COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

Police = The governmental department charged with the regulation and control of the affairs of a community, now
chiefly the department established to maintain order, enforce the law, and prevent and detect crime. (French word)

COMPARATIVE = an estimate of relative likeness or unlikeness of two objects or event

GLOBALIZATION
= package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas and authority.
= growing interpenetration of states, markets, communication and ideas.
= The process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and sustain a global
economy.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION to Law Enforcement

= law enforcers are expected to be the protector of the people…….unaccountable flow of migration and
open markets present new threats to state-based human rights regimes – great challenge to law enforcement.

Threats to Law Enforcement

▪ increasing volume of human rights violations as evidence by genocide and mass killing
▪ conflict between nations
▪ Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism

TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM

1. Common Law Systems = usually exists in English speaking countries of the world
= there is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which the public trial is a main
focal point
= also known as “Anglo-American Justice”
2. Civil Law Systems = distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused and the
written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation
= also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”
3. Socialist System = distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender.
= known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa and Asia
4. Islamic System = based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal traditions

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

Continental = is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are servants of higher authorities.
This theory prevails in the continental countries like France, Italy and Spain.

Home Rule = the theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of the community or the
people. This theory prevails in England and United States. It is also the police service which prevails in country with
decentralized form of government. This is likewise the police service theory that should prevail in the Philippines
based on the existing laws, concepts and principles.

CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE

a. Old police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number of arrest made.

b. Modern police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence of crime.

Deviance Control = is the modern police function which primarily involves the mission to reinforce community values
and laws. This was adopted by Germany, China and Japan.

Civil order control = is not organizationally separated from deviance control but is performed by regular street police
in the country of England and United States.

EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

▪ Praetorian guards = military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the idea of
policing said to have originated
▪ Officer de la Paix = a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer

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1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

A. Tun Policing System

A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male residents were required to
guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.
About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the Anglo-Saxon System. Ten families
in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who was known as the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings
amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 families was named the reeve. Both the tithingman and reeve were elected
officials. They possessed judicial power as well as police authority.

B. Hue and Cry

A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an act of the
complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.

C. Trial by Ordeal
A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to an
unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies, it would mean an employment of a “3rd degree.”)
The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.”

2. Norman Period of Policing System

This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror (King of France). When he
invaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and dictators began and changed the concept of
crime being committed against the state.

A. Shire-Rieve
Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five (55)
military areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55)
military divisions in England are called shires. The shire-rieve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or
her actions.
Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each village to aid the Rieve in his duties.
It became the source of the word Constable.
The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”

B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge

A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel
through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of the division of the police and judicial powers.

C. Legis Henrici
An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
▪ Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
▪ Policeman becomes public servant.
▪ The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called “citizen’s arrest.”
▪ Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made inquisition onto the facts of
a crime and eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon Trial or “Trial by Ordeal System.”

D. Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were
required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people

3. Westminster Period of Policing System

It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the capital of England, which at
the time was Westminster. This period has the following features:
▪ Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in daytime (ward) were
defined

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 ▪ Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.

B. Statute of 1295
The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of London
during sundown.

C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361)

Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue, arrest, chastise
and imprisonment violators of law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or village ordinances.
This was later abolished about 75 years after.

D. Star Chamber Court (1487)

A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room set-up is formed in a shape of a star
and judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony from a defendant leading to a great abuse
of power or brutality on the part of the judges.

4. Keepers of the Peace

A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that required the appointment of
knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as guards on bridges and gates while checking the people entering and
leaving the cities and towns.

5. King Charles II of England (1663)

King Charles II passed an act which established or promoted the employment of watchmen or bellmen to be
on duty from sunset to sunrise.

6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"

A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table forcing the
King to sign the same with the following features:
▪ No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal judgment of his peers.
▪ No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.

LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829

Henry Fielding = appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow Street
Runners
Bow Runners = a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his brother John Fielding task to catch
thieves and robbers
identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown
= made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer
constables and watchmen

1798 = Marine Police Force was established, salaried constables were being paid by local magistrates.
= initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was responsible for
preventing the theft of cargo. = widely regarded as being the first modern police force in the world, in the sense that
they were not government controlled and were responsible for the prevention of crime.

LONDON 1829
Sir Robert Peel = appointed as Home Secretary in 1822

METROPOLITAN POLICE = organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)
= the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of London
Police and the British Transport Police)
= finest police force around the world.

