Unit D2: Human Systems (Circulatory, Immune, Excretory)

Unit Exam Study Guide

I can:
Objective:

○ Identify the principal structures of the heart and associated blood vessels; i.e., atria,
ventricles, septa, valves, aorta, venae cavae, pulmonary arteries and veins, sinoatrial
node, atrioventricular node, Purkinje fibres

○ Describe the action of the heart, blood pressure and the general circulation of
blood through the coronary, pulmonary, and systemic pathways

○ Describe the structure and function of blood vessels; i.e., arteries, veins and
capillaries

○ Describe the main components of blood and their role in transport, clotting and
resisting the influence of pathogens; i.e., plasma, erythrocytes, platelets, leucocytes

○ Explain the role of the circulatory system at the capillary level in aiding the
digestive, excretory, respiratory and motor systems’ exchange of energy and matter
with the environment

○ Explain the role of blood in regulating body temperature

○ Describe and explain, in general terms, the function of the lymphatic system

○ List the main cellular and noncellular components of the human defence system and
describe their role; i.e., skin, macrophage, helper T cell, B cell, killer T cell, suppressor
T cell, memory T cell

○ Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups on the basis of antigens and antibodies

○ Identify the principal structures in the excretory system; i.e., kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, urethra

○ Identify the major and associated structures of the nephron, including the
glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, tubules, loop of Henle, collecting duct, afferent and
efferent arterioles, and capillary net, and explain their function in maintaining plasma
compositions (i.e., water, pH, ions)

○ Describe the function of the kidney in excreting metabolic wastes and expelling them
into the environment

○ Identify the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone in water and sodium
ion reabsorption, excretion and blood pressure regulation
Unit D2: Study Guide

Key Terms:

-pericardium -right atrium -left atrium

-right ventricle -left ventricle -septum

-tricuspid valve -bicuspid (mitral) valve -chordae tendinae

-pulmonary (semilunar) valve -aortic (semilunar) valve -superior vena cava

-inferior vena cava -pulmonary circulation -systemic circulation

-oxygenated blood -deoxygenated blood -arteries

-arterioles -capillaries -venules

-veins -atherosclerosis -plaque

-varicose veins -systole -diastole

-sinoatrial (SA) node -atrioventricular (AV) node -Purkinje fibers

-bundle of His -myogenic muscle -electrocardiogram

-vasoconstriction -vasodilation -cardiac output

-stroke volume -heart rate -blood pressure

-sphygmomanometer -extracellular fluid (ECF) -filtration

-baroreceptors -plasma -erythrocytes

-leukocytes -thrombocytes -anemia

-thrombus -embolus -antigen

-antibody -ABO blood groups -agglutination

-rhesus factor (Rh) -lymphatic system -lymph

-lymphocytes -lymph nodes -spleen

-thymus gland -first line of defense -second line of defense

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Unit D2: Study Guide

Key Terms Continued

-third line of defense -T cells -B cells

-antigen-antibody complex -macrophage -helper T cell

-lymphokine -B cell -killer T cell

-suppressor T cell -memory cell (B & T) -vaccine

-antibiotics -allergies -autoimmune disorders

-immunodeficiency disorders -deamination -urea

-uric acid -ureter -urethra

-bladder -kidney -renal cortex

-renal medulla -renal pelvis -nephron

-afferent arteriole -efferent arteriole -glomerulus

-Bowman’s capsule -proximal tubule -loop of Henle

-distal tubule -collecting duct -filtration

-filtrate -secretion -reabsorption

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Unit D2: Study Guide

Practice Questions:

1. Which is true of all veins?

a. Veins carry deoxygenated blood
b. Veins carry oxygenated blood
c. Veins carry blood away from the heart
d. Veins carry blood towards the heart

2. The blood in the veins of a leg can flow against gravity because:
a. Veins have thin walls
b. Of the pumping action of the heart
c. The blood in the veins is pulled by a vacuum
d. Veins have one-way valves that help return blood to the heart

3. The left side of the heart pumps blood into the generalized body circuit known as the:
a. Systemic circulation
b. Coronary circulation
c. Pulmonary circulation
d. Renal circulation

