18me34 MS

Maharaja Education Trust (R), Mysuru
Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore

Belawadi, Sriranga Pattana Taluk, Mandya – 571 477
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi,

Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Recognized by Government of Karnataka
Lecture Notes on
MATERIALS SCIENCE – 18ME34
Prepared by
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Maharaja Education Trust (R), Mysuru
Belawadi, Sriranga Pattana Taluk, Mandya – 571 477
Vision/ ಆಶಯ
“To be recognized as a premier technical and management institution promoting extensive

education fostering research, innovation and entrepreneurial attitude"
,
Mission/ ಯ
 To empower students with indispensable knowledge through dedicated teaching and

collaborative learning.
 To advance extensive research in science, engineering and management disciplines.

,
 To facilitate entrepreneurial skills through effective institute - industry collaboration and

interaction with alumni.
,
 To instill the need to uphold ethics in every aspect.

.
 To mould holistic individuals capable of contributing to the advancement of the society.
.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Vision:
“To excel in technical education by producing Mechanical

Engineers who are competitive, contributing and sustainable in the
global socio technological front”
Mission:
1. To enrich teaching learning experience through distinguished

practices and ever improving infrastructure.
2. To enhance student performance through constant guidance,
motivation and mentoring.
3. To develop distinct skills, leadership qualities and creative
thinking among the learners through sensible endeavors.
Program Educational Objectives (PEO):
Mechanical Engineering Graduates will be able to;
1. Pursue their professional career in core and allied domains.

2. Continuously upgrade their professional skills through higher
education and/or other learning programs.
3. Exhibit strong professional and social ethics, and participation in
interdisciplinary ventures.
Program Specific Outcome (PSO)
1. Apply the acquired knowledge of mechanical engineering to

develop techniques and systems by drawing inferences through
investigations using modern tools.
2. Analyze and solve practical problems in mechanical engineering
with profound concern about the society and environment.
Program Outcomes
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
COURSE OVERVIEW
Subject: MATERIAL SCIENCE Subject Code: 18ME34

Material science as a subject emphasizes on the fundamentals of various materials and its
nature in the context of various applications. The contents included in this subject lead to the
understanding of fundamentals of crystal structure, imperfections and diffusion phenomenon.
The parameter that addresses the mechanical behaviour of the materials and different modes
of failure subjected to different loading conditions is also interpreted. The basics in the
formation of solid solutions with the factors affecting their solid solubility and solidification
mechanism are also illustrated in the curriculum. This content leads to the understanding of
microstructure of ferrous and non ferrous materials for various compositions through phase
diagrams. The various heat treatment processes on metals and their effects on material
properties, an important content for any metallurgical exposure are also targeted. The studies
are further extended on other materials like ceramics, plastics and smart materials in context
of their structure, types, properties, processing techniques and their applications in various
fields. Composite materials are the recent trends in materials that are leading to enormous
research, and here various types and processing techniques are assessed.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. The foundation of understanding the structure and behaviour of materials common
in mechanical engineering
2. Topics to explore the mechanical properties of metals and their alloys, polymers,
ceramics, smart materials and composites
3. To understand the modifications of material properties by heat treatment processes
4. Selections of different materials foe various applications are the highlights
5. Impart knowledge of various failure modes of materials
COURSE OUTCOMES
COs Description
Apply the fundamental concepts of material science to outline the mechanical
C204.1
properties of metals, alloys and different modes of failures
C204.2 Analyze the concepts of solid solutions, cooling curves and phase diagram
Outline the effects of various heat treatment processes on ferrous and non ferrous
C204.3
alloys
Use the knowledge of various composite materials and its production processes to
C204.4
identify their constituent properties
Interpret various properties, processing and applications of ceramics, plastics and
C204.5
other materials
SYLLABUS
COURSE CODE CREDITS L-T-P ASSESSMENT DURATION

CIA SEE
MS 18ME34 3 3-0-0 3 HRS
40 60
Module 1: Introduction to Crystal Structure

Coordination number, atomic packing factor, Simple Cubic, BCC,FCC and HCP Structures,
Crystal imperfections–point, line, surface and volume imperfections. Atomic Diffusion:
Phenomen on, Fick‟s laws of diffusion (First and Second Law); Factors affecting diffusion.
Mechanical Behaviour: Stress-strain diagrams showing ductile and brittle behaviour of
materials, Engineering stress and true strains, Linear and non- linear elastic behaviour and
properties, Mechanical properties in plastic range: Stiffness, Yield strength, Offset Yield
strength, Ductility, Ultimate Tensile strength, Toughness. Plastic deformation of single
crystal by slip and twinning, Mechanisms of strengthening in metals
Module 2: Failure of Materials