TOTAL POLICING = motto of London Metropolitan Police

IMPORTANT DATES

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 ▪ 1833 = Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by the Metropolitan
Police with controversial use of force.
▪ 1836 = The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control.
▪ 1838 = incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the Metropolitan Police and the
disbandment of the Bow Street Office and other Offices. These were all agreed and put into effect.

Administration Policing Principles of London Metropolitan Police

1. Stable and effective civil police under government control
2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency
3. Fast distribution of crime news to the police is essential.

▪ Commissioner = highest rank in the Metropolitan Police

▪ Police Constable = lowest rank

Contributions of the French in Policing

▪ Assigning house numbers
▪ Installing street lights
▪ Use of police ambulances
▪ Use of warrant card and ID signifying the authority to arrest

UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM

TYPES OF US POLICE

1. Municipal Police = includes village, township, city and country police departments, sheriff departments.

Types of Local Police

a. Country Sheriff = in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such as service of eviction
notices and other court orders and police responsibility.
b. City Police = most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that occur in an
incorporated municipality.
2. State Police = includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on state wide law enforcement
3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal government at the national level

Some Federal Agencies Having Police Functions

a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes

1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) = investigates all violations of federal law except when the
enforcement authority was given to other specific federal agency
2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) = concerned with investigation of counterfeiting, forging or
altering of any of the money or other securities of the U.S. It is also in charged of the protection of the president and
his family, and of the executive mansion grounds
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) = investigated all violations of federal law relating to prohibited
drugs
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) = investigates all violations of immigration and
naturalization laws, patrol boarders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens,

b. Protection of the National Revenue

1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = investigation of violations of income tax laws
2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = violations of internal revenue laws
3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs = investigates smuggling activities and enforces customs
and navigation laws.
4. Private Police = additional police protection made by employing sworn officers through contract when they are not
officially on duty

Two Basic Forms of Private Police

a. Proprietary Police = when a person wish to receive service, he hires and security personnel directly
b. Contract Security = services of an independent security company

Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin

U.S. Police Agencies
New York City = it is where the first full time police force was organized in the United States
▪ New York Police Department = the largest police force in the United States
▪ Texas Ranger = police force originally created in response to colonization
▪ Boston Police Department = first local modern police department established in the United States
▪ Pennsylvania State Police = the first state police agency established
▪ Los Angeles Police Department = police force that hired the first female police officer named, Alice Stebbins
Wells

The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure. Although the large and varied
number of federal, state, and local police departments and sheriff's office have different ranks, a general model, from
highest to lowest rank, would be:
➢ Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff
➢ Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy Superintendent/Undersheriff
➢ Inspector/Commander/Colonel
➢ Major/Deputy Inspector
➢ Captain
➢ Lieutenant
➢ Sergeant
➢ Detective/Inspector/Investigator
➢ Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal

CANADA
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) = colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force” = is the
national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in the word being a national, federal,
provincial and municipal policing body. It is founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal Northwest Mounted Police(1873)
with the Dominion Police (1868).
= headed by the Commission under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety Canada.

Commissioner = highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

Police Constable 4th Class = lowest rank

AUSTRALIA
Australian Police = a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement organization, taking strong lead in the fight
against 21st century crime.
▪ Commissioner = highest rank
▪ Constable = lowest rank

HONGKONG
Hong Kong Police Force
= is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the world's second, and
Asia's first, police agency to operate with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May 1844.
in 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force for their
handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Following the transfer of
sovereignty, the Force is once again named the Hong Kong Police Force

Structure HKPF
The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two deputy commissioners:
a. Deputy Commissioner – Operations = supervises all operational matters including crime and
b. Deputy Commissioner – Management = is responsible for the direction and coordination of force
management including personnel, training, and management services.

Motto =We Serve with Pride and Care

The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six Regions:

▪ Hong Kong Island

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 ▪ Kowloon East
▪ Kowloon West
▪ New Territories North
▪ New Territories South
▪ Marine Region

The Force Headquarters (Management) is made up of five departments:

▪ Operations & Support
▪ Crime & Security
▪ Personnel & Training
▪ Management Services
▪ Finance, Administration and Planning

Hong Kong Police College = s responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong Police except
internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training. Training provided by the Police College includes recruit and
continuation training, crime investigation training, police driver training and weapon tactics training. The information
technology training, command training, local and overseas management training, some specialist courses and
periodic courses on firearms and first aid are also provided by the Police College.

Service Quality Wing = is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services provided to force customers
both external and internal. The wing comprises three branches: Performance Review, Research and Inspections and
Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II)
Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II) = includes the Complaints Against Police Office (CAPO) oversees the
investigation and successful resolution of all complaints made both externally and internally against members of the
force.

