the output of a single state amplifier is usually insufficient, though it
is a voltage or power amplifier. Hence they are replaced by Multi-stage transistor
amplifiers.In Multi-stage amplifiers, the output of first stage is coupled to the input of next
stage using a coupling device. These coupling devices can usually be a capacitor or a
transformer. This process of joining two amplifier stages using a coupling device can be
called asCascading. The following figure shows a two-stage amplifier connected in cascade.

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The overall gain is the product of voltage gain of individual stages.
AV=AV1×AV2
Where AV = Overall gain, AV1 = Voltage gain of 1st stage, and AV2= Voltage gain of 2nd
stage.
If there is n number of stages, the product of voltage gains of those n stages will be the
overall gain of that multistage amplifier circuit.
Purpose of coupling device
The basic purposes of a coupling device are
 To transfer the AC from the output of one stage to the input of next stage.
 To block the DC to pass from the output of one stage to the input of next stage, which
means to isolate the DC conditions.

Types of Coupling

Joining one amplifier stage with the other in cascade, using coupling devices form a Multi-
stage amplifier circuit. There are four basic methods of coupling, using these coupling
devices such as resistors, capacitors, transformers etc. Let us have an idea about them.

Resistance-Capacitance Coupling.
This is the mostly used method of coupling, formed using simple resistor-capacitor
combination. The capacitor which allows AC and blocks DC is the main coupling element
used here. The coupling capacitor passes the AC from the output of one stage to the input of
its next stage. While blocking the DC components from DC bias voltages to effect the next
stage. Let us get into the details of this method of coupling in the coming chapters.
Impedance Coupling

The coupling network that uses inductance and capacitance as coupling elements
can be called as Impedance coupling network. In this impedance coupling method, the
impedance of coupling coil depends on its inductance and signal frequency which is jwL.
This method is not so popular and is seldom employed.

Transformer Coupling

The coupling method that uses a transformer as the coupling device can be called as
Transformer coupling. There is no capacitor used in this method of coupling because the
transformer itself conveys the AC component directly to the base of second stage.The
secondary winding of the transformer provides a base return path and hence there is no need
of base resistance. This coupling is popular for its efficiency and its impedance matching and
hence it is mostly used.

Direct Coupling

If the previous amplifier stage is connected to the next amplifier stage directly, it is
called as direct coupling. The individual amplifier stage bias conditions are so designed that
the stages can be directly connected without DC isolation.The direct coupling method is

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mostly used when the load is connected in series, with the output terminal of the active circuit
element. For example, head-phones, loud speakers etc.

Role of Capacitors in Amplifiers

Other than the coupling purpose, there are other purposes for which few capacitors are
especially employed in amplifiers. To understand this, let us know about the role of
capacitors in Amplifiers.
The Input Capacitor Cin
The input capacitor Cin present at the initial stage of the amplifier, couples AC signal to the
base of the transistor. This capacitor Cin if not present, the signal source will be in parallel to
resistor R2 and the bias voltage of the transistor base will be changed. Hence Cin allows, the
AC signal from source to flow into input circuit, without affecting the bias conditions.
The Emitter By-pass Capacitor Ce
The emitter by-pass capacitor Ce is connected in parallel to the emitter resistor. It offers a
low reactance path to the amplified AC signal. In the absence of this capacitor, the voltage
developed across RE will feedback to the input side thereby reducing the output voltage.
Thus in the presence of Ce the amplified AC will pass through this.
Coupling Capacitor CC
The capacitor CC is the coupling capacitor that connects two stages and prevents DC
interference between the stages and controls the operating point from shifting. This is also
called as blocking capacitor because it does not allow the DC voltage to pass through it. In
the absence of this capacitor, RC will come in parallel with the resistance R1 of the biasing
network of the next stage and thereby changing the biasing conditions of the next stage.
Amplifier Consideration
For an amplifier circuit, the overall gain of the amplifier is an important consideration. To
achieve maximum voltage gain, let us find the most suitable transistor configuration for
cascading.
CC Amplifier
 Its voltage gain is less than unity.
 It is not suitable for intermediate stages.

CB Amplifier
 Its voltage gain is less than unity.
 Hence not suitable for cascading.
CE Amplifier
 Its voltage gain is greater than unity.
 Voltage gain is further increased by cascading.

The characteristics of CE amplifier are such that, this configuration is very suitable for
cascading in amplifier circuits. Hence most of the amplifier circuits use CE configuration.