Fracture: Type I, Type II and Type III, Fatigue: Types of fatigue loading with examples,
Mechanism of fatigue, fatigue properties, S-N diagram, fatigue testing. Creep: Description of
the phenomenon with examples, three stages of creep, creep properties, Stress relaxation.
Concept of fracture toughness, numerical on diffusion, strain and stress relaxation.
Alloys, Steels, Solidification: Concept of formation of alloys: Types of alloys, solid solutions,
factors affecting solid solubility (Hume Rothery rules),Binary phase diagrams: Eutectic and
Eutectoid systems, Lever rule, Intermediate phases,(The same type of process will study in
Iron Carbon Phase Diagrams) Gibbs phase rule, Effect of non-equilibrium cooling, Coring
and Homogenization
Iron-Carbon (Cementite) diagram: description of phases, Effect of common alloying elements
in steel, Common alloy steels, Stainless steel, Tool steel, Specifications of steels.
Solidification: Mechanism of solidification, Homogenous and Heterogeneous nucleation,
Crystal growth, cast metal structures, Solidification of Steels and Cast irons. Numerical on
Lever rule
Module 3: Heat Treatment

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Alloys: Heat treating of metals: Time-Temperature Transformation
(TTT) curves, Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) curves, Annealing: Recovery, Re
crystallization and Grain growth, Types of annealing, Normalizing, Hardening, Tempering,
Mar tempering, Austempering, Concept of harden ability, Factors affecting harden ability.
Surface hardening methods: carburizing, cyaniding, nit riding, flame hardening and induction
hardening, Age hardening of aluminium-copper alloys and PH steels. Ferrous materials:
Properties, Compositions and uses of Grey cast iron and steel
Module 4: Composite Materials

Composite materials - Definition, classification, types of matrix materials & reinforcements,
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) and Polymer
Matrix Composites (PMCs), Particulate-reinforced and fiber- reinforced composites,
Fundamentals of production of composites, characterization of composites, constitutive
relations of composites, determination of composite properties from component properties,
hybrid composites. Applications of composite materials. Numerical on determining
properties of composites.
Module 5: Other Materials

Ceramics: Structure type sand properties and applications of ceramics. Mechanical/ Electrical
behaviour and processing of Ceramics. Plastics: Various types of polymers/plastics and their
applications. Mechanical behaviour and processing of plastics, Failure of plastics. Other
materials: Brief description of other materials such as optical and thermal materials. Smart
materials–fiber optic materials, piezo-electrics,shapememoryalloys–Nitinol,superelasticity.
Biological applications of smart materials-materials used as implants in human Body,
selection of materials, performance of materials in service. Residual life assessment–use of
non-destructive testing, economics, environment and Sustainability
TEXT BOOKS
1. Smith, "Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering", McGrawHill, 4th Edition
2009
2. William D.Callister, "Material science and Engineering and Introduction", Wiley, 2006
3. Shackle ford., & M. K. Muralidhara, "Materials science", Pearson Publication , 2007
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. V.Raghavan, "Materials Science and Engineering", PHI, 2002
2. Donald R. Askland and Pradeep.P. Phule, "The Science and Engineering of Materials",
Cengage Learning, 4th Ed., 2003
3. George Ellwood Dieter, "Mechanical metallurgy", r McGrawHill.
4. American Society of Metals, ASM Handbooks
5. H. VanVlack, "Elements of Materials Science and Engineering", AddisonWesley Edn,
1998
6. Alan Cottrell, "An introduction to Metallurgy", University Press India, 1974
INDEX
SL. No. Contents Page No.

1 Module 1: Introduction Crystal structure 1-33
2 Module 2: Failure of materials 34-82
3 Module 3: Heat treatment 83-107
4 Module 4: Composite materials 108-135
5 Module 5: Other materials 136-164
Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore Department of Mechanical Engineering
MATERIAL SCIENCE (18ME34), MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL STRUCTURE Page | 1

































MATERIAL SCIENCE (18ME34), MODULE 2: FAILURES IN MATERIALS Page | 34

















































MATERIAL SCIENCE (18ME34), MODULE 3: HEAT TREATMENT Page | 83

























MATERIAL SCIENCE (18ME34), MODULE 4: COMPOSITE MATERIALS Page | 108




























MATERIAL SCIENCE (18ME34), MODULE 5: OTHER MATERIALS Page | 136





























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Maharaja Education Trust (R), Mysuru

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

“To be recognized as a premier technical and management institution promoting extensive

 To empower students with indispensable knowledge through dedicated teaching and

 To advance extensive research in science, engineering and management disciplines.

 To facilitate entrepreneurial skills through effective institute - industry collaboration and

 To instill the need to uphold ethics in every aspect.

 To mould holistic individuals capable of contributing to the advancement of the society.

“To excel in technical education by producing Mechanical

1. To enrich teaching learning experience through distinguished

Program Educational Objectives (PEO):

Mechanical Engineering Graduates will be able to;

1. Pursue their professional career in core and allied domains.

Program Specific Outcome (PSO)

1. Apply the acquired knowledge of mechanical engineering to

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

Subject: MATERIAL SCIENCE Subject Code: 18ME34

Subject: MATERIAL SCIENCE Subject Code: 18ME34

COURSE CODE CREDITS L-T-P ASSESSMENT DURATION

Module 1: Introduction to Crystal Structure

Module 2: Failure of Materials

Module 3: Heat Treatment

Module 4: Composite Materials

Module 5: Other Materials

Subject: MATERIAL SCIENCE Subject Code: 18ME34

SL. No. Contents Page No.

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