Entry Requirements to HKPF

Nationality
Must be a permanent resident of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and have lived in Hong Kong for at
least seven years.

For Inspector
Academic Requirements
▪ Hong Kong degree, or equivalent; or
▪ An accredited Associate Degree from Hong Kong tertiary institution / A Higher Diploma from a Hong Kong
polytechnic / polytechnic university, or a Diploma from a registered post-secondary college awarded after
the date of its registration, or equivalent; or
▪ A pass in two subjects at Advanced Level in the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (2A) plus three
other subjects at Grade C or above in the HKCEE (3O), or a combination of results in five Hong Kong
Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 3 in New Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects,
“Attained with Distinction” in Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a maximum of two ApL subjects)
and Grade C in Other Language subjects, or equivalent.

For Police Constable

Academic Requirements

Five passes or above, which may include Chinese Language and English Language, in the HKCEE, or a
combination of results in five Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 2 in New Senior
Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained” in Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a maximum of two ApL subjects)
and Grade E in Other Language subjects, or equivalent.

Selection Processes For Inspector

▪ Written Examination
▪ Extended Interview
▪ Psychometric Test
▪ Final Interview Board
▪ Physical Fitness Test
▪ Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
▪ Appointment

Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin

Selection Processes for Police Constable
▪ Physical Fitness Test
▪ Group Interview
▪ Psychometric Test
▪ Final Interview Board
▪ Basic Law Test
▪ Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
▪ Appointment

RANKS OF HKPF
Commissioner of Police (CP)
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
Superintendent of Police (SP)
Chief Inspector of Police (CIP)
Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
Inspector of Police (IP)
Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
Station Sergeant (SSGT)
Sergeant (SGT)
Senior Constable (SPC)
Police Constable (PC)
TAIWAN
TAIWAN POLICE FORCE = is the unified police force of taiwan
= under the supervision of NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY which is directly under the MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
= under effective civilian control

FUNCTIONS
1) to maintain public order,
2) 2) to protect social security,
3) 3) to prevent all dangers, and
4) ) to promote the welfare of all people.

TYPES OF POLICE FORCE IN TAIWAN

1. Administration Police = are generally referred to those who are required to wear uniforms to carry out duties of
household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves.
2. Traffic Police = the primary duties of the Traffic Police are to keep traffic order, to ensure traffic safety, to prevent
traffic accidents, and to smooth traffic flow.
3. Special Police = are those who are responsible for protecting the Central Government, establishing contingent
plans and assisting local and specialized police units in maintaining public order.
4. Criminal Investigation Police = the primary duties of the criminal investigation police are to prevent and detect
crimes.
5. Specialized Police = main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public facilities like railways, highways,
airports, harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.

RANKS OF TAIWAN POLICE FORCE

Police Supervisor General
Police Supervisor Rank
Police Supervisor Rank Two
Police Supervisor Rank Three
Police Supervisor Rank Four
Police Officer Rank One
Police Officer Rank Two
Police Officer Rank Three

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Police Officer Rank Four
Police Rank One
Police Rank Two
Police Rank Three
Police Rank Four

MYANMAR
Myanmar Police Force = formally known as The People's Police Force (Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe)
= established in 1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was reorganized on 1
October 1995.
There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/Division Police Forces

Each State and Divisional Police Force consist of four components

▪ Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force
▪ Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
▪ Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
▪ Police Stations

TRAINING CENTERS
1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force
2. No.1 Police Training Depot = undertakes Basic Training Course for Police Sergeant for 2 years; Warrant Officer and
Police Sergeants Course for 12 Weeks; and Basic Training Course for Constables for 6 Month
3. No. 2 Police Training Depot = undertakes only Basic Training Course for Constables, which normally takes around 6
months to complete.

INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM

Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara Republika Indonesia) = is the official police force of Indonesia
= organized 1946
= also known as Polri
Markasbesar/Mabes = name of the headquaters of Indonesian National Police located in KebayoranBaru, South,
Jakarta, Indonesia

POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES

1. Kepolisian Daerah or polda = provincial police
2. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil = regional police
3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres = city police
4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek = sub-district police

SPECIAL BRANCHES
1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) = the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations
= paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and providing security for VIP and vital
facilities
2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) = received special anti-riot training
3. Sea and Air Police = responsible patrolling the airspace
4. Plainclothes Unit = assigned in conducting investigations
5. Maritime Police = responsible in protecting the territorial sea
6. Anti-Terrorist Unit = trained in counter-terrorism
7. Forensics = in-charged of laboratory examination of evidence

POLICE RECRUIT VOLUNTEERS

▪ At least sixth-grade education and should pass the competitive examination.
After 3 years, personnel with junior secondary diploma could enter into training to become NCO.

