Unit 1: Gathering

Discussion point
1.
Living with others people will help us not be lonely. Everyone can take care
ofeach other when they are sick. It is a necessity for humans. It brinsg many
physical and mental benefits because people need communication. It helps
people reduce stress, increase confidence and comfortable.
2.
The disadvantages mainly come from the lack of space. When everyone knew
everyone else, people did not have enough private space. And in teenagers'
opinion, the curiosity about the world makes them more likely to meet as many
people as they can. However, the minium numbers of persons in a small
community in the past could not provide them with the opportunities to have
new friends.
3.
- Communities often form amongst those who share a common sense of self.
- People seek a sense of purpose by working to achieve something important on
a grand scale, ranging from social causes, like ending poverty, or in the form of
political action, such as getting a certain party elected.
- These communities strive toward very specific and tangible goals, although
these goals do not necessarily have to be all numbers driven.
- A shared passion for a specific hobby or activity also unites individuals, for
example those who practice a sport, dance, or engage in one of the arts, like
theater or comedy.
4.
The cost of living is increasing, whether it's food, housing, shelter,
transportation, or healthcare.8There are greater gaps between different
socioeconomic status and social classes that are still growing. The list goes on,
and on, and on. Such negative instances of growth are more than likely going to
generate serious problems for communities and their residents the longer they
continue. Many of these issues will be the future targets of community
development plans and tactics.
5.
Community is a positive word because the benefits it brings outweight the
disadvantage.
New Words
STT Word Pronunciation Meaning
1 apprehend (v) /ˌæp.rɪˈhend/ Nắm bắt
Eg. Last night police apprehended the suspect.
2 crowdsource (v) /ˈkraʊdˌsɔːs/ Đóng góp
cộng đồng
Eg. The company plans to crowdsource the translation of its new web
app.
3 End user (n) /ˈend ˌjuː.zər/ Người dùng
cuối
4 nuisance (n) /ˈnjuː.səns/ Phiền toái
Eg. I hate being nuisanced
5 Plot (v) /plɒt/ Lên kế hoạch
Eg. We've plotted our projected costs for the coming year.
6 assumption (n) /əˈsʌmp.ʃən/ Giả định
Eg. People tend to make assumptions about strange phenomena.
7 biased (a) /ˈbaɪ.əst/ Thiên vị
Eg. The newspapers gave a very biased report of the meeting.
8 inefficient (a) /ˌɪn.ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt/ Không hiệu
quả
Eg. The methods of production are expensive and inefficient.
9 Nominate (v) /ˈnɒm.ɪ.neɪt/ Đề cử
Eg. Would you like to nominate anyone as director?
10 overwhelm (v) /ˌəʊ.vəˈwelm/ Áp đảo
Eg. Government troops have overwhelmed the rebels and seized control
of the capital.
11 phenomenon (n) /fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/ Hiện tượng
Eg. Gravity is a natural phenomenon.
12 Smooth (a) /smuːð/ Trơn tru
Eg. The road ahead was flat and smooth.
13 Unproductive (a) /ˌʌn.prəˈdʌk.tɪv/ Không hiệu
quả
Eg. It was such an unproductive meeting
14 Distinct (a) /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ Riêng biệt,
phân biệt
Eg. The two concepts are quite distinct
15 Evaluation (n) /ɪˈvæl.ju.eɪt/ Sự đánh giá
Eg. It's impossible to evaluate these results without knowing more
about the research methods employed.
16 Fund (v) /fʌnd/ Tài trợ
 Eg. The government funds the Red Cross.
17 Obsolete (a) /ˌɒb.səlˈiːt/ Lỗi thời
Eg. Gas lamps became obsolete when electric lighting was invented.
18 Provider (n) /prəˈvaɪ.dər/ Nhà cung cấp
Eg. an internet service provider
19 Sector (n) /ˈsek.tər/ ngành
Eg. The country has a new policy of transferring state industries from
the public sector to the private sector.
20 Specifically (adv) /spəˈsɪf.ɪ.kəl.i/ Đặc biệt
Eg. We are aiming our campaign specifically at young people.
21 Statistic (n) /stəˈtɪs.tɪk/ Thống kế
Eg. According to official statistics, the Japanese work longer hours than
workers in most other industrialized countries.
22 Antisocial (a) /ˌæn.tiˈsəʊ.ʃəl/ Phản xã hội
Eg. antisocial behaviour
23 Collaborate (v) /kəˈlæb.ə.reɪt Hợp tác
Eg. Two writers collaborated on the script for the film.
24 Membership (n) /ˈmem.bə.ʃɪp/ Tư cách
thành viên
Eg. You have to apply for membership of the musics club.
25 Participant (n) /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.pənt/ Người tham
gia
Eg. We were participants in a live debate on television.
26 Perspective (n) /pəˈspek.tɪv/ Quan điểm
Eg. He writes from a Marxist perspective.
27 Productivity (n) /ˌprɒd.ʌkˈtɪv.ə.ti/ Năng suất
Eg. The payback for reorganization should be increased productivity.
28 Voluntary (a) /ˈvɒl.ən.tər.i/ Tình nguyện
Eg. They chose to take voluntary redundancy.
29 Conformity (n) /kənˈfɔː.mə.ti/ Sự phù hợp
Eg. Our goal is to improve conformity with customer requirements.
30 Deviation (n) /ˌdiː.viˈeɪ.ʃən/ Sự lệch lạc,
sai lệch
Eg. We do not expect any deviations from the plan.
31 Dominant (a) /ˈdɒm.ɪ.nənt/ Nổi bật, nổi
trội
Eg. Unemployment will be a dominant issue all over the world.
32 Impose (v) /ɪmˈpəʊz/ Áp đặt
Eg. Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for crime.
33 Inhibition (n) /ˌɪn.hɪˈbɪʃ.ən/ ức chế
Eg. I was determined to shedmư my inhibitions and have a good time.
34 Justification (n) /ˌdʒʌs.tɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ Sự biện minh
Eg. There is no justification for treating people so badly.
35 Manipulate (v) /məˈnɪp.jə.leɪt/ Thao túng,
 vận dụng
Eg. The entertainment company has very successfully manipulated the
users.
36 Reluctant (a) /rɪˈlʌk.tənt/ Miễn cưỡng
Eg. She was reluctant to hand over the money.

Before you watch

1. apprehend b
2. crowdsource d
3. end user a
4. nuisanse e
5. plot c

While you watch

1.F 2.T 3.T 4.T 5.T

Summarise video

Through the video, we can see that the greeting culture in countries around the
world is very different. Greetings from around the world, world culture,
American culture, North American culture, Western culture, British culture,
and Japanese culture, how people greet and interact with each other: hug, kiss,
bow, nod, and shake hands. They also depend on whether the communication
situation is formal or informal. Furthermore, the video also gives many useful
examples of communication in different areas of life.

Listening 1: Group work

A. Vocabulary preview
1.
1. assumption a
2. biased f
3. inefficient g
4. nominate h
5. overwhelm e
6. phenomenon d
7. smooth b
 8. unproductive c

2.
1. nominate 2. unproductive 3. smooth 4. phenomenon
5. assumption 6. inefficient 7. overwhelmed 8. biased

3.

I most agree with sentences 2,4 and 7

B. Before you listen

- The benefits of group work: efficient, fast, share responsibility, generate

many ideas, difficult to disagree.
- The disadvantages of group work: slow, get distracted, inefficient.

E. Critical thinking

List of the challenges of working individually

- distractions
- staying motivated
- struggling to manage your time
- lack of tangets and KPIs
- responsibility for everything
List of the challenges of working in groups:
- lack of clarity
- trust issues
- personality conflits
- withholding information
- opposing goals
- habitual clashes

Study skills

In my academic life, I want to develop mu public speaking abilityand improve

my E skill because for my field of study there are 2 extremely important
 factors for future development: I need to work harder to learn E, study hard
and have a plan.

Listening 2: Communities in real life

A. Vocabulary preview
1.
1. distinct h
2. avaluation d
3. fund c
4. obsolate a
5. provider e
6. sector g
7. specifically b
8. statistic f

2.
1. you are a mathematical thinker
2. teacher
3. make yourself difficult to fit in
4. education
5. wired headphones
6. government
7. learning
8. stidier

B. Before you listen

1.

