02-Chapter 08-Fasteners (A)

SCREWS, FASTENERS AND DESIGN OF
NONPERMANENT JOINTS
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 1

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Threaded Fasteners
o The helical-thread screw is the basis of power screws and threaded fasteners
o Power screws
o change angular motion to linear motion to transmit power or to develop large forces:
presses, jacks, etc.
o Threaded fasteners
o an important element in nonpermanent joints
o Typical methods of fastening or joining parts use devices as bolts, nuts, cap
screws, setscrews, rivets, spring retainers, locking devices, pins, keys, welds,
and adhesives
o Facilitate disassembly
o Boeing’s 747 require as many as 2.5 million fasteners
o One of the key targets of current design for manufacture is to reduce the
number of fasteners

Threaded Fasteners

Thread Standards and Definitions
o Pitch
o The distance between adjacent thread forms measured parallel to the thread axis
o In U.S. units, it is the reciprocal of the number of thread forms per inch N
o Major diameter, d
o largest diameter of a screw thread
o The minor (or root) diameter, dr
o Smallest diameter of a screw thread.
o The pitch diameter, dp
o Theoretical diameter between the major and minor diameters
o Lead, l
o The distance the nut moves parallel to the screw axis when the nut is given one turn
o A multiple-threaded product is one having two or more threads cut beside each other
o Standardized products such as screws, bolts, and nuts all have single threads; a double-threaded
screw has a lead equal to twice the pitch, a triple-threaded screw has a lead equal to 3 times the
pitch, and so on
o All threads are made according to the right-hand rule unless otherwise noted
Single vs multiple threads

One is UN (Unified national series) which deals in

inchs and other one is M series (metric series)
which deals in mm.
Unified threads are specified by stating the

nominal major diameter, the number of threads
per inch, and the thread series, for example, 5.8
in-18 UNRF or 0.625 in-18 UNRF

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o A great many tensile tests of threaded rods have shown that an unthreaded
rod having a diameter equal to the mean of the pitch diameter and minor
diameter will have the same tensile strength as the threaded rod
o The area of this unthreaded rod is called the tensile-stress area At of the
threaded rod; values of At are listed in both tables
o Metric threads are specified by writing the diameter and pitch in millimeters,
in that order
o Thus, M12 × 1.75 is a thread having a nominal major diameter of 12 mm and a
pitch of 1.75 mm. Letter M is the clue to the metric designation

Power Screws

Square and Acme threads
o Square and Acme threads profiles are used on screws when power is
to be transmitted
o Table (below) lists the preferred pitches for inch-series Acme
threads. However, other pitches can be and often are used

The Mechanics of Power Screws: Square Threads(Analysis)
o A power screw is a device used in machinery to change angular
motion into linear motion, and, usually, to transmit power
o e.g. The lead screws of lathes, and the screws for vises, presses, and jacks
o dm = mean diameter
o l = lead angle
o y: helix angle
Torque required to raise and lower the load

The Mechanics of Power Screws: Square Threads
o For Raising the load
o For Lowering the load

The Mechanics of Power Screws: Square Threads
o This is the torque required to overcome a part of the friction in lowering and
raising the load
o In case when the lead is large or the friction is low, that the load will lower itself
by causing the screw to spin without any external effort (TL negative )
o Thus the condition for self-locking is
o When f = 0 (no friction)

The Mechanics of Power Screws: ACME Threads
o In the case of Acme or other threads, the normal thread load
is inclined to the axis because of the thread angle 2α and the
lead angle λ

The Mechanics of Power Screws
o For power screws, the Acme thread is not as efficient as
the square thread, because of the additional friction due
to the wedging action, but it is preferred because it is
easier to machine and permits the use of a split nut, which
can be adjusted to take up for wear
o Usually, a third component of torque must be applied in
power-screw applications
o When the screw is loaded axially, a thrust or collar bearing must
be employed between the rotating and stationary members in
order to carry the axial component
o load is assumed to be concentrated at the mean collar diameter dc
o If fc is the coefficient of collar friction, the torque required is

o The maximum nominal shear stress τ due
to torsion of the screw body
o The axial stress σ in the body of the screw
due to load F is
o The bearing stress in σB
o The bending stress at the root of the
thread σb
o The transverse shear stress τ at the

center of the root of the thread due to
load F

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o A power screw lifting a load is in compression and its thread pitch is
shortened by elastic deformation
o Its engaging nut is in tension and its thread pitch is lengthened. The
engaged threads cannot share the load equally
o Some experiments show that the first engaged thread carries 0.38 of
the load, the second 0.25, the third 0.18, and the seventh is free of
load.
o In estimating thread stresses by the equations above, substituting
0.38F for F and setting nt to 1 will give the largest level of stresses in
the thread-nut combination

Example 8-1

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SCREWS, FASTENERS AND DESIGN OF

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 1

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 2

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 3

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 4

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 6

One is UN (Unified national series) which deals in

Unified threads are specified by stating the

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 7

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 10

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 11

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 12

Torque required to raise and lower the load

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 13

o For Lowering the load

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o When f = 0 (no friction)

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 15

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o The transverse shear stress τ at the

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