RANKING SYSTEM OF POLRI

Police General = equivalent of Director General of PNP
Second Bhayangkara = equivalent of police officer 1 of the PNP

ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE (RMP: Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, PDRM) = police force of Malaysia.

Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin

 = headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
= The constitution, control, employment, recruitment,fund, discipline, duties and powers of the police force
is specified and governed by the Police Act 1967

Motto = TEGAS, ADIL DAN BERHEMAH = Firm, Fair And Prudent

RMP Organizations
1. Management Department = the Management Department is tasked with the routine of management and
administration affairs of the RMP. This department is also the nerve centre of the RMP and acts as the support
services platform for the rest of the force.
2. Logistics Department = has the role to provide several equipments needed in RMP
▪ 3. Criminal Investigation Division = deals with the investigation, arrest and prosecution of hard crimes
(murder, robbery, rape etc) and petty crimes (theft, house-breaking etc).
= This department also specializes in gambling, vice and secret societies (triads)
Branches of Criminal Investigation Division
▪ D1 – Administrative Division
▪ D2 – Criminal Record Registration
▪ D3 – Internal Affairs
▪ D4 – Statistics
▪ D5 – Prosecution and Law Divisions
▪ D6 – Technical Assistance Division
▪ D7 – Gambling / Vice / Secret Societies
▪ D8 – Investigation Division / Planning
▪ D9 – Special Investigation Division
▪ D10 – Forensic Laboratory Division
▪ D11 – Sexual Investigation Division
▪ D12 – National Centre Bureau-Interpol Division

4. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division = this department's function is to fight against dangerous drugs by
enforcing the law to stop and reduce the demand and supply of dangerous drugs.
5. Internal Security and Public Order Department = responsible for traffic control and Search & Rescue (SAR)
operations
6. The Police Field Force (PFF) = organized in battalions and was a para-military units of the Royal Malaysia Police.
Also known as the Jungle Squad
= established in 1948
7. Police Counter-Terrorism Unit = an elite unit of RMP responsible in counter-terrorism operations
8. UNGERIN = Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN) (Marine Combat Unit) was established in 2006 and it was fully
operational by the end of 2007
= first name was Unit Selam Tempur due to the pressing need to suppress the pirate attacks alongside the
coastal area of Malacca Straits and open sea area of South China Sea which were continuously widespread from time
to time despite various efforts done to overcome the problem
= members received training from U.S
9. Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) = (Malay: Pasukan Simpanan Persekutuan)
= its role is riot suppression, crowd control, disaster relief & rescue, as well as special operations assistance
= organized in 1955
10. C4-i Implementations System = (abbreviation for Command, Control, Communications, Computer-Integrated) =
based at Police Control Centre in all police contingents in Malaysia.
= this unit is assigned to patrol the city and the suburbs.
11. The Marine Operations Force or (Malay: Pasukan Gerakan Marin) = tasked with maintaining law and order and
coordinating search and rescue operations in the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on the high seas
12. Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing Unit or Unit Udara PDRM (UUP) = is a special unit of Royal Malaysia Police with a
vital role in maintaining national security with thorough surveillance and patrol from the air
13. Special Branch = This department is responsible for collecting intelligence for national security
14. Traffic Unit = responsible in maintaining the flow of traffic
15. Commercial Crimes Investigation Department = this department's main function is to investigate, arrest, and
prosecute offenders committing white collar crimes such as fraud, breach of trust, cyber-crimes, forgery,
counterfeiting etc

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16. Mounted Police = police who patrol on horseback (equestrians) or camelback. They continue to serve in remote
areas and in metropolitan areas where their day-to-day function may be picturesque or ceremonial, but they are also
employed in crowd control because of their mobile mass and height advantage

RANKS OF RMP
INSPECTOR-GENERAL OF POLICE = equivalent of director general (Philippines)
POLICE CONSTABLE = equivalent of police officer 1 (Philippines)

Singapore
Francis James Bernard = formed the skeleton force as the heritage of Singapore Police Force in 1819.
▪ Singapore Police Force (SPF) is the main agency task with the maintaining law and order in the city-state. It
is formerly known as Republic of Singapore Police. Organized with split staff (15) and line functions (13)
roughly modeled after the military. Headquarters at New Poenix Park in Novena. The highest rank is
Commissioner of Police and the lowest is Police Constable.
▪ Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857 = constitution of the SPF
Recruitment/training
▪ High school graduates who were interested in law enforcement as a career can be recruited and those who
are selected for officers had to be approved by the Public Service Commission.
▪ Career development course were encouraged for officer and senior officers are required to travel oversees
for training such as in Police Staff College in Britain, FBI Nat’l Academy in US and Police Academy in Japan.
▪ Nine (9) months training. Newly appointed officer will be placed on a one year probation period.