- Business – advice center

- childcare center
- health center
- library

2.

Govermen funds them

E. Critical thinking
1.

- healthy center:
+ treatment staff must be worthy
+ facilities must be sufficient to meet addition recovery requirements
+ ensure fully conditions: management, medical, educational, therapeutic,
entertainment.

2.

1. broad statement based on personal experience, research evidence…

2. going from one specific example from personal experience to a general
statement, reserch evidence, more case studies.
3. going from one specific example…
4. using own, personal views and assumsing everyone is in ageement; asking
the audience their views and introducing research.

Vocabulary development
1.
1. participant 2. collaborate 3. productivity 4. perspective
5. menbership 6. antisocial 7. voluntary 8. open to

2.
1. menbership 2. voluntary 3. antisocial 4. open to
5. perspective 6. productivity 7. collaborate 8. participant

Academic words
1.
1. conformity g
2. deviation e
3. dominant a
4. impose f
 5. inhibition b
6. justification h
7. manipulate d
8. reluctant c

2.
1. inhibition 2. dominant 3. impose 4. justification
6. conformity 7. manipulate 8. deviation 5. reluctant

Grammar
1.

1. a volunteer work is the thing that is at the heart of all comminities

2. the reason why people volunteer is because they want to give sth back

3.

1. It is a community groups that provide voluable help for local people

2. the reason why oder people volunteer is that they have more free time
3. What can you hep people to develop their skills is porticipation in volunteer
work
4. the reason why people collaborate is to solve local people
5. It’s private donations that account for community group funding
6. What government funding should be spent in is regional and national issues.

Speaking skill
1.
1. identify points to discuss We have to cover both sites of the argument
2. ensure participation What’s your view?
3. decide when to move on Has everybody given their point of view?
4. listen actively Intersting

Pronunciation for speaking

1. they’d be really stuck without them e. they would have problems on their
own
 2. and get this….. d. Listen to this. It’s important
3. don’t you think that’s fab? a. I think it’s excellent
4. …..to go into the ins and outs of…. f. ….to examine the details of…
5. hang on a minute b. Wait. It’s too soon to move on
6. yeah, go for it c. Yes, you have my permission

2.
1. they’d be really stuck without them
2. and get this…..
3. don’t you think that’s fab?
4. …..to go into the ins and outs of….
5. hang on a minute
6. yeah, go for it
- The word is pronounced more clearly. There are more difficulty to hear and
therefore to understand.

UNIT 2: GAMES
Discussion point
1. The additional benefits for each category of benefits are as follows:
Health benefits: Improved physical and mental well-being, reduced risk of diseases,
increased life expectancy, and better quality of life.
Social benefits: Stronger social connections, increased social support, improved
relationships, enhanced community engagement, and higher levels of happiness and
satisfaction.
2. Determining which category of benefits is most motivating can be subjective, as
different individuals may prioritize different aspects of their lives.
3. The advantages for society of each category of benefits are as follows:
Health benefits: Improved health outcomes result in a productive workforce, reduced
healthcare costs, and less strain on healthcare systems. This benefits society by
promoting overall well-being and enabling individuals to actively participate in social
and economic activities.
Social benefits: Stronger social connections, community engagement, and cooperation
within society. This leads to enhanced community resilience and the creation of a
supportive and inclusive society.
4. Negative factors that may arise in each category of benefits include:
Health benefits: It is possible that pursuing health benefits excessively or obsessively
may lead to unhealthy behaviors like extreme dieting or excessive exercise.
Social benefits: Excessive socializing or dependence on social networks can have
negative consequences on personal productivity and self-reliance.

New words

STT Word Pronunciation Meaning

1 Cheer on (v) Cổ vũ
Eg. Fans filled every seat available to cheer on the team.
2 Former (a) /ˈfɔː.mər/ Trước
Eg. He luxury apartments are in a former factory.
3 Kick the bucket (v) Chết
Eg. My dog kicked the bucket today
4 pedal (v) /ˈped.əl/ Bàn đạp
Eg. He struggled to pedal his bicycle up the hill.
5 Remarkable (a) /rɪˈmɑː.kə.bəl/ Đáng chú ý
Eg. The 21st century was remarkable for AI technology
6 Try out (v) Thử
Eg. Don't forget to try out the equipment before setting up the
experiment.
7 Eliminate (v) /iˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/ Loại bỏ
Eg. A move towards healthy eating could help eliminate heart disease.
8 Elite (n) /iˈliːt/ Ưu tú
Eg. a member of the elite
9 Enhance (v) /ɪnˈhɑːns/ Nâng cao
Eg. The county took steps to enhance education quality.
10 Fundamental (a) /ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.təl/ Cơ bản
Eg. We need to make fundamental changes to the way in which we
treat our environment.
11 Initiative (n) /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/ Sáng kiến
Eg. He began his lecture by talking down the initiatives of a rival
company.
12 Interfere (v) /ˌɪn.təˈfɪər/ Can thiệp
Eg. It's their problem and I'm not going to interfere.
13 Irrelevant (a) /ɪˈrel.ə.vənt/ Không liên
quan
 Eg. These documents are totally irrelevant to the investigation.
14 Motivate (v) /ˈməʊ.tɪ.veɪt/ Động lực
Eg. Like so many people, he's motivated by greed.
15 Outrage (n) /ˈaʊt.reɪdʒ/ Sự phẫn nộ
Eg. These murders have provoked outrage across the country.
16 Prestige (n) /presˈtiːʒ/ Uy tín
Eg. The company has gained international prestige.
17 Prolonged (a) /prəˈlɒŋd/ Kéo dài
Eg. She returned to work after a prolonged illness.
18 Protective (a) /prəˈtek.tɪv/ Bảo vệ
Eg. It's easy to be too protective of your children.
19 Restricted (a) /rɪˈstrɪk.tɪd/ Hạn chế
Eg. Building in this area of town is restricted.
20 Risk (n) /rɪsk/ Rủi ro
Eg. The company is quite a risk
21 Ultimate (a) /ˈʌl.tɪ.mət/ Cuối cùng
Eg. My manager will make the ultimate decision about who to
employ.
22 Unscrupulous (a) /ʌnˈskruː.pjə.ləs/ Vô đạo đức
Eg. His reputation for unscrupulousness compromised many of his
achievements.
23 Come in here Đến đây
Eg. I'm looking for the woman who just came in here.
24 First and foremost idiom Trước hết
(quan trọng
nhất)
Eg. First and foremost, a teacher must be ethical, committed to the
profession and caring about her students.
25 Get back to the point idiom Quay lại vấn
đề
Eg. He talked and talked, but never got back to the point.
26 Get sth straight Idiom Hiểu rõ vấn
đề
Eg. Can you go through the procedure again, just to make sure we've
got it straight?
27 Take your point Idiom Đưa ra quan
điểm
Eg. Can you take your point?
28 Confined (a) /kənˈfɑɪnd/ Hạn chế
Eg. You can’t keep kids in a confined space for long.
29 Exclude (v) /ɪkˈskluːd/ Loại trừ
Eg. Tom has been excluded from school for bad behavior.
30 implicate (v) /ˈɪm.plɪ.keɪt/ Liên quan
tới, dính líu
 vào
Eg. A lot of people were implicated in the scandal.
31 Implication (n) /ˌɪm.plɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ Hàm ý
Eg. What are the implications of the new law?
32 Incompatible (a) /ˌɪn.kəmˈpæt.ə.bəl Không tương
thích, không
thích hợp
Eg. The file was in an incompatible format and could not be printed.
33 Inevitably (adv) /ɪˈnev.ɪ.tə.bəl Chắc chắn,
tất yếu
Eg. The accident was the inevitable outcome of carelessness.
34 Integration (n) /ˌɪn.tɪˈɡreɪ.ʃən/ Hội nhập,
tích hợp
Eg. To promote integration, several schools' catchment areas were
merged.
35 Scenario (n) /sɪˈnɑː.ri.əʊ/ Kịch bản,
trường hợp
Eg. There are several possible scenarios.