Use the following diagram to answer the next question

4. Match the blood vessel number with the correct descriptive characteristic:

Description Vessel Number

Blood pressure is the highest in this type of vessel

Contraction of skeletal muscle aids in blood flow

Exchanges gas, nutrients, and wastes with the tissues

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Unit D2: Study Guide

5. Blood from the stomach is returned to the heart through the:

a. Superior vena cava
b. Inferior vena cava
c. Left pulmonary veins
d. Right pulmonary veins

Use the following diagram for the next question

6. The blood vessel labelled X carries high levels of:

a. Oxyhemoglobin toward the heart
b. Oxyhemoglobin away from the theart
c. Carbon dioxide away from the heart
d. Carbon dioxide towards the heart

7. The structure that prevents blood from moving back into the left atrium is the:
a. Bicuspid atrioventricular valve
b. Tricuspid atrioventricular valve
c. Aortic semilunar valve
d. Pulmonary semilunar valve

8. A person’s heart rate will decrease in direct response to a(n):

a. Increase in plasma glucose
b. Increase in CO2 concentration of the blood
c. Decrease in the SA node activity
d. Increase in stimulation of the accelerator (sympathetic) nerve)

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Unit D2: Study Guide

9. In the diagram to the right, which labeled structures would normally contain blood with a
relatively low concentration of oxygen?
a. 3 and 4
b. 1 and 8
c. 2 and 5
d. 6 and 7

Use the following diagram to answer the next question

10. The pathway followed by a red blood cell as it travels from the vena cava to the aorta is:
____________

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Unit D2: Study Guide

Use the following information to answer the next two questions

11. An athlete using the blood doping procedure would gain an unfair advantage over other
competitors because of an increased:
a. Resistance to infectious diseases
b. Cardiac output and lower blood pressure
c. Resistance to bleeding in case of an accident
d. Capacity of the blood to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

12. Nina Kraft, winner of the 2004 Hawaiian Ironman, was disqualified after testing positive for
another form of blood doping, erythropoietin (EPO). EPO is a naturally occurring hormone in the
body. By taking EPO supplement to enhance her athletic performance, Kraft illegally increased the
normal amount of hemoglobin carried in her:
a. Erythrocytes
b. Leukocytes
c. Antibodies
d. Fibrin

Use the following information to answer the next question

13. The vessel labelled X, which is compressed by the cuff, carries blood away from the heart. The
vessel is:
a. An artery carrying oxygenated blood
b. An artery carrying deoxygenated blood
c. A vein carrying oxygenated blood
d. A vein carrying deoxygenated blood

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Unit D2: Study Guide

14. A patient’s resting blood pressure was 160/100. In this patient the diastolic pressure is:
a. 160 and represents the pressure during the relaxation of the left ventricle
b. 160 and represents the pressure during the contraction of the left ventricle
c. 100 and represents the pressure during the relaxation of the left ventricle
d. 100 and represents the pressure during the contraction of the left ventricle

15. The volume of plasma is primarily made up of

a. Water
b. Oxygen
c. Protein
d. Nutrients

16. Which statement is characteristic of blood type O?

a. There are A and B antigens in the plasma and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies on the
red blood cell
b. There are anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma and A and B antigens on the red
blood cells
c. There are anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma and neither A nor B antigens on the
red blood cells
d. There are no A or B antigens on the red blood cells and neither anti-A nor anti-B
antibodies in the plasma

17. Which of the following is true of white blood cells?

a. They contain iron
b. They are smaller than most red blood cells
c. They are biconcave in shape
d. They contain nuclei at maturity

18. Which of the following defense system components is not considered part of the body’s first line
of defense against infection?
a. Tears
b. Skin cells
c. Helper T cells
d. Stomach acid

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Unit D2: Study Guide

Use the following information to answer the next 2 questions

19. Identify the component matching the following blood cells:

a. Platelet __________
b. Red Blood Cell ______
c. White Blood Cell _____

20. Component 6 is most likely:

a. Water
b. Oxygen
c. Glucose
d. Vitamin

21. Rapid multiplication of bacterial cells in a person’s body could be the result of an insufficient
number of:
a. Erythrocytes
b. Antigens
c. Platelets
d. Leukocytes