RANKS OF SPF
Commissioner of Police = equivalent of director general in the Philippines
Constable = equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the PNP

JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM

▪ Keihoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Home affairs to 1945)

▪ Japanese Colonial Government = the one which organized the first formal policing in China.
▪ Japanese Yakuza = considered as the center of Asian organized crime action.

ORGANIZATION OF NPA
1. National Public Safety Commission = a government body responsible for the administrative supervision of the
police. Under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister
2. Japan National Police Agency (NPA) = a totally gunless police force, except for its special attack team.

Organizations Attached to the NPA

a. National Police Agency = provides training to police officers and conduct academic research
b. National Research Institute of Police Science = conducts research in police science
c. Imperial Guards = provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other Imperial family.
= responsible for the security of Imperial Palace

3. Regional Police Bureau = exercise control and supervision over regional police offices and provides support with
the prefectural police.
Director General = heads each Regional Bureau acting upon orders from the Commission General of the
NPA.

Regional Police Bureau = the local organizations to carry out part of the NPA’s functions. There are about 7 Bureaus
in the major cities except for Tokyo and Hokkaido where in Tokyo, Metropolitan Police department (headed by
Superintendent General) has long been established and shares the same location with the NPA. Prefectural Police
has the whole of Hokkaido under its jurisdiction.

4. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC) = administrative commission functioning under the representative
system which supervise the prefectural police. Under the Jurisdiction of the Governor. Though not empowered to
give order to the Commission.

5. Koban = a system of policing adopted in Japan, a substation near major transportation hubs and shopping areas
and in residential districts which forms the first line of police response to the public.

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 = Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and about 7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho- staffed by a
single officer). About 20 % of police is assigned to Koban.

CHINA POLICE SYSTEM

▪ Ministry of National Defense = is the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public security agencies such as
Ministry of Public safety and the Ministry of State Security.
▪ Ministry of Public Security= is the principal police authority of the mainland of the People’s Republic of China
which oversee the day to day law enforcement. (It is the equivalent of the National Police Agency in Japan).
▪ Ministry of State Security = the Chinese government’s largest and most active foreign intelligence agency,
though it is also involved in domestic security matters.

Kinds of police
1. People’s Armed Police (PAP), 1980’s deals with domestic disturbances, acts as riot police and guard’s government
compounds and foreign embassies. Usually handles border defense but is called sometimes to back up local police.
2. State Security Police = (1983) safeguards state security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage and conspiracies.
Under the Ministry of State Security and directly accountable to the State council.
3. Prison Police = a part of the correctional arm of the overall police system stationed in prisons and correction units.
This is under the leadership of the Ministry of Justice.
4. Judicial Police = responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts and serving instruments and some
also executing death sentences.
5. Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan”) = operate in many places and hired by officials to help carry out some unpopular
actions such as collecting taxes and fines and ousting peasants from seized land.

Special Police College = conducts nationwide recruitment once a year.

Central Military Commission = appoints police in China
People’s Liberation Army = Chinese Armed forces.
Civil Service Promotion Examinations = basis for regulation of the Rank promotion Examination for police officer.

RANK SYSTEM IN CHINA

Commissioner General = equivalent of Director General in the PNP
Constable 2nd Class = equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the PNP

THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM

Royal Thai Police = formerly known as THAILAND NATIONAL POLICE DEPARTMENT (TNPD)
= In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly under the Office of
the Prime Minister using the name Royal Thai Police. The position of its supreme head was changed from that of the
Director-General of the TNPD to the Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police

Royal Thai Police Headquarters = based in Bangkok

Police-General = highest rank of the Royal Thai Police
Policeman / Constable = lowest rank

BRUNEI POLICE SYSTEM

▪ Royal Brunei Police Force (Polis Diraja Brunei – PDRB) = created in 1921 which is responsible for keeping
law and order and providing law enforcement services throughout Brunei
▪ Inspector-General of Police = highest rank
▪ Lance Corporal = lowest rank