Before you watch

1. cheer on a
2. former b
3. kick the bucket c
4. pedal e
5. remarkerable c
6. try out f

While you watch

1.T 2.T 3. F 4.T 5.F

Summarise video (design 5 questions)

1. Why are videogames becoming more and more developed?
2. What do game creators need to do to make their products popular?
3. Does playing games have any benefits for developing personal skills?
4. Does the increasing use of virtual reality technology in video games have
any negative effects on our lives?
5. Do you think videogames will dominate the entertainment market in the
future?

Listening 1: Technology in sport

A. Vocabulary preview
1.
1. elite g
2. fundamental f
3. irrelevant b
4. prolonged c
5. restricted e
6. risk d
7. ultimate h
8. unscrupulous a

2.
1. fundamental 2. restricted 3. irrelevant 4. elite
5. unscrupulous 6. ultimate 7. risk 8. prolonged

B. Before you listen

C. Global listening
1. a. fairness in sports
2.
Changes in sports equipment afect past sports people as well as current
sports people
Some argue that doping should be made legal
Companies are using advanced technology to develop sports
equipment
Separate sports events for clean athletes and dopers wouldn’t solve the
problem
Cycling is an example of sport dealing with more than one issue
Doping can be very difficult to prove due to new developments
Not everyone can use advanced sports equipment, and this not fair
Sports can be dangerous for a variety of reasons

D. Close listening
1.
Establishing roles
Introducing a topic

2.
 1 C
2 B
3 D
4 E
5 A
6 H
7 F
8 I
9 G
10 J

E. Critical thinking
1. Unequal access to advanced sports equipment is unfair: I agree with this point
of view
2. Doping cannot be stopped. Therefore, it is necessary to accept: I do not agree
with this point of view because if it is accepted, it will no longer be a healthy
playing field.
3. People must have the right to decide whether to participate in extreme sports
or not: I agree with this point of view because they have the right to own their
choice and they will be responsible for that choice. There is no imposition or
compulsion here at all.
Listening 2: Children, sports, and identity
A. Vocabulary preview
1.
1. Motivate 2. interfere 3. outrage 4. prestige
5. protective 6. initiative 7. eliminate 8. enhance
2.
1. enhance 2. eliminate 3. prestige 4. interfere
5. protective 6. Motivate 7. initiative 8. outrage

C. Global listening
1.

Patental involvement in children’s sports focusing on wining rather than

participation and having fun

2.
 1 Paticipating in sports has many benefits for children
2 Children’s participation in sports is decreasing
3 More parents are involving their children in sports from a very
young age
4 Sports focused parents are often motivated by the prospect of
finacial gain
5 When sports are part of a child’s identity, there is a risk of negative
effects
6 Learning to lose is important lession for life
A. Vocabulaty development
1.
1.come 2. take 3. straight 4. excuse
5. back to 6. hold 7. first 8. same
2.
1. First and 2. all the same 3. I take your 4. let’s get sth
fomost point straight
5. can I come in 6. let’s get back 7. hold on a 8. Excuse me,
here to the point minute but…
B. Academic words
1.
confined B
exclude F
implicate A
inclination C
imcomptible E
inevitably D
intergration H
Scenario G

Speaking modal
1. Dangerous sports, sponsorship, rivalry
2. Going off topic, identifying what needs to be discussed, asking for other
people’s view, referring to resources.
B. Discussion
1.

The decision on whether dangerous sports should be banned for adults and
children is subjective and dependent on several factors:
 Individual freedom and personal choice: Banning dangerous sports would
infringe upon the freedom of adults and parents' decision-making for their
children. Adults should have the right to choose activities they enjoy, even if
they involve risk. However, protecting the well-being of children might
require additional considerations.

Physical and mental benefits: Some dangerous sports provide physical fitness,
mental stimulation, and skill development. Banning these activities might
restrict individuals from experiencing these benefits and their associated
positive effects on overall well-being.

Safety measures: Rather than banning sports outright, implementing stricter

safety regulations and guidelines can help mitigate risks. Encouraging
participants to use proper equipment, receive adequate training, and adhere to
safety protocols can reduce the likelihood of accidents and injuries.

2.

It is essential for sports organizations to have a reliable influx of sponsorship

money to support their operations. Whether the sponsorship comes from local
businesses, multinational corporations, or government entities, what matters
most is the financial stability it brings.
Some may argue that the source of sponsorship money matters in terms of
ethical considerations. For example, if the sponsor has a reputation for
unethical practices or supports controversial causes, it could reflect poorly on
the sports organization. In such cases, the question of where the sponsorship
money comes from might be significant for maintaining integrity.
Fans may have varying views on sponsorships depending on the source of the
money. If fans perceive a sponsorship deal to be in conflict with the sport's
integrity or ethics, it could impact their level of support and engagement.
n some cases, there might be legal restrictions or guidelines related to
sponsorship money, particularly if it involves certain industries or political
entities. Complying with legal frameworks becomes crucial regardless of the
source of sponsorship.

Grammar
1.
1. as a result 2. an effect on 3. because 4. consequence of
2.

1. The fact that we see this advertising leads us to think that top sports players
eat and drink it.
2. This effects on viewers, particularly younger people, can results from fast-
food sponsorship.
3. There is so much rivalry between fans. Consequently, we have a lot of
problems with fighting at soccer games.
4. The general public sports going to these events since there is violence at
them.

Speaking skills
Issue phrase
interuptions Maybe tell us about that later….
Going off topic We need to stay on track here…
Unclear communication By that I means….
Unequal participant what do you think?
Ad hominem attack No it’s not about my personal view.
I’ve read the evidence.
Pronunciation
1.
1 Elicting
2 Elicting
3 Elicting
4 Expressing
5 Elicting
6 Elicting
7 Expressing

UNIT 3: Energy
Discussion point
1.

There are several factors that can influence the path we take in the change
process:
- Individual perception and attitude: Our perception of the change and our
attitude towards it can greatly impact the path we take. If we see the change as
positive and believe in its benefits, we may be more likely to take a proactive
and enthusiastic approach. On the other hand, if we perceive the change as
threatening or unnecessary, we may resist or avoid it.
- Personal values and beliefs: Our personal values and beliefs shape our
priorities and goals in life. If the change aligns with our values and reinforces
our beliefs, we may be more inclined to embrace it. Conversely, if the change
conflicts with our values or beliefs, we may resist or reject it.
- Previous experiences with change: Our past experiences with change can
influence our response to future change efforts. If we have had positive
experiences in the past, we may be more open to change and willing to take an
active role in the process. However, if we have had negative experiences or
felt a lack of control in previous changes, we may be more reluctant to engage
in the current change.
- Level of involvement and communication: The level of involvement and
communication about the change can also influence the path individuals take.
When individuals are involved early on in the change process and have a voice
in decisions, they are more likely to feel ownership and commitment.
Likewise, effective and transparent communication throughout the change can
help individuals understand the need for change and alleviate concerns or
resistance.

2.

- Acceptance: Acknowledge that change is inevitable and it is a natural part of

life. Accepting that change will occur allows for a better mindset for managing
it effectively.
- Awareness: Be aware of the emotions and thoughts that accompany change.
Recognize that it is normal to feel anxious, uncertain, or resistant initially, but
also remind yourself of the potential positive outcomes that change can bring.
- Communication: Open and honest communication is crucial during times of
change. Communicate with yourself by reflecting on your feelings and
expectations, and express these to others who are also affected by the change.
Clear communication helps in understanding and seeking support.