Mid-Frequency, Low-Frequency and High Frequency Analysis of Single and Multistage

RC Coupled Amplifier with BJT:
Construction of a Two-stage RC Coupled Amplifier:
The constructional details of a two-stage RC coupled transistor amplifier circuit are as
follows. The two stage amplifier circuit has two transistors; connected in CE configuration
and a common power supply VCC is used. The potential divider network R1 and R2 and the
resistor Re from the biasing and stabilization network. The emitter by-pass capacitor Ce offers
a low reactance path to the signal.
The resistor RL is used as a load impedance. The input capacitor Cin present at the initial stage
of the amplifier couples AC signal to the base of the transistor. The capacitor C C is the
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coupling capacitor that connects two stages and prevents DC interference between the stages
and controls the shift of operating point. The figure below shows the circuit diagram of RC
coupled amplifier.

Operation of RC Coupled Amplifier:

When an AC input signal is applied to the base of first transistor, it gets amplified and
appears at the collector load RL which is then passed through the coupling capacitor CC to the
next stage. This becomes the input of the next stage, whose amplified output again appears
across its collector load. Thus the signal is amplified in stage by stage action.
The important point that has to be noted here is that the total gain is less than the product of
the gains of individual stages. This is because when a second stage is made to follow the first
stage, the effective load resistance of the first stage is reduced due to the shunting effect of
the input resistance of the second stage. Hence, in a multistage amplifier, only the gain of the
last stage remains unchanged.
As we consider a two stage amplifier here, the output phase is same as input. Because the
phase reversal is done two times by the two stage CE configured amplifier circuit.

Frequency Response of RC Coupled Amplifier:

Frequency response curve is a graph that indicates the relationship between voltage gain and
function of frequency. The frequency response of a RC coupled amplifier is as shown in the
following graph

From the above graph, it is understood that the frequency rolls off or decreases for the
frequencies below 50Hz and for the frequencies above 20 KHz. whereas the voltage gain for
the range of frequencies between 50Hz and 20 KHz is constant.
1
XC 
2 fC
We know that,

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It means that the capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency.
At Low frequencies (i.e. below 50 Hz)
The capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency. At low frequencies, the
reactance is quite high. The reactance of input capacitor Cin and the coupling capacitor CC are
so high that only small part of the input signal is allowed. The reactance of the emitter by
pass capacitor CE is also very high during low frequencies. Hence it cannot shunt the emitter
resistance effectively. With all these factors, the voltage gain rolls off at low frequencies.
At High frequencies (i.e. above 20 KHz)
Again considering the same point, we know that the capacitive reactance is low at high
frequencies. So, a capacitor behaves as a short circuit, at high frequencies. As a result of this,
the loading effect of the next stage increases, which reduces the voltage gain. Along with this,
as the capacitance of emitter diode decreases, it increases the base current of the transistor
due to which the current gain (β) reduces. Hence the voltage gain rolls off at high
frequencies.
At Mid-frequencies (i.e. 50 Hz to 20 KHz)
The voltage gain of the capacitors is maintained constant in this range of frequencies, as
shown in figure. If the frequency increases, the reactance of the capacitor C C decreases which
tends to increase the gain. But this lower capacitance reactive increases the loading effect of
the next stage by which there is a reduction in gain. Due to these two factors, the gain is
maintained constant.
Advantages of RC Coupled Amplifier

The following are the advantages of RC coupled amplifier.

 The frequency response of RC amplifier provides constant gain over a wide frequency
range, hence most suitable for audio applications.
 The circuit is simple and has lower cost because it employs resistors and capacitors
which are cheap.
 It becomes more compact with the upgrading technology.
Disadvantages of RC Coupled Amplifier

The following are the disadvantages of RC coupled amplifier.

 The voltage and power gain are low because of the effective load resistance.
 They become noisy with age.
 Due to poor impedance matching, power transfer will be low.

Applications of RC Coupled Amplifier

The following are the applications of RC coupled amplifier.

 They have excellent audio fidelity over a wide range of frequency.
 Widely used as Voltage amplifiers
 Due to poor impedance matching, RC coupling is rarely used in the final stages.

We have observed that the main drawback of RC coupled amplifier is that the effective load
resistance gets reduced. This is because, the input impedance of an amplifier is low, while its
output impedance is high. When they are coupled to make a multistage amplifier, the high
output impedance of one stage comes in parallel with the low input impedance of next stage.
Hence, effective load resistance is decreased. This problem can be overcome by a transformer
coupled amplifier.In a transformer-coupled amplifier, the stages of amplifier are coupled
using a transformer. Let us go into the constructional and operational details of a transformer
coupled amplifier.