Philippine Police System

▪ During the Spanish Regime
● Maintenance of law and order is a part of the military system for the defense of the colony;
● Locally organized police forces although performing civil duties is a direct adjunct of the colonial
military establishments; (policemen in appearance yet colonial soldiers in the ultimate sense.
● Police functions consisted mainly of (1) suppression of brigandage by patrolling unsettled areas;
(2) detection of local or petty uprising by spying upon the work and movements of the people and;
(3) the enforcement of tax collection including church revenues.
▪ Cuardilleros = a body of rural police organized in each town established by Royal decree of Jan. 8, 1836. It
mandates that 5% of the able bodied male inhabitants of each province where to be enlisted in this police
organization for 3 years. There services are originally not paid or gratuitous subject to some privileges

Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin

 although in some province they received a proportionate pay ranging from 4.00 to 8.00 depending on the
revenue collection.
▪ Carabineros De Seguridad Publica = Organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regulations of the
Department of State. This was armed and considered as the mounted police who later discharged the duties
of a port, harbor and river police. It was later given special commission by Royal Decree of December 20,
1842 and it was called – Cuerco De Seguridad Publica ( Corps of Crabbiness for Public Security).
▪ Gurdia Civil = Created by Royal decree on February 12, 1852, to partially relieve the Spanish peninsula
troops of their works in policing towns. It is consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in
each of the provincial capital of the province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)
▪ Philippine Commission Act No. of 175 = (July 18, 1901) an act providing for the organization and
government of an Insular Constabulary.
▪ Sec. 1, Act 255 of October 3, 1901 = renamed the Insular Constabulary to Philippine Constabulary (a
national police institution for preserving peace, keeping order and enforcing the law.
▪ Henry Allen = the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
▪ Rafael Crame = the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
▪ Act No 70 = (On January 9, 1901) The Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized
▪ E.O. 389 = Ordered that the PC be one of the four services of the AFP, dated December 23, 1940.
▪ P.D. 765 = Integration Act of 1975, dated August 8, 1975, established the Integrated National Police (INP)
composed of the PC as the nucleus and the Integrated local police forces as components, under the Ministry
of National Defense.
▪ E.O. 1012 =transferred to the city and municipal government the operational supervision and direction over
the INP units assigned within their locality.
▪ R.A. 4864 =It created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training and
professionalization of the local police under the Officer of the President. Otherwise known as the Police
Professionalization act of 1966, dated September 8, 1966. It was later renamed as the National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM).
▪ E.O. 1040 = Transferred the Admin. Control and Supervision of the INP from the ministry of National
Defense to the National Police Commission
▪ R.A. 6975 = It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local Government Act of 1990,
enacted on December 13, 1990. Established the PNP, BFP, BJMP and the PPSC.
▪ R.A. 8551 Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted 1998, amending the
provision of R.A. 6975
▪ Act No. 181 = created the Division of Investigation (DI) of the Department of Justice dated November 1938.
▪ R.A. 157 = created the National Bureau of Investigation, enacted June 19, 1947 and later reorganized by
R,A. 2678
▪ Line and Staff = the organizational structure of the P.N.P. which is also adopted by many police organization
in the world.
▪ P.N.P. = headed by Chief with a rank of Director General with two (2) Deputy Director General (1) for
Administration and (2) for Operation. Although there are three (3) Deputy Director General ranks.
▪ SOP No. 7 = prescribed PNP guidelines in the conduct of operations against terrorists and other lawless
elements involved in terrorist activities.

United Nations = officially came into existence on October 24, 1945

= Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the declaration by United Nation. This declaration was
made to officially state the Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the United States, and the Union of soviet Socialist
Republics)

Branches of UN
1. UN general Assembly = This is the main decision- making and representative assembly in the UN through its
policies and recommendations. It is composed of all member states , is headed by a president elected from the
member states, and meets from September to December

Functions of General Assembly

a. Deliberative = initiating studies and making recommendations for the development of international law
b. Supervisory = receiving and considering annual and special reports from another organs
c. Financial = approval and apportionment of budget
d. Elective = election of non-permanent members of the security council
e. Constituent = admissions of members and the amendments of charter

Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin

2. UN Security Council = is another branch in the organization of the UN and is the most powerful of all the
branches.

FUNCTIONS
a. Preventive Action = consist of provisional measures to prevent a conflict from worsening, and may involve the
deployment of PEACEKEEPING AND OBSERVER missions
b. Enforcement Action = consist of deployment of air, sea and land forces
Five Permanent Members of Security Council
1. China
2. France
3. Russia
4. United Kingdom
5. United States
*The other 10 members are rotating or elective members for a period of two years by the General Assembly

3. International Court of Justice = Located in the Hague, Netherlands. This branch is responsible for the judicial
matters of the UN.
4.Secretariat = Its main responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data needed
5. Economic and Social Council = consists of 45 members elected by the General Assembly for a 3 year term.