- Seek support: Reach out to others who have gone through similar changes or
find mentors who can guide you through the process. Surrounding yourself
 with a support system can provide valuable insights, advice, and
encouragement, making change more manageable.
- Develop resilience: Cultivate resilience by focusing on building your
emotional strength and adaptability. This can be achieved through self-care,
maintaining a positive mindset, adopting a growth mindset, and seeking
personal growth opportunities.
- Set goals and create a plan: Establish clear goals and create a step-by-step
plan to help navigate through the change. Having a roadmap can provide a
sense of direction and purpose during uncertain times.
A. Before you watch
1.
1. c 2. d 3. a
4. f 5. e 6. b
While you watch
1. F ( they are using techniques from the past)
2. F ( they had few machanized tools)
3. T
4. T
5 F ( limestone pieces have also been used
Summarise video
The video talks about energy appearing around us and it transforms in many
different forms. It also refers to two types of energy: kinetic energy and
potential energy. Kinetic energy includes mechanical energy, sound, light,
heat and electricity. Potential Energy Can be converted into many types of
kinetic energy fuels such as petroleum gas and wood which contain a form of
potential energy called chemical energy. Thus, energy is a very important and
indispensable part of our lives.

New words
STT New words Pronunciation Meaning
1 Capability (n) /ˌkeɪ.pəˈbɪl.ə.ti/ Khả năng
Eg. These tests are beyond the capability of an average twelve-year-
old.
2 complexity (n) /kəmˈplek.sə.ti/ Sự phức tạp
Eg. The complexities are undoubtedly greater in other species.
3 instinct (n) /ˈɪn.stɪŋkt/ Bản năng
Eg. All his instincts told him to stay near the car and wait for help.
4 legacy (n) /ˈleɡ.ə.si/ Di sản
Eg. The Greeks have a rich legacy of literature.
5 limitation (n) /ˌlɪm.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ Giới hạn
Eg. They favor anything that involves limitation of government
 control.
6 mode (n) /məʊd/ Cách thức
Eg. Each department in the company has its own mode of operation.
7 phenomenon (n) /fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/ Hiện tượng
Eg. There's evidence to suggest that child abuse is not just a recent
phenomenon.
8 predecessor (n) /ˈpriː.dɪˌses.ər/ Người tiền
nhiệm
Eg. My predecessor worked in this job for twelve years.
9 prone (a) /prəʊn/ Dễ bị
Eg. I've always been prone to headaches.
10 pursue (v) /pəˈsjuː/ Theo đuổi
Eg. The car was pursued by helicopters.
11 reluctant (a) /rɪˈlʌk.tənt/ Miễn cưỡng
Eg. Many parents feel reluctant to talk openly with their children.
12 reminder (n) /rɪˈmaɪn.dər/ Nhắc nhở
Eg. If he forgot to pay his rent, his landlady would send him a
reminder.
13 strategic (a) /strəˈtiː.dʒɪk/ Chiến lược
Eg. There are plans to modernize the US strategic forces.
14 subtle (a) /ˈsʌt.əl/ Nhẹ nhàng
Eg. The room was painted a subtle shade of pink.
15 transition (n) /trænˈzɪʃ.ən/ Chuyển tiếp
Eg. The health-care system is in transition at the moment.
16 trigger (v) /ˈtrɪɡ.ər/ Cò súng
Eg. It's not clear who actually pulled the trigger.
17 initiable (v) /ɪˈnɪm.ɪ.tə.bəl/ Có thể khởi
xướng
Eg. It was one of his inimitable strokes of humour.
18 outcome (n) /ˈaʊt.kʌm/ Kết quả
Eg. It's too early to predict the outcome of the meeting.
19 persist (v) /pəˈsɪst/ Kiên trì
Eg. If the pain persists, consult a doctor.
20 prevalent (a) /ˈprev.əl.ənt/ Thịnh hành
Eg. These diseases are more prevalent among young children.
21 resilient (a) /rɪˈzɪl.i.ənt/ Kiên cường
Eg. Optimists argue that the economy may prove more resilient.
22 sacrifice (v) /ˈsæk.rɪ.faɪs/ Hy sinh
Eg. Many women sacrifice interesting careers for their families.
23 tendency (n) /ˈten.dən.si/ Xu hướng
Eg. His tendency to exaggerate is well known.
24 variable (n) /ˈveə.ri.ə.bəl/ Biến đổi
Eg. British weather is perhaps at its most variable in the spring.
 25 Adaptation (n) /ˌæd.əpˈteɪ.ʃən/ Thích ứng
Eg. His team's successful adaptation to life in the top-flight has come
as no surprise.
26 assurance (n) /əˈʃɔː.rəns/ Sự đảm bảo
Eg. She gave me her assurance, she would sign the contract
immediately.
27 criterion (n) /kraɪˈtɪə.ri.ən/ Tiêu chuẩn
Eg. The Health Service should not be judged by financial criteria
alone.
28 mechanism (n) /ˈmek.ə.nɪ.zəm/ Cơ chế
Eg. These automatic cameras have a special focusing mechanism.
29 norm (n) /nɔːm/ Chuẩn mực
Eg. Europe's varied cultural, political and ethical norms
30 sphere (n) /sfɪər/ Quả cầu
Eg. Doctors have replaced the top of his hip bone with a metal
sphere.
31 stability (n) /stəˈbɪl.ə.ti/ ổn định
Eg. I’m worried about his mental stability.
32 transformation (n) /ˌtræns.fəˈmeɪ.ʃən/ Sự biến đổi
Eg. This plan means a complete transformation of our organization.

Before you watch

1 C
2 D
3 A
4 F
5 E
6 B

While you watch

1 F ( they are using techniques from the past )
2 F ( they had few mechanized tools )
3 T
4 T
5 F ( limestone pieces have also been used )

Listening 1: Managing change

A. Vocabulary preview
1.
 1. capability E
2. complexity F
3. limitation B
4. mode C
5. pursue H
6. reluctant D
7. subtle A
8. transition G
2.
1 Limitations
2 Capability
3 Reluctant
4 Subtle
5 Transition
6 Complexity
7 Pursue
8 Mode
C. Global listening
1.
1. at college / university
2. staff to be teaching from tablets now
2.
1 Explains
2 Uncertainly
3 Disbelief
4 Concerned
5 Encourages
6 Questions whether
7 Accept
8 Explains
9 Insecurity
10 Can
11 Identifies
12 Understands
D. close listening
1.
1 A difficult meeting people still talk about
2 Very unequal
3 Someone important said this at a meeting
4 Quite well known to everyboday at this meeting
 5 Had a menorable and relevant topic
6 The people who employed him
7 Is aware they will get training
8 Met a few weeks ago
D. critical thinking
- The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant changes in
workplaces, schools, and residential areas. These changes include the adoption
of remote work or study options, implementation of social distancing measures,
regular sanitization practices, and the requirement of face masks.
- Rapid advances in technology have affected both work and educational
environments. For example, the rise of automation has led to changes in the job
market, while e-learning platforms and online courses have revolutionized the
way education is delivered.
- Many cities have witnessed rapid urbanization, leading to changes in the
physical infrastructure. This can include the construction of new buildings,
roads, and transportation systems to accommodate an increasing population.
Study skills
1.
1. if the talk has no structure, links, or summary, it will be difficult to follow
and frustrating to listen to
2. if we don’t use a visual display or handout, the audience will have no access
to the presentation plan and could become lost
3. If we don't assign roles to each presenter, everyone may end up doing the
same thing - or we may not cover an important role at all.
4. If we don't decide who presents each point, then we risk doubling our work
or leaving some points not covered.
5. If we don't decide who presents each point, then we risk doubling our work
or leaving some points not covered.
6. If we don't decide who presents each point, then we risk doubling our work
or leaving some points not covered.

Listening 2. Perspectives on the past

A. vocabulary preview
1.
1 Strategic
2 Instinct
3 Phenominon
4 Prone
 5 Legacy
6 Predecessor
7 Reminder
8 Trigger

Vocabulary development
1.
1 Tendency
2 resilient
3 Prevaling
4 Variable
5 Outcome
6 Persist
7 Sacrifice
8 Initiate

Academic words
1. adaptation H
2. assurance B
3. criteria F
4. mechanism D
5. norm G
6. sphere C
7. stability F
8. transformation A

2.
1 Stability
2 Adaptation
3 Criteria
4 Transformation
5 norm
6 sphere
7 assurance
8 Mechanism

Grammar
1.
 1. provided that you learn the new It won’t be like that
skills required,
2. the French writer Proust springs to Assuming you are familiar with his
mind, novels
3. Unless we adapt immediately, We’re in danger of losing our jobs
4. You’ll need to learn some new Otherwise that might happen
skills required,

2.
1 Unless big companies change their IT systems,
2 As long as a company manages change sensitively....
3 Supposing my school wants to make big changes, ...
4 Otherwise, the company is sure to fail.
5...., providing enough training and support is given by the management.
6 ...., assuming everyone is enthusiastic and ready for the change.

