Engineering Materials

(MCH 115, MCH 116)

Introduction

Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Materials Science and Engineering
• Properties: depend on the type of material structure.
• Property categories of solid materials:
– Mechanical properties: relate deformation to an applied load or
force; examples include elastic modulus and strength.
– Electrical properties: such as electrical conductivity and
dielectric constant.
– Thermal properties: heat capacity and thermal conductivity.
– Magnetic properties: response of a material to the application of
a magnetic field.
– Optical properties: stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation;
index of refraction and reflectivity
– Deteriorative properties: relate to the chemical reactivity of
materials.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Materials Science and Engineering

Three thin disk specimens of aluminum oxide. The disk on the left is transparent (all
light is reflected from the page passes through it), whereas the one in the center is
translucent (some of this reflected light is transmitted through the disk). And, the
disk on the right is opaque—i.e., none of the light passes through it. These
differences in optical properties are consequence of differences in structure of these
materials, which have resulted from the way the materials were processed.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Materials Selection

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Classification of Materials
• Solid materials have
been conveniently
grouped into three
basic classifications:
metals, ceramics, and
polymers. This is
based primarily on
chemical makeup and
atomic structure.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Classification of Materials

• Metals:

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Classification of Materials
• Metals:
– Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very
orderly manner, and in comparison to the ceramics and
polymers, are relatively dense.
– Mechanical characteristics: relatively stiff and strong, yet
are ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts of deformation
without fracture), and are resistant to fracture.
– Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and
heat.
– Metals are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal
surface has a lustrous appearance.
– Some of the metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable
magnetic properties.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Physical Properties of Metals
• The physical properties of the metals include colour, size and shape,
density, electric and thermal conductivity, and melting point.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

Reading only

Mechanical Properties of Metals

• The mechanical properties are associated with the ability of the material to
resist mechanical forces and load.
• These properties include strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility,
brittleness, malleability, toughness, resilience, creep and hardness.
• Strength. The ability of a material to resist the externally applied forces
without breaking or yielding. The internal resistance offered by a part to an
externally applied force is called stress.
• Stiffness. The ability of a material to resist deformation under stress. The
modulus of elasticity is the measure of stiffness.
• Elasticity. The property of a material to regain its original shape after
deformation when the external forces are removed. This property is
desirable for materials used in tools and machines.
• Plasticity. A property of a material which retains the deformation produced
under load permanently. This property of the material is necessary for
forgings, and in stamping images on coins.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Mechanical Properties of Metals
• Ductility. It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into wire
with the application of a tensile force. A ductile material must be both
strong and plastic. The ductility is usually measured by percentage
elongation and percentage reduction in area. The ductile material: mild
steel, copper, aluminium, nickel, zinc, tin and lead.
• Brittleness. It is the property of a material opposite to ductility. It is the
property of breaking of a material with little permanent distortion. Brittle
materials when subjected to tensile loads, snap off without giving any
sensible elongation. Cast iron is a brittle material.
• Malleability. It is a special case of ductility which permits materials to be
rolled or hammered into thin sheets. A malleable material should be plastic
but it is not essential to be so strong. The malleable materials: lead, soft
steel, wrought iron, copper and aluminium.
• Toughness. It is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high
impact loads like hammer blows.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Mechanical Properties of Metals
• Machinability. The property of a material can be cut.
• Resilience. The property of a material to absorb energy and to resist shock
and impact loads.
• Creep. When a part is subjected to a constant stress at high temperature for
a long period of time, it will undergo a slow and permanent deformation
called creep. This property is considered in designing internal combustion
engines, boilers and turbines.
• Fatigue. When a material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails at
stresses below the yield point stresses.
• Hardness. It means the ability of a metal to cut another metal. The
hardness of a metal may be determined by the following tests: Brinell
hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness (also called
Diamond Pyramid) test, and Shore scleroscope.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Classification of Materials

• Ceramics:

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Classification of Materials
• Ceramics:
– Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements.
– Mechanical characteristics: Relatively stiff and strong—
stiffness and strength are comparable to those of the metals, very
hard, extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible
to fracture.
– Ceramics are insulative to the passage of heat and electricity
(i.e., have low electrical conductivities), and are more resistant to
high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and
polymers.
– Optical characteristics: may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque and some of the oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe O ) exhibit
3 4

magnetic behavior.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Classification of Materials

• Polymers:

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Classification of Materials
• Polymers:
– Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them
are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and
other nonmetallic elements (O, N, and Si).
– They have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in nature that
have a backbone of carbon atoms, for example; polyethylene (PE), nylon,
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and
silicone rubber.
– Polymers have low densities
– Mechanical characteristics: Polymers are not stiff or strong. They are
extremely ductile and pliable (i.e., plastic), which means they are easily
formed into complex shapes.
– Polymers are relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a large number
of environments. One major drawback to the polymers is their tendency to
soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures, which, in some instances,
limits their use.
– Polymers have low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Classification of Materials

• Composites:

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Classification of Materials
• Composites:
– A composite is composed of two (or more)
individual materials, which come from the
categories of metals, ceramics, and polymers.
– Some composites are naturally occurring, for
example; wood and bone. Others are synthetic (or
man-made) composites, for example; fiberglass.
– The design goal of a composite is to achieve a
combination of properties that is not displayed by
any single material, and also to incorporate the
best characteristics of each of the component
materials.
Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy
 Classification of Materials
• Composites:
– Examples:
 Small glass fibers embedded within a
polymeric material (normally an epoxy or
polyester): The glass fibers are relatively
strong and stiff (but also brittle), whereas
the polymer is ductile (but also weak and
flexible). Thus, the resulting fiberglass is
relatively stiff, strong, flexible, and
ductile.
 Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)
composite—carbon fibers embedded
within a polymer: These materials are
stiffer and stronger than the glass fiber-
reinforced materials, yet they are more
expensive. The CFRP composites are used
in some aircraft and aerospace
applications, as well as high-tech sporting
equipment (e.g., bicycles, golf clubs,
tennis rackets, and skis/snowboards).

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Advanced Materials
• Advanced Materials: Materials that are utilized in high-technology
applications.
• Examples: electronic equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players,
etc.), computers, fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and
military rocketry.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Advanced Materials
• Semiconductors: Materials have electrical
properties that are intermediate between the
electrical conductors (metals and metal alloys)
and insulators (ceramics and polymers).
• Example: electronics and computer industries.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Advanced Materials
• Biomaterials: Materials that are
employed in components
implanted into the human body
for replacement of diseased or
damaged body parts.
• Biomaterials must not produce
toxic substances and must be
compatible with body tissues.
• Metals, ceramics, polymers,
composites, and semiconductors
may be used as biomaterials.
• Example: artificial hip
replacements.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Advanced Materials
• Smart (intelligent) Materials: Materials that are
able to sense changes in their environments and
then respond to these changes in predetermined
manners.
• Types of smart materials:
 Shape memory alloys
 Piezoelectric ceramics
 Magnetostrictive materials
 Electrorheological/ magnetorheological fluids
• Example: sensors and actuators.

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 Advanced Materials
• Nanoengineered Materials: Materials with dimensions less
than 100 nanometers (Nano 10-9 meters).
• The ability to carefully arrange atoms from the bottom up
allows for the opportunity to develop mechanical, electrical,
magnetic, and other properties into materials that are otherwise
not possible.
• Example: carbon nanotube

Engineering Materials Dr. Basma Eltlhawy

 No lifeguard.
Swim at your risk
‫بسمه الطلحاوى‬