Efforts are Towards the Following:

a. Higher standards of living
b. Condition of economic and social progress and development
c. Solutions of international economic, social, health and related problems
d. Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms

6. Trusteeship Council = assists the security council and the general assembly in the administration of the
International Trusteeship System

UN CHARTER = it is closest to a constitution that basically governs the relations of international persons. Technically,
it is a Treaty.

TREATY = an international agreement concluded between states in written form and sworn by international law,
whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more instruments and whatever its particular designation.

INTERPOL
▪ Interpol (1923) = (International Criminal Police Organization) is the police forces organization that primarily
manifest global or international cooperation in addressing transnational crime. Its headquarters was initially
located in Vienna Austria (it is where Interpol was founded) but at present it is transferred to Lyon France.
▪ INTERPOL = is the world’s largest international police organization, with 190 member countries. It exists to
help create a safer world by supporting law enforcement agencies worldwide to combat crime.
▪ It aims to facilitate international police co-operation, and supports and assists all organizations, authorities
and services whose mission is to prevent or combat internal crime.
▪ = the organization of law enforcement agencies worldwide that serves as transmission or communication
line for the exchange of information, data and request for assistance between and among the member
countries.
▪ It focuses on: (1) Combat crimes and transnational crimes; (2) protect minorities against the dominant
groups; and (3) Maintain law enforcement regardless of race or religion.

INTERPOL’ s Structure
▪ General Assembly
▪ Executive Committee
▪ General Secretariat
▪ National Central Bureaus
▪ Advisers
▪ The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files.

Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin

General Assembly = is the supreme governing body of the Interpol, it meets annually and comprises delegates
appointed by each member country. The assembly takes all important decisions related to policy, resources, working
methods, finances, activities and programmes.

Executive Committee = consisting of 13 members elected by the General Assembly and comprises the president,
three vice –presidents and nine delegates covering the four regions.
It is the INTERPOL’s select deliberate organ which meets three times a year, usually in March, July and
immediately before the General Assembly.

Current Members of the EC as of 2012

▪ KHOO Boon Hui (Singapore) – Current President and Singapore’s Senior Deputy Secretary of the Ministry of
Home Affairs and former Commissioner of Police.
3 Vice Presidents
Adamu Abubakar MOHAMMED (Nigeria)
Mireille BALLESTRAZZI (France)
Oscar Adolfo NARANJO TRUJILLO (Colombia)

9 Delegates
▪ Pieter Jaap AALBERSBERG (The Netherlands)
▪ Fath ELRAHMAN Osman (Sudan)
▪ Emmanuel GASANA (Rwanda)
▪ Francisco GIL MONTERO (Spain)
▪ Nobuyuki KAWAI (Japan)
▪ Tariq KHOSA (Pakistan)
▪ Sanna PALO (Finland)
▪ Marcos VASQUEZ MEZA (Chile)
▪ Timothy A. WILLIAMS (United States)

General Secretariat = (Lyon, France) operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General. It
Works with Officials of more than 80 countries side-by-side using four official languages: Arabic, English, French and
Spanish. It consists of seven (7) regional offices across the world namely:
• Argentina,
• Cameron,
• Cote D’Ivoire,
• Kenya,
• El Salvador,
• Thailand, and
• Zimbabwe.

National Central Bureaus (NCB) = Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by
National law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional
offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and
apprehension of fugitives.

Advisers = these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and
confirmed by the General Assembly.

Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’ File (CCF) = this is an independent body whose mandate is threefold:
(1) to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization’s
regulations,
(2) to advice INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter concerning the information
contained in INTERPOL’S files.

INTERPOL’s Governance = comprises the General Assembly and the Executive Committee, which is headed by the
President.
The President of the Organization is elected by the General Assembly for a period of four (4) years. His role
is to chair the General Assembly and Executive Committee and ensure that INTERPOL’S activities conform with
decisions made at these meetings.

Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin

 • Oskar Dressler = the first secretary general of the Interpol.
• Johann Schober = the first president of the Interpol.