Speaking skill
1.
1 F
2 F
3 B
4 B
5 B
6 B
 Unit 4: Risk
I. Discussion point
1 The key functions and feelings of each stage of group work are as
follows:
- Forming: The key functions include getting to know each other's
backgrounds, skills, and goals. Feelings at this stage may involve
excitement, anticipation, and anxiety.
Storming: The key functions include clarifying roles and
responsibilities, resolving conflicts, and establishing group norms.
Feelings at this stage may involve frustration, tension, and competition.
- Performing: The key functions include effective collaboration,
leveraging individual strengths, and achieving high productivity.
Feelings at this stage may involve satisfaction, motivation, and a sense
of accomplishment.
2 In my experience, groups often follow these stages, although the
duration and intensity of each stage may vary depending on the
dynamics of the group and the nature of the task at hand. Some groups
may progress smoothly through the stages, while others may experience
challenges that prolong certain stages or hinder progression.
3 The risks at each stage of group work can vary, but some common risks
include:
- Forming: The risk of initial conflicts or misunderstandings due to
differences in background, communication styles, or expectations.
- Storming: The risk of unresolved conflicts leading to an unhealthy
group dynamic, lack of collaboration, or members disengaging from the
group.
- Performing: The risk of burnout or complacency if the group becomes
too focused on task accomplishment and neglects the well-being and
development of its members.
The stage with the most risks may vary depending on the specific group
and context, but the storming stage tends to have the highest potential
for conflicts and challenges.
4 Group work is not always the most appropriate method of working.
While it can be highly effective in promoting collaboration, harnessing
diverse perspectives, and enhancing creativity, there are situations
where individual work or other methods may be more suitable. Factors
such as the complexity of the task, the level of interdependence
required, time constraints, and individual preferences should be
considered when determining the appropriateness of group work
Before you watch
1. association A
2. assumption B
3. bid F
4. gear up E
5. run over C
6. whip around D

While you watch

1 T
2 F (it is played on a basketball court)
3 F (it’s a basketball)
4 F (each team has a maximum of four players on the court at nay one
time)
5 T

New words
STT Word Pronunciation Meaning
1. argumentative adj /ˌɑːɡ.jəˈmen.tə.tɪv/ Tranh luận
Eg. Don't be so argumentative.
2 assign v /əˈsaɪn/ Giao phó
Eg. The case has been assigned to our most senior officer.
3 Maverick Adj/n /ˈmæv.ər.ɪk/ Lập dị
Eg. He was considered as something of a maverick in the publishing
world.
4 Confidential adj /ˌkɒn.fɪˈden.ʃəl/ Bảo mật
Eg. All information will be treated as strictly confidential.
5 Distraction n /dɪˈstræk.ʃən/ Phân tâm
Eg. I can turn the television off if you find it a distraction.
6 Dysfunctional adj /dɪsˈfʌŋk.ʃən.əl/ Rối loạn
chức năng
Eg. They concluded that dysfunctional attitudes are a state dependent
symptom.
7 Momentum n /məˈmen.təm/ Quán tính
Eg. Once you push it, it keeps going under its own momentum.
8 Preconception n /ˌpriː.kənˈsep.ʃən/ Định kiến
Eg. Try to go into the meeting without too many preconceptions about
what the other group wants.
9 Risk-taker (n) Kẻ mạo hiểm
Eg. They are risk-takers who either make a lot of money or lose a lot.
10 Scale n /skeɪl/ Tỉ lệ
 Eg. This map is large scale
11 Solitary adj /ˈsɒl.ɪ.tər.i/ Cô đơn
Eg. In the distance was a solitary building.
12 Unconventional adj /ˌʌn.kənˈven.ʃən.əl/ Độc đáo
Eg. He has an unconventional attitude toward work.
13 Weaken v /ˈwiː.kən/ Suy yếu
Eg. The bill would seriously weaken environmental protections.
14 Have a right to do Có quyền
làm gì
Eg. Everyone has a right to food, shelter, and water, but
unfortunately, not everyone in this country gets them.
15 Have no option Không có lựa
chọn nào
khác
Eg. In order to compete, we have no option but to cut prices.
16 Pose a threat to Gây ra mối
đe doạ cho
Eg. Government control of the internet poses a major threat to our
freedom.
17 Put a stop to Đặt dấu
chấm hết cho
Eg. We must put a stop to this waste.
18 Run down Hết giờ
Eg. My watch has run down – it needs rewinding.
19 Scare off Sợ hãi
Eg. Don't make too much noise or you'll scare away the birds.
20 Shake up Sốc
Eg. I think she was pretty shaken up by the accident.
21 Personally adv /ˈpɜː.sən.əl.i/
Eg. Personally, I think the show is going to be a great success.
22 Facilitate v /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/ Tạo điều kiện
Eg. The new ramp will facilitate the entry of wheelchairs.
23 Framework n /ˈfreɪm.wɜːk/ Khuôn khổ
Eg. a legal framework for resolving disputes
24 Intergrate v /ˈɪn.tɪ.ɡreɪt/ Tích hợp/hoà
nhập/mix
Eg. He seems to find it difficult to integrate socially.
25 Intervention n /ˌɪn.təˈven.ʃən/ Sự can thiệp
Eg. Repeated interventions on the currency markets failed to prevent
the currency's value falling.
26 Minimal adj /ˈmɪn.ɪ.məl/ Tối thiểu
Eg. There were no injuries and damage to the building was minimal.
27 Reliance n /rɪˈlaɪ.əns/ Sự phụ thuộc
Eg. You place too much reliance on her ideas and expertise.
 28 Underlying adj /ˌʌn.dəˈlaɪ.ɪŋ/ Cơ bản
Eg. And what might be the underlying significance of these
supposedly random acts?
29 Undertake /ˌʌn.dəˈteɪk/ Đảm
nhận/làm
Eg. Students are required to undertake simple experiments.

Reading 1: Rule breakers, risk-takers

A. Vocabulary preview
1.
1. argumentative A
2. dysfuntional H
3. maverick D
4. proportion E
5. pursue B
6. risk-taker F
7. scale C
8. unconventional G

2.
1 maverick
2 risk-takers
3 dysfuntional
4 argumentative
5 unconventional
6 pursue
7 scale
8 proportion

B. Before you listen

1. Some skills and qualities that companies typically value in people they hire
include:

- Companies often seek candidates who have the necessary technical skills and
knowledge to perform the tasks required in the role.
- who can think critically and find innovative solutions to challenges.
- Effective communication is crucial in the workplace for collaborating with
colleagues, clients, and stakeholders.
- Employers value individuals who are hardworking, dependable, and
 committed to meeting deadlines.
- The ability to work well with others, contribute to a team, and collaborate
effectively is highly valued.
- Companies look for candidates who are eager to learn, develop new skills,
and adapt to the evolving needs of the organization.
2. Hiring someone with maverick qualities can present some risks for a
company, including:

- maybe less inclined to follow strict rules and procedures, which could create
friction with managers or team members who prefer a more structured
approach.
- may challenge the status quo, question established practices, or propose
unconventional ideas, which can be disruptive to existing processes or
potentially lead to conflicts.
- maybe more independent and require less supervision, but this independence
can make it challenging for managers to provide guidance and control.
- A maverick employee behaving unethically or irresponsibly can negatively
impact the company's reputation.
3. Maverick new hires can bring several benefits to a company, such as:
- mavericks often think outside the box and generate fresh ideas, leading to
innovative solutions and approaches.
- Their unconventional thinking and unique perspectives can help identify
creative solutions to complex problems.
- mavericks are typically self-driven, take initiative, and seek opportunities to
improve processes or achieve better results.
- They often possess the confidence to take risks, which can lead to
breakthrough innovations or new business opportunities.
- mavericks can question existing practices, fostering a culture of continuous
improvement and pushing the organization to evolve.

