ES Environmental Science and Engineering: Section 1: Mathematics Foundation

ES Environmental Science and Engineering
Section 1: Mathematics Foundation
Linear Algebra: Determinants and matrices, Systems of linear equations,

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Calculus: Functions, Limit, Continuity, Differentiability, Local maxima and

minima, Taylor series, Tests for convergence, Definite and indefinite integrals,
Application of definite integral to obtain area and volume, Partial and total
derivatives.
Differential Equations: Linear and non-linear first order ordinary differential

equations (ODE), Higher order linear ODEs with constant coefficients, Cauchy’s
and Euler’s equations, Laplace transform and its application in solving linear
ODEs.
Probability and Statistics: Descriptive statistics, Measurement of central

tendency, Dispersion, Skewness and kurtosis, Probability concepts, Conditional
probability, Bayes theorem, Risk and reliability, Probability distributions,
Correlation, Single and multiple regression models, Hypothesis testing (t-test, F-
test, chi-square test).
Section 2: Environmental Chemistry
Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry: Covalent and ionic bonding;

Chemical equations, concentration and activity; Structure and chemistry of
organic molecules; Radioactivity of elements; Chemical equilibria;
Thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions.
Principles of water chemistry: Water quality parameters and their measurement;

Acid-base equilibria; Buffer solution; Carbonate system; Solubility of gases in
water; Complexation, precipitation, and redox reactions; Inorganic and organic
contaminants in water and their speciation.
Soil chemistry; Organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, cation

exchange capacity, base saturation, and sodium absorption ratio.
Atmospheric Chemistry: Composition of the atmosphere; Reactivity of trace

substances in the atmosphere; Urban atmosphere—smog and particulate
pollution; Chemistry of ozone formation; Chemistry of stratosphere.
Section 3: Environmental Microbiology
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms; Characteristics of diverse groups of

microorganisms; Classification of microorganisms; Microbial diversity; Plant-microbe and soil-
microbe interactions; Role of microorganisms in wastewater treatment, bioremediation and
biogeochemical cycling.
Cell chemistry and cell biology: Structure of proteins, nucleic acid (DNA & RNA), lipids and
polysaccharides; Bonds in biomolecules; Stereoisomerism in biomolecules; Structure of cell;
Structure and function of cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, outer membrane, glycocalyx,
chromosomes, endospores, storage products, mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Microbial metabolism: Anabolism and catabolism; Phosphorylation; Glycolysis; TCA cycle;

Electron transport chain; Fermentation; Anaerobic respiration; Energy balances; Enzymes and
Enzyme kinetics.
Growth and control of microorganisms: Bacterial nutrition and growth; Specific growth rate and
doubling time; Monod’s model; Types of culture media; Batch and continuous culture; Effects
of environmental factors on growth; Control of microbes using physical and chemical methods.
Microbiology and health: Pathogens and modes of transmission; Indicator organisms;

Quantification of coliforms using MPN and membrane filtration techniques.
Section 4: Water Resources and Environmental Hydraulics
Global Water Resources: Structure, properties and distribution of water; Water quality; Threats
to water resources; Water conservation.
Surface Water Resources: Hydrological cycle and water balance - precipitation, infiltration,
evapotranspiration, runoff; Flow hydrographs; Unit hydrographs; Stage-discharge
relationship; Reservoir capacity; Reservoir and channel routing; Surface run-off models;
Surface water management; Rain water harvesting and storage.
Groundwater Resources: Geologic formations as aquifers; Vadose and saturated zones;

Confined and unconfined aquifers and their parameters - porosity, permeability, transmissivity
and storage coefficient; Darcy’s law and applications; Steady state well hydraulics.
Environmental Hydraulics: Concepts of mechanics; Properties of fluids; Pressure

measurement; Hydrostatic force on surfaces; Buoyancy and flotation; Laminar and turbulent
flow; Flow through pipes; Pipe networks; Boundary layer theory; Forces on immersed bodies;
Flow measurement in channels and pipes; Kinematics of flow; Continuity, momentum and
energy equations; Channel hydraulics - specific energy, critical flow, hydraulic jump, rapid and
gradually varied flow; Design of lined and unlined channels.
Section 5: Water & Wastewater Treatment and Management
Water and wastewater quality parameters; Eutrophication and thermal stratification in lakes;
River pollution - Oxygen sag curve.
Water treatment methods - screening, sedimentation with and without coagulation, filtration,
desalination, disinfection; Water distribution and storage
Point and non-point sources of wastewater; Population forecasting methods; Design of sewer
and storm water sewers; Sewer appurtenances; Preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary
sewage treatment; Sludge generation, processing and disposal methods; Sewage farming.
Sources and characteristics of industrial effluents; Concept of Common Effluent Treatment
Plants (CETP); Wastewater recycling and zero liquid discharge.
Kinetics and reactor design: Mass and energy balance, Order and rate of reactions, Batch
reactors, Completely mixed flow reactors, Plug flow reactors.
Section 6: Air and Noise Pollution
Structure of the atmosphere; Natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution; Atmospheric