INTERPOL’S NOTICE
1. Red Notice – a notice which is issued to seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to
extradition.
2. Blue Notice – this type of notice is issued in order to locate, identify or obtain information on a person of interest
in a criminal investigation.
3. Green Notice – to warn about a person's criminal activities if that person is considered to be a possible threat to
public safety.
4. Yellow Notice – to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify
themselves.
5. Black Notice – a notice issued to seek information on unidentified bodies.
6. Orange Notice – to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an imminent threat and
danger to persons or property.
7. Purple Notice – issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment methods used
by criminals.
8. INTERPOL–United Nations Security Council Special Notice – is issued for individuals and entities that are subject to
UN sanctions.

The following are channels of global bilateral and multilateral international cooperation against transnational crime:
• Global multi-lateral cooperation via Interpol;
• Bilateral police cooperation agreements with individual states;
• European multilateral cooperation via Europol.

*System of policing that serves as a grass root approach to bring the people and the police together in cooperative
manners:
• Problem Oriented Policing
• Community Oriented Policing
• Cooperative Policing
• Team Policing

INTERPOL’s FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS

1. Secure Global Police Communications Services
INTERPOL developed the I-24/7 global police communications system to exchange crucial data quickly and
securely is a cornerstone of effective international law enforcement.

2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police

INTERPOL provides operational data services and databases for police to fight international crime,
police need access to information which can assist investigations or help prevent crime. INTERPOL manages several
databases, accessible to the INTERPOL bureaus in all member countries through its I-24/7.

3. Operational Police Support Services

a. 24-Hour Support
The Command and Co-ordination Centre(CCC) operates round the clock in all of INTERPOL’s four official
languages (English, French, Spanish and Arabic) and serves as the first point of contact for any member country
faced with a crisis situation.
b. Crisis Response and Major Events
In the event of a disaster or major crime, INTERPOL Response Teams or Disaster Victim Identification teams
composed of officers from the General Secretariat and member countries can be dispatched to the scene within hours
of an event.
c. International Alert System
An important component of INTERPOL’s operational police support is the notice system, of which the Red
Notice for wanted persons is the most well known. In addition to the six color-coded notices (Red, Blue, Green,
Yellow, Black and Orange), is the INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notice issued for groups or individuals who are
the targets of UN sanctions against Al Qaeda and the Taliban.
d. Analyzing Crime Data
Criminal intelligence analysis is recognized by the law enforcement community as a valuable tool, helping to
provide timely warning of threats and operational police activities. INTERPOL contributes to investigations by

Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin

assisting officers working at the General Secretariat and in member countries with research and analysis on crime
trends and with training courses in criminal analysis techniques.

Divisions of Criminal Intelligence Analysis

a. Operational Analysis = aims to achieve a specific law enforcement outcome. Usually, it has immediate benefit
b. Strategic Analysis = provides early warning signals of threats and to support decision making in setting priorities to
deal with criminal issues

4. Police Training and Development

As one of the 4 INTERPOL core functions, Police Training and Development continues to evolve as a priority
for INTERPOL and member countries.

ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)

1981 (Manila) = The first formal meeting of The Chiefs of ASEAN Police
= Attended by 5 original member countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand)

FIVE OTHER MEMBERS

1. Brunei 4. Myanmar
2. Cambodia 5. Vietnam
3. Lao

IMPORTANT DATES
▪ 1983 (Jakarta) = Endorsement of the model & design of ASEANAPOL logo
▪ 1984 (Kuala Lumpur) = Royal Brunei Police became a member and joined the annual conference
▪ 1996 (Kuala Lumpur) = Vietnam joined as a new member
▪ 1998 (Brunei) = Laos joined ASEANAPOL
▪ 2000 (Myanmar) = Myanmar became the 10th country to joined as a new member
▪ 2005 (Bali) = The setting up of a working group to consider the viability of establishing a permanent
ASEANAPOL Secretariat
= Silver Jubilee Commemoration of ASEANAPOL
▪ 2008 (Brunei) = The Royal Malaysia Police was chosen as a host of permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat
▪ 2009 (Vietnam) = Adoption of Terms of Reference (TOR)
▪ 2010 = On 1st January 2010 commencement of ASEANAPOL Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ORANIZATION
1. ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE = comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending the annual ASEANAPOL
conference. It provides a summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to the Head of the Delegation

2. ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT = is on rotational basis with member countries taking turn to host the
ASEANAPOL conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.
= headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors

Tenure of Services
a. Executive Director - 2 years
b. Directors - 3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and Programs
*During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference on the
establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent seat.
*The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January 1, 2010.

Provided by Angelo Joseph Agustin