C. Global listening
4.1
1. employ
2. identify them
3. support them in the workplace
4.2
6 How to help mavericks work with a team
2 Group work issues with mavericks
7 Balancing diffirent types of people for success
3 The possible benefits of introducing a maverick into a group
 X Dealing with problems created by mavericks
4 A method for measuring maverick behavior
1 The opposing views of the term maverick
5 Issues with assessing maverick behavior

D. CLOSE READING
1
Extract 1: B suggest the discussion moves on
Extract 2: A disagree on a point
Extract 3: D achieve consensus
Extract 4: C return to a point

E. critical thinking
1. Success in a group task can be defined in two ways - through the process or
the outcome.
Process: Success can be determined by the effectiveness of communication,
cooperation, and collaboration within the group. If the group members
effectively communicate, listen to each other's ideas, respect differing
opinions, and work together towards a common goal, the process is considered
successful.
Outcome: Success can also be measured by the achievement of the group's
goal or objective. If the group accomplishes the task within the given
constraints and produces the desired results, the outcome is considered
successful.
2. The approach used to achieve a successful outcome in a group task does
matter. While the ultimate goal is to accomplish the task, it is equally
important to consider the means by which it is accomplished. A successful
outcome achieved through unethical means or by disregarding the well-being
of group members is not desirable.
Therefore, the process of reaching a successful outcome should prioritize open
communication, equal participation, collaboration, and consideration of all
perspectives. This fosters a positive group dynamic and enhances the overall
effectiveness and satisfaction of the group.

Listesing 2: Managing risk

A vocabulary preview
1. assign F
2. comprehensive D
 3. confidential H
4. distraction A
5. momentum G
6. preconception E
7. solitary B
8. weaken C

B. Before you listen

1.
Based on the "Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing" model, I would say
that our group is currently in the "Forming" stage. This stage is characterized
by members getting to know each other and forming initial impressions. In our
language exchange group, we are still in the process of introducing ourselves,
establishing group norms, and getting comfortable with one another.

The indications that we are in the forming stage include:

Initial introductions: We are still introducing ourselves to each other and
sharing our language learning goals.
Uncertainty: There is some uncertainty among the group members about how
to best organize our sessions and allocate speaking time.
2. While the "Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing" model provides a
useful framework for understanding group development, it does have some
limitations. These include:

Limited applicability: The model may not capture the complexity of all group
dynamics. Some groups may experience different stages or progress in a non-
linear fashion.
Ignoring external factors: The model focuses solely on internal group
dynamics and does not take into account external factors that may influence
group development, such as organizational structures or cultural influences.
Overall, while the "Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing" model offers
valuable insights into group development, it should be used in conjunction
with other theories and strategies to fully understand and address the
complexities of group dynamics.

C. global lisenting
2.
1 e. might not succeed
2 i. might fail as a team
3 c. fight with each other
4 d. can cause stress and conflict
 5 g. can help a team
6 f. complete a task
7 a. works on a project
8 h. can improve performance
9 b. is not as effective as one team

D. CLOSE LISTENING
1.
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. A

2.
1. perhaps/ rising intonation at the end
2. must have been/ emphasis on distraction/ falling itonation at the end
3. emphasis on needed changing/ falling intonation
4. totally/ almost certainly/ definite stress/ falling intonation at the end
5. definitely/ falling intonation at the end

3.
1. the speaker’s company was called to facilitate change at the company he
discusses
2. The meetings were always held in a small, uncomfortable office
3. A closed, quite space with plenty of sunlight was provided for the meetings
4. having more than one person in charge
5. the teams were not used to working with others teams, and took any
attempts at cooperation personally
6. None of the strategies was high risk

E. Critical thingking
1. Weak management: The risk to a company with weak management is that
there may be lack of direction, poor decision-making, and inadequate
execution of tasks. This can result in misalignment of goals, inefficient use of
resources, low employee morale, and ultimately, a decline in productivity and
profitability.

A leak of confidential information: The risk of a leak of confidential

information is that it can have severe consequences for a company, such as
loss of trust and reputation, legal repercussions, financial losses, and damage
to competitive advantage. It can also lead to negative impacts on relationships
with customers, partners, and stakeholders.
 Unmotivated employees: When employees lack motivation, the risk to a
company includes decreased productivity, poor quality of work, increased
turnover rates, and decreased customer satisfaction. Unmotivated employees
may be disengaged, leading to a negative work environment, reduced
collaboration, and ultimately, hindered company growth and success.
Unrealistic deadlines: Setting unrealistic deadlines can put a company at risk
by causing excessive stress and pressure on employees, leading to decreased
morale, higher chances of errors or mistakes, and increased burnout. It can
also result in compromised quality of work, missed opportunities, delayed
projects, and damaged client relationships.

2. The two biggest risks for a company are typically weak management and a
leak of confidential information. Weak management can have a pervasive
impact on all aspects of the company's operations, leading to poor decision-
making, decreased productivity, and overall dysfunction. A leak of
confidential information can have severe consequences in terms of
reputational damage, loss of trust, legal issues, and financial losses. These
risks can significantly impact the long-term success and sustainability of a
company

Critical thinking
1.
1. Problematic (uses anecdotal evidence)
2. Effective (based on experience)
3. Problematic (assertation of authority)
4. Effective (research)
5. Problematic (circular reasoning)
6. Effective (proof of group consensus)

2.
3 To cut available time for projects
1 To make employment benefits more equal
4 To make people work together
2 To change location and, therefore, routine

Vocabulary development
1.
1 Scare off
2 Have on option
 3 Pose a threat to
4 Shake up
5 Have a right to do
6 Run down
7 Put a stop to
8 Take sth personally

Academic words
1.
1. f
2. e
3. g
4. b
5. a
6. d
7. c
8. h

2.
1. framework
2. intervention
3. reliance
4. undertake
5. Minimal
6. facilitate
7. underlying
8. intergrate

Speaking model
a. Analyze
1. J
2. S
3. M
4. S
5. J
6. M
7. J
8. S
Grammar
1.
1. It is probably better to collaborate with others
2. Overall, it can be said that having too many managers is a risk
3. It could be argued that positive view of mavericks is not generally applicate
4. what we learn from them is perhaps not applicate to most situation
5. Participation in teams can clearly lead to intragroup conflict

Speaking skills
1.
1. c
2. d
3. b
4. a

2.
Speaker Purpose phrase
1 Get everyone’s view I think it can be argue
that…..
2 Disagree Yeah, Marco, I’m not
sure I agree with…
3 Moving the discussion on establlising We can return to those
agreement points later….
Pronunciation for speaking
1.
1. can 2. should 3. aren’t
2.
1. It may be true that mavericks increase uncertainty, but they also apparently
bring more creativity to a team.
2. These individuals, it has been argued, bring about anxiety and may
sometimes threaten the status quo.
3. While it could be said that risk is always a problem, many risky situations do
tend to have their benefits
UNIT 5: SPRAWL
I. Discussion point
1. you know, I’m a food lover, I often eat at international chain restaurants
because it can help me relax my mind whenever I feeling blue and I have a
chance to eat with my family.
2. Several factors contribute to a company's success on a global scale:
- Offering high-quality, innovative, and reliable products or services that meet
the needs and demands of diverse markets.
-Adapting services to suit different cultural, economic, and regulatory
environments worldwide.
- Continuously innovating to stay ahead of competitors, introduce new
solutions, and adapt to changing market trends.
- Establishing clear communication channels and understanding cultural
differences to effectively engage with customers, partners, and employees
globally.
- Sound financial planning, including managing risks and optimizing
investments across various markets.
3. When a successful outsider moves into a local market, it can have varying
effects on the local competition. In some cases, it may lead to increased
competition and pressure on local businesses, potentially causing some to
struggle or even shut down. On the other hand, it can also drive innovation
and improvement among local competitors as they strive to differentiate
themselves and attract customers. The impact on local competition depends on
factors such as the market size, customer preferences, and the ability of local
businesses to adapt and respond to the new competition.
4. Predicting the future of this trend in the next 20 years can be speculative, as
it depends on numerous factors including economic, cultural, and
technological developments. However, it is expected that the globalization and
interconnectedness of economies will continue to influence the expansion of
international chain restaurants. The demand for diverse food options and the
growth of international travel could potentially fuel the growth of such
establishments. However, there may also be a parallel trend focusing on
promoting local and sustainable businesses, which could counterbalance the
expansion of international chains
5. The better description of this development can be subjective and depend on
one's perspective. "Spreading" could be seen as a more neutral term, indicating
the expansion or presence of international chain restaurants in different
regions. It reflects the global reach and availability of these establishments. On
the other hand, "invading" can carry a negative connotation, suggesting a
forceful entrance or dominance of foreign brands into local markets. This term
may evoke concerns related to the potential impact on local businesses,
cultural homogenization, or loss of authenticity. Ultimately, the choice of
description depends on one's viewpoint, experiences, and sentiments towards
globalization and the presence of international chains.