22. Diseased cells and bacteria are removed from body fluids by the:
a. Lungs
b. Kidneys
c. Large intestine
d. Lymphatic system

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Unit D2: Study Guide

23. Tourists are advised to obtain cholera vaccinations before arriving on a tropical island. The vaccine
protects them against cholera for a number of years by causing the production of:
a. Platelets and fibrin
b. Antigens and erythrocytes
c. Killer T cells and phagocytes
d. Memory B and T cells and antibodies

Use the following information to answer the next question

24. The data shown from the experiment was collected, averaged and plotted as shown in the graph.
A reasonable inference that can be drawn from the graph is that during exercise:
a. Systolic pressure decreases and diastolic pressure increases
b. Systolic pressure increases and diastolic pressure decreases
c. Systolic pressure decreases and diastolic pressure decreases
d. Systolic pressure increases and diastolic pressure increases

25. An excessive loss of blood (hemorrhage) causes a dangerous decrease in blood pressure. In
compensation for this loss, autonomic controls operate to raise the blood pressure. The change
that does not occur in the situation is:
a. An increase in impulses from the medulla oblongata
b. An increase in the heart rate
c. Narrowing of blood vessels
d. A decrease in the pulse rate

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Unit D2: Study Guide

Use the following information to answer the next 2 questions

26. The manipulated variable in this experiment is:

a. Exercise
b. Blood pressure
c. The number of students
d. The health of the students

27. As the level of exercise increases, oxygen demand in the muscles increases. Oxygen exchange
between blood and muscles occurs as blood flows through the:
a. Veins
b. Arteries
c. Venules
d. Capillaries

Use the following information to answer the next question

28. The steps above, arranged in the order in which they occur are: _____________

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Unit D2: Study Guide

Use the following information to answer the next question

29. Arrange the structures above in the order in which urine passes from the kidney tubules to the
outside of the body: ___________

Use the following information to answer the next question

30. Which of the following statements comparing blood in X to blood in Y is true?

a. The concentration of urea is higher in Y
b. The concentration of urea is higher in X
c. The concentration of oxygen is higher in Y
d. The concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in X

31. Normally, concentrations of metabolically useful substances such as glucose are: (Note: the
filtrate becomes the urine)
a. Low in both the nephric filtrate and urine
b. High in both the nephric filtrate and urine
c. High in the nephric filtrate and low in the urine
d. Low in the nephric filtrate and high in the urine

32. Which of the following would cause increased sodium reabsorption by the kidneys?
a. Increased salt intake
b. Decreased blood pressure
c. Increased ADH secretion
d. Decreased aldosterone secretion

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Unit D2: Study Guide

33. The loop of Henle return which of the following substances to the blood?
a. ADH and aldosterone
b. Glucose and Na+ ions
c. Amino acids and vitamins
d. Water and salt

Use the following diagram to answer the next 3 questions

34. The process occurring at X is:

a. Glomerular filtration
b. Tubular reabsorption
c. Urine excretion
d. tubular secretion

35. During the process occurring at X, the substances that cannot leave the blood are:
a. Protein
b. Protein and blood cells
c. Urea, water, and protein
d. Urea, water, protein, and blood cells

36. The process that occurs at A is

a. Tubular secretion
b. Pressure filtration
c. Tubular reabsorption
d. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion

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Unit D2: Study Guide

Use the following diagram to answer the next 2 questions

37. The process represented in the diagram is similar to the one that occurs in the:
a. Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
b. Loop of Henle
c. Distal convoluted tubule
d. Proximal convoluted tubule

38. The substances in human blood which may be likened to the tea in the mixture are:
a. Water, ions, and amino acids
b. White blood cells
c. Red blood cells
d. Blood proteins

39. Caffeine acts in an opposite manner to the presence of ADH, therefore, when one drinks a lot of
coffee, urine will be:
a. Dilute
b. Unaffected
c. Concentrated
d. Less salty due to a reduction in sodium reabsorption

Use the following information to answer the next question

40. The steps above, arranged in the order in which they occur is: ________

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