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Mid-Frequency, Low-Frequency and High Frequency Analysis of Single and Multistage
RC Coupled Amplifier with

Fig. Above shows a two stage RC coupled amplifier using FET. When an ac signal is
applied to the input of the first stage, it is amplified by the active device (FET) and
appears across the drain resistor RD. this output signal is connected to the input of the
second stage through a coupling capacitor CC. The second stage doesn’t further
amplification of the signal.

Note: Frequency Response is same as that of BJT amplifier

Analysis of transformer coupled amplifier in mid frequency, Low frequency and high
frequency regions with BJT:

Transformer Coupled Amplifier:

In a transformer-coupled amplifier, the stages of amplifier are coupled using a

transformer. Let us go into the constructional and operational details of a transformer
coupled amplifier.
Construction of Transformer Coupled Amplifier:
The amplifier circuit in which, the previous stage is connected to the next stage using a
coupling transformer, is called as Transformer coupled amplifier. The coupling
transformer T1 is used to feed the output of 1st stage to the input of 2nd stage. The collector
load is replaced by the primary winding of the transformer. The secondary winding is
connected between the potential divider and the base of 2nd stage, which provides the
input to the 2nd stage. Instead of coupling capacitor like in RC coupled amplifier, a
transformer is used for coupling any two stages, in the transformer coupled amplifier
circuit.
The figure below shows the circuit diagram of transformer coupled amplifier.

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The potential divider network R1 and R2 and the resistor Re together form the biasing and
stabilization network. The emitter by-pass capacitor Ce offers a low reactance path to the
signal. The resistor RL is used as a load impedance. The input capacitor Cin present at the
initial stage of the amplifier couples AC signal to the base of the transistor. The capacitor
CC is the coupling capacitor that connects two stages and prevents DC interference
between the stages and controls the shift of operating point.
Operation of Transformer Coupled Amplifier:
When an AC signal is applied to the input of the base of the first transistor then it gets
amplified by the transistor and appears at the collector to which the primary of the
transformer is connected.
The transformer which is used as a coupling device in this circuit has the property of
impedance changing, which means the low resistance of a stage (or load) can be reflected
as a high load resistance to the previous stage. Hence the voltage at the primary is
transferred according to the turn’s ratio of the secondary winding of the transformer.
This transformer coupling provides good impedance matching between the stages of
amplifier. The transformer coupled amplifier is generally used for power amplification.
Frequency Response of Transformer Coupled Amplifier:
The figure below shows the frequency response of a transformer coupled amplifier. The
gain of the amplifier is constant only for a small range of frequencies. The output voltage
is equal to the collector current multiplied by the reactance of primary.

At low frequencies, the reactance of primary begins to fall, resulting in decreased gain. At
high frequencies, the capacitance between turns of windings acts as a bypass condenser to
reduce the output voltage and hence gain.

 The drop in gain at low frequencies is caused by “shorting effect” of the input
terminals (primary) of the transformer at low frequencies. The reactance of the
primary of a transformer becomes very low at low frequencies and becomes zero
at 0 hertz.
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  At low frequencies, change in magnetic flux becomes low, resulting to lower
output voltage.
 The drop in gain at high frequencies is due to the stray capacitance at the primary
and secondary of a transformer, and frequency dependence of gain of devices. At
high frequencies, the reactance of the stray capacitances becomes low enough) that
high frequency signals are also “shorted out”.

Advantages of Transformer Coupled Amplifier

 An excellent impedance matching is provided.
 Gain achieved is higher.
 There will be no power loss in collector and base resistors.
 Efficient in operation.

Disadvantages of Transformer Coupled Amplifier

The following are the disadvantages of a transformer coupled amplifier −
 Though the gain is high, it varies considerably with frequency. Hence a poor
frequency response.
 Frequency distortion is higher.
 Transformers tend to produce hum noise.
 Transformers are bulky and costly.

Applications
The following are the applications of a transformer coupled amplifier −
 Mostly used for impedance matching purposes.
 Used for Power amplification.
 Used in applications where maximum power transfer is needed.

The other type of coupling amplifier is the direct coupled amplifier, which is especially used
to amplify lower frequencies, such as amplifying photo-electric current or thermo-couple
current or so.
Direct Coupled Amplifier
 As no coupling devices are used, the coupling of the amplifier stages is done
directly and hence called as
Direct Coupled Amplifier
As no coupling devices are used, the coupling of the amplifier stages is done directly and
hence called as Direct coupled amplifier.
Construction
The figure below indicates the three stage direct coupled transistor amplifier. The output of
first stage transistor T1 is connected to the input of second stage transistor T2.