Before you watch

1. e 2. f 3. d 4. b 5. c 6.a

While you watch

1. F (the streets are gridlock and chaotic)
2. F (crime is a problem in addition to traffic jams and smoke)
3. T
4. T
5. F (ticket prices are beyond the reach of average commuter)

After you watch

1. In Cairo, some of the prominent problems include overcrowding, traffic
congestion, air pollution, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient housing.
While these problems may vary in severity and context, many cities around
the world face similar challenges related to urbanization and rapid population
growth.

2. Using rivers as a means of transportation within a city can have certain

limitations. These can include an increased vulnerability to flooding, seasonal
variations in water levels, limited navigable routes, and dependence on
favorable weather conditions. Additionally, infrastructure must be developed
to accommodate river transport, which may require substantial investments.

3. To reduce the migration of people to major cities, various measures can be

taken. These include improving infrastructure and job opportunities in rural or
smaller urban areas, implementing policies that support regional development
and decentralization, promoting entrepreneurship and small-scale industries
outside major cities, enhancing educational and healthcare facilities in rural
areas, and providing incentives for businesses to establish themselves in non-
metropolitan areas.

4. It is subjective, but one of my favorite cities is Vancouver, Canada. I love

Vancouver for its stunning natural beauty with mountains and the ocean, its
clean and well-maintained urban areas, and its commitment to sustainability
and environmental initiatives. The city offers a high quality of life, a diverse
cultural scene, and numerous outdoor recreational opportunities.
5. Living in a large city can have certain negative aspects. These can include
higher living costs, limited living space, noise pollution, increased stress
levels, long commuting times, higher crime rates in certain areas, and a lack of
connection with nature. Additionally, large cities may face challenges in
providing adequate services, such as healthcare, education, and public
transportation, to their large populations.

Summarise video
1. Make a list of 10 words you learn from the video.
-sprawl (v) C1 /sprɔːl/ mở rộng
-characterize (v) C1 mô tả đặc điểm
-metropolitan (Adj) C1 /ˌmet.rəˈpɒl.ɪ.tən/ đô thị
-Accommodate (v) C1 /əˈkɒm.ə.deɪt/ chứa
-Amenity (n) C1 /əˈmiː.nə.ti/ tiện nghi
-Cohesion (n) C1 /kəʊˈhiː.ʒən/ sự gắn kết
-Fragmentation (n) C1 /ˌfræɡ.menˈteɪ.ʃən/ sự phân mảnh
-Inevitable (adj) C1 /ɪˈnev.ɪ.tə.bəl/ không thể tránh khỏi
-Sustainable (a) C1 /səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl/ bền vững
-Consumption (n) C1 /kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/ sự tiêu thụ
2. Write 5 questions based on the information in the video.
1.What is sprawl?
2.What are the characteristics of urban sprawl?
3.What are the results of urban sprawl?
4.Why is urbanization expansion a concern?
5.How do we make existing places better?

New words
STT Word Pronunciation Meaning
1 density n /ˈden.sɪ.ti/ Tỷ trọng
Eg. The area has a high population density.
2 distribution n /ˌdɪs.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/ Phân bổ
Eg. a map showing distribution of global population
3 diversity n /daɪˈvɜː.sə.ti/ Đa dạng
Eg. There is a wide diversity of opinion on the question of unilateral
 disarmament.
4 Ecology n /iˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/ Sinh thái học
Eg. I hope to study ecology at college.
5 enhance v /ɪnˈhɑːns/ Nâng cao
Eg. These scandals will not enhance the organization's reputation.
6 exclude v /ɪkˈskluːd/ Loại trừ,
ngăn chặn
Eg. Tom has been excluded from school
7 extinction n /ɪkˈstɪŋk.ʃən/ Tuyệt chủng
Eg. The extinction of the dinosaurs occurred millions of years ago.
8 habitat n /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/ Môi trường
sống
Eg. Many habitats such as mangroves and wetlands are disappearing
fast.
9 linguistic adj /lɪŋˈɡwɪs.tɪk/ Ngôn ngữ
học
Eg. I'm particularly interested in the linguistic development of young
children.
10 modification n /ˌmɒd.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ Sửa đổi
Eg. A couple of modifications and the speech will be perfect.
11 neutral adj /ˈnjuː.trəl/ Trung lập
Eg. The peace conference would have to be held in a neutral country.
12 notion n /ˈnəʊ.ʃən/ Khái niệm
Eg. I have only a vague notion of what she does for a living.
13 obligatory adj /əˈblɪɡ.ə.tər.i/ Bắt buộc
Eg. The medical examination before you start work is obligatory.
14 predator n /ˈpred.ə.tər/ Kẻ săn mồi
Eg. he was accused of being a merciless predator
15 significance n /sɪɡˈnɪf.ɪ.kəns/ Đáng chú ý,
quan trọng
Eg. The first set of significances concerns religious cosmology.
16 widespread adj /ˌwaɪdˈspred Phổ biến
rộng rãi
Eg. There are reports of widespread flooding in northern France.
17 Be on the increas Ngày càng
tăng
Eg. Homelessness is on the increase in many cities.
18 deteriorate v /dɪˈtɪə.ri.ə.reɪt/ Trở nên tệ đi
Eg. The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly.
19 displace v /dɪˈspleɪs/ Thay thế
Eg. The blow displaced the woman's eardrum and left her partially
deaf.
20 evolution n /ˌev.əˈluː.ʃən/ Sự tiến hoá
Eg. Darwin's theory of evolution
 21 disrupt v /dɪsˈrʌpt/ Làm gián
đoạn
Eg. Heavy snow disrupted travel into the city this morning.
22 eliminate v /iˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/ Loại bỏ
Eg. A move towards healthy eating could help eliminate heart disease.
23 emerge v /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/ Hiện ra
Eg. Eg. The Prince emerged unscathed from the scandal.
24 exist v /ɪɡˈzɪst/ Hiện hữu
Eg. I don't think ghosts exist.
26 arbitrary adj /ˈɑː.bɪ.trər.i/ Tuỳ ý
Eg. We didn’t think much about it, just arbitrarily decided to go to
Italy.
27 distinction n /dɪˈstɪŋk.ʃən/ Sự phân biệt
Eg. This company makes no distinction between the sexes.
28 hierarchical adj /ˌhaɪəˈrɑː.kɪ.kəl/ Thứ bậc
Eg. The military has a hierarchical rank structure.
29 investigate v /ɪnˈves.tɪ.ɡeɪt/ Khảo sát
Eg. The UN is investigating new methods of population control .
30 mature adj /məˈtʃʊər/ Trưởng thành
Eg. He's very mature for his age.
31 migration n /maɪˈɡreɪ.ʃən/ Di cư
Eg. Scientists track bird populations and migration patterns.
32 policy n /ˈpɒl.ə.si/ Chính sách,
kế hoạch
Eg. hey believe that Europe needs a common foreign and security
policy.