sources, sinks, transport; Indoor air pollution; Effects on health and environment; Air pollution:
gases and particulate matter; Air quality standards; Primary and secondary pollutants; Criteria
pollutants, ambient and source standards, air quality indices, visibility.
Particulate pollutants: measurement and control methods; Control of particulate air pollutants
using gravitational settling chambers, cyclone separators, wet collectors, fabric filters (Bag-
house filter), electrostatic precipitators (ESP).
Gaseous Pollutants: Measurement and control methods; Control of gaseous contaminants:

absorption, adsorption, condensation and combustion; Control of sulphur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons; Vapour-liquid and vapour-solid equilibria;
Diffusion, Fick’s law and interfacial mass transfer.
Automotive emission controls, fuel quality, diesel particulate filters, catalytic convertors.
Air quality management: Point, line and area sources; Inventory; Influence of meteorology -
wind rose diagrams, stability, mixing height, topography, dispersion modelling, monitoring.
Noise pollution: Sources; Health effects; Standards; Measurement and control methods.
Section 7: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
Integrated solid waste management; Waste hierarchy; Rules and regulations for solid waste
management in India.
Municipal solid waste management: Sources, generation, characteristics, collection and

transportation, waste processing and disposal (including reuse options, biological methods,
energy recovery processes and landfilling).
Hazardous waste management: Characteristics, generation, fate of materials in the

environment, treatment and disposal.
Soil contamination and leaching of contaminants into groundwater.
Management of biomedical waste, plastic waste and E-waste: Sources, generation and
characteristics; Waste management practices including storage, collection and transfer.
Section 8: Global and Regional Environmental Issues
Global effects of air pollution – Greenhouse gases, global warming, climate change, urban
heat islands, acid rain, ozone hole.
Ecology and various ecosystems; Biodiversity; Factors influencing increase in population,

energy consumption, and environmental degradation.
Section 9: Environmental Management and Sustainable Development
Environmental Management Systems; ISO14000 series; Environmental auditing:

Environmental Impact Assessment; Life cycle assessment; Human health risk assessment
Environmental Law and Policy – Objectives; Polluter pays principle, Precautionary principle;
The Water and Air Acts with amendments; The Environment (Protection) Act (EPA) 1986;
National Green Tribunal Act, 2010; National Environment Policy; Principles of International
Law and International treaties.
Energy and Environment: Energy sources – overview of resources and reserves; Renewable
and non-renewable energy sources; Energy-Environment nexus.
Sustainable Development: Definition and concepts of sustainable development; Sustainable

development goals; Hurdles to sustainability; Environment and economics

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ES Environmental Science and Engineering

Section 1: Mathematics Foundation

Linear Algebra: Determinants and matrices, Systems of linear equations,

Calculus: Functions, Limit, Continuity, Differentiability, Local maxima and

Differential Equations: Linear and non-linear first order ordinary differential

Probability and Statistics: Descriptive statistics, Measurement of central

Section 2: Environmental Chemistry

Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry: Covalent and ionic bonding;

Principles of water chemistry: Water quality parameters and their measurement;

Soil chemistry; Organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, cation

Atmospheric Chemistry: Composition of the atmosphere; Reactivity of trace

Section 3: Environmental Microbiology

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms; Characteristics of diverse groups of

Microbial metabolism: Anabolism and catabolism; Phosphorylation; Glycolysis; TCA cycle;

Microbiology and health: Pathogens and modes of transmission; Indicator organisms;

Section 4: Water Resources and Environmental Hydraulics

Groundwater Resources: Geologic formations as aquifers; Vadose and saturated zones;

Environmental Hydraulics: Concepts of mechanics; Properties of fluids; Pressure

Section 5: Water & Wastewater Treatment and Management

Section 6: Air and Noise Pollution

Structure of the atmosphere; Natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution; Atmospheric

Gaseous Pollutants: Measurement and control methods; Control of gaseous contaminants:

Section 7: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Municipal solid waste management: Sources, generation, characteristics, collection and

Hazardous waste management: Characteristics, generation, fate of materials in the

Soil contamination and leaching of contaminants into groundwater.

Ecology and various ecosystems; Biodiversity; Factors influencing increase in population,

Section 9: Environmental Management and Sustainable Development

Environmental Management Systems; ISO14000 series; Environmental auditing:

Sustainable Development: Definition and concepts of sustainable development; Sustainable

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