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The transistor in the first stage will be an NPN transistor, while the transistor in the next stage
will be a PNP transistor and so on. This is because; the variations in one transistor tend to
cancel the variations in the other. The rise in the collector current and the variation in β of
one transistor gets cancelled by the decrease in the other.
Operation
The input signal when applied at the base of transistor T1, it gets amplified due to the
transistor action and the amplified output appears at the collector resistor Rc of transistor T1.
This output is applied to the base of transistor T2 which further amplifies the signal. In this
way, a signal is amplified in a direct coupled amplifier circuit.

Advantages
The advantages of direct coupled amplifier are as follows.
 The circuit arrangement is simple because of minimum use of resistors.
 The circuit is of low cost because of the absence of expensive coupling devices.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of direct coupled amplifier are as follows.
 It cannot be used for amplifying high frequencies.
 The operating point is shifted due to temperature variations.
Applications
 Low frequency amplifications.
 Low current amplifications.

Comparisions:

S. no Particular RC Coupling Transformer Coupling Direct Coupling

1 Frequency Excellent in audio poor Best
2 Cost Less more least
3 Space Less more least
4 Impedance Not good excellent good
5 Use For Volatge For power For amplifying
small signals

Bandwidth of a multistage amplifier

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The range of frequencies which are amplified without much variation in gain is called
bandwidth of amplifiers. Human ears are insensitive to the variation of power gain of about
3dB. Hence, frequency range from lower 3dB to upper 3dB is considered as bandwidth of
single stage amplifier. Bandwidth of single stage amplifier

Bandwidth (BW) = fH – fL ~ fH

Lower 3dB frequency of multistage amplifier

The lower 3db frequency of n identical cascaded stages as fL(n).It is the frequency for which
the overall gain falls to (3 db) of its midband value. 2 1

Higher 3dB frequency of multistage amplifier

The lower 3db frequency of n identical cascaded stages as fH(n).It is the frequency for which
the overall gain falls to 3Decibels of its midband value.

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 QUESTION BANK

 Short answer questions.

UNIT-I
1) Write briefly about classification of amplifiers.
2) What are the advantages & disadvantages of transformer coupled amplifier.
3) Draw high frequency equivalent Circuit of FET & explain.
4) What is the effect of cascading no. of RC coupled amplifier on BW
5) What is amplifier? Classify them.
6) What is the range of frequency up to which the hybrid-pi equivalent circuit is valid?
7) What are the advantages of transformer coupled amplifier over RC – coupled
amplifier.
8) Derive the expression for high 3-dB frequency Fh* of n identical stages in terms of fH
for one stage.
9) State and explain miller’s theorem.
10) Describe briefly the merits and demerits of FET over BJT.
11) Voltage gain of a single stage amplifier is 20.BW=10 KHz, 3 such stages are cascaded.
Find over all voltage gain and band width.
12) Three identical stages have an overall upper 3db frequency of 20 KHz, and lower 3db
frequency of 20Hz, what are fl and fh of each stage.
13) BJT has following parameters fT=500 MHz and IC =1mA, and β=10. Calculate
bandwidth.
14) Discuss the effect of bypass and coupling capacitance.
15) What is miller effect resistance and capacitance explain with example.

 Long answer questions.

UNIT-I
1) Draw the circuit of transformer coupled amplifier & derive expression for gain in low,
high freq.
2) For RC coupled BJT amplifier derive expressions for gain at mid & high frequencies
3) Derive expression for mid gain & BW of two stage RC coupled FET amplifier
4) Explain RC coupled amplifier. Derive its frequencies & draw eqi. Circuit used in
finding frequencies
5) Derive mid gain & low cutoff freq for transformer coupled BJT amplifier
6) Show the hybrid – π equivalent circuit of BJT in CE configuration. Explain
significance of each parameter . Derive the expression for fβ and fT.

UNIT-I - ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

UNIT-I
1. Write briefly about classification of amplifiers.
1. What are advantages and disadvantages of transformer coupled amplifier.
2. Draw high frequency equivalent circuit of FET, BJT and explain.
3. Derive expressions for midband gain and bandwidth of 2-stage RC coupled FET
amplifier.
4. Explain RC coupled amplifier. Derive f1, f2, bandwidth draw the equivalent circuit
used in finding f1, f2.
5. Draw the small signal equivalent circuit of FET amplifier in CG connection and
device the expression for voltage gain.
6. Draw and explain the equivalent circuit of transformer coupled amplifier in low,
mid, high frequency range.

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