Listening 1: The spread of English

1.
1. enhance e
2. exclude h
3. linguistic b
4. neutral a
5. notion c
6. obligatory f
7. significance g
8. widespread d

2.
1. widespread 2. linguistic 3. obligatory 4. excluded
 5. significance 6. notion 7. neutral 8. enhances

Before you listen

1. Personally, I feel a sense of obligation when it comes to learning English. It
is often considered a global language and knowing it can open up various
opportunities in terms of education and career. However, I also believe that
individuals should have the freedom to choose what language they want to
learn without feeling forced.
2. I completely agree with this statement. English is widely spoken and
understood in many parts of the world. If I didn't learn it, I would feel left out
from conversations, cultural references, and shared experiences. It's important
for me to feel connected to the global community, and knowing English
facilitates that.
3. Personally, I don't have particularly strong feelings towards learning
English. I understand its importance and practicality, but it doesn't evoke any
strong emotions in me. It's just another skill that I need to acquire to
communicate effectively in today's world.
4. Learning English definitely broadens my academic opportunities. Many
reputable universities around the world offer programs and courses in English.
It allows me to access a wealth of knowledge, research, and resources that
might not be available in my native language. It also opens up the possibility
of studying abroad and connecting with a global academic community.
5. I am passionate about learning languages, and English is one of them. I
enjoy the challenge of understanding different grammatical structures,
vocabulary, and pronunciation. It's fascinating to me how languages can shape
the way we think and perceive the world. Learning multiple languages,
including English, also allows me to connect with people from diverse
backgrounds and cultures.

Global listening
1.
5 Detroys other laguages
3 Already dominationg the world
2 Common language for many people
4 Damaging to the places it spreads to
7 Lives alongside other languages
8 Many different forms are confusing
6 Not obligatory, but a free choice to learn
1 Widespread throughout culture

2.
B. The two sides of the debate give their views, but they also have the chance to
interrupt or question the other side
Close reading
1.
1. Suprising: there cannot be that many people speaking english-number must
be incorrect
2. Surprising: the comment about other languages is negative and needs
clarification
3. Missing: listener did not catch the word notionand decide to check
4. surprising: “million” sounded like an improbable number here-listener
decided to challenge
5. Missing: Listener was unclear on the percentage number mentioned,
decided to ask for clarification
2.
1. Um, I’m not sure if I heard correcrly…did you say that ten point five billion
people speak English?
Sorry-obviouslt I meant one point five billion, not ten point five…I misread it,
sorry, but my argument stands.
2. I’m sorry, L’m not sure I get your point. What did you mean by saying that
learning Swahili isn’t helpful? Isn’t that a bit disrespectful?
No, I didn’t mean that…I meant that people don’t see it as useful, compared to
learning English. My point is the opposite. I would love people to learn
Swahili, Russian, Hindi…
3. Ok- I get the point now. I have another question, too. I’m missing some
information – you gave a list of thing it detroys…including “local-what-of
how to live”?
“notions”- you know, “ideas”
4. Sorry, earlier you said that you taught millions? I’m not sure if I heard that
right…you must be quite a teacher!
5. Can I just in here. I’m not sure if I heard correctly. Did you say 18% or
80%? About the percentage of articles English

Listening 2: An unnatural spread

A vocabulary preview
1.
1. ecology 2. distribution 3. density 4. predator
5. modification 6. diversity 7. extinction 8. habitat

2.
 1. habitat 2. ecology 3. predators 4. extinction
5. modification 6. distribution 7. density 8. diversity

3.
A predator from my region of the world is the Bengal Tiger. Its natural habitat
includes mangrove swamps, grasslands, and various types of forests such as
tropical rainforests and deciduous forests.

The population density and distribution of the Bengal Tiger vary across
different countries. In India, for example, the population density is highest in
protected reserves such as the Sundarbans and various national parks. Outside
of reserves, the distribution is more fragmented due to habitat loss and human
activity. Overall, the population of Bengal Tigers has been decreasing.

Yes, the Bengal Tiger is indeed in danger of extinction. Factors such as habitat
loss, poaching for their skin and body parts, and conflicts with humans have
significantly impacted their population. Conservation efforts have been in
place to protect and increase their numbers, but they still remain critically
endangered.
Yes, there is a significant diversity of plant and animal life in my region.
Being a tropical region, it supports a wide range of ecosystems, including
dense forests, grasslands, wetlands, and coastal areas. This diverse range of
habitats leads to a rich variety of flora and fauna, including various species of
trees, plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Several endemic and
endangered species can also be found in this region, highlighting its
biodiversity.

B Before you listen

1. a swamp rat 2. a stink bug 3. crab 4. fungus 5. seed

C Global listening
1. get to the habitat
2. mitten crab
3. accidental
4. stink bug
5. a problem
6. tackle/ deal with
7. Canada

Critical thinking
1.
1. anaphora 2. rhetorical question 3. hyperbole
4. parallel structures 5. sarcasm 6. metaphor

2.
1. In my opinion, the use of rhetorical devices such as ethos, logos, and
pathos can strengthen a person's argument. Ethos appeals to the credibility and
authority of the speaker or writer, helping to establish trust and confidence in
their message. By presenting themselves as knowledgeable and trustworthy,
they strengthen their argument. Logos uses logic and reasoning to support the
argument, relying on facts, evidence, and logical connections. This strengthens
the argument by providing a solid foundation and convincing the audience
with logical explanations. Pathos appeals to the emotions and values of the
audience, aiming to evoke empathy or passion. By appealing to the audience's
emotions, the person can connect with them on a deeper level, increasing the
persuasive power of their argument.

2. On the other hand, certain rhetorical devices can weaken an argument if

used improperly or without solid foundations. For example, the use of logical
fallacies, such as ad hominem attacks or false cause and effect, can weaken an
argument by introducing flawed reasoning or irrelevant personal attacks.
Excessive use of pathos without proper logical support can also weaken an
argument by relying too heavily on emotional manipulation rather than logical
reasoning. Additionally, overuse of rhetorical devices, such as excessive
repetitions or overly complex language, can confuse or bore the audience,
making it harder for them to follow and engage with the argument

Vocabulary development
Word for relationships
1.
a. disrupts
b. exist
c. deteriorate
d. present a danger
e. displace
f. are on the increase
g. eliminate
h. emerge

2.
1- I have recently eliminated excessive use of social media from my life. I
found it was consuming too much of my time and negatively impacting my
productivity and mental well-being.
2. One potential danger to my future ambitions could be a lack of motivation
or determination. If I lose focus or become complacent, it could hinder my
progress and prevent me from achieving my goals.
3. In the last few months, there has been an increase in news coverage on the
COVID-19 pandemic. The constant updates, new variants, vaccine
distribution, and the impact on various aspects of life have been dominating
headlines.
4. In my country, the deteriorating state of infrastructure has been a concern in
the last few years. Roads, bridges, and public facilities have been neglected
and are in need of repairs and maintenance.
5. A prominent figure who has emerged in my country this year is a young
politician who has been advocating for environmental conservation and
sustainability. Through their activism and initiatives, they have gained
national recognition and support.
6. Various factors can disrupt our day-to-day routines, such as unexpected
emergencies, health issues, technological failures, transportation delays, or
even personal conflicts or distractions. These disruptions can impact our
productivity and throw off our planned schedules.

Speaking model
A. analyze
1. The spread of the chain stores globally has a negative effect on local
business
2. The speaker supports the motion
3. Three
4. Two

B. Discussion
1 Without specific information about the arguments she identifies, it is not
possible to determine their strength.

2 Without context, it is impossible to predict what the third argument will be.

3 The key arguments that the opposing side could put forward would depend
on the topic being discussed. Some common opposing arguments include
counter-evidence, alternative explanations, conflicting data, ethical concerns,
or different interpretations of the issue.
Grammar
1.
1. Never have our strests been so full of stores from elsewhere
2. Not only has the presence of these invades displayed our own local business
they have reduced diversity
3. At no time in the history have there been so few local companies on our
main streets

2.
1. at no time will people decide to stay where they are
2. Rarely do people choose familiar experiences when they can choose
somrthing more exciting
3. Only now are we realizing that the spread of some companies means the
extinction of others