TELUGU

Telugu ( Telugu pronunciation: [ˈt̪ eluɡu]) is a Dravidian

language native to the Indian states of Andhra
Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language.
Spoken by about 96 million people all over the world (according
to 2022 census data) and it is spoken by 8.11 crore people in
India (according to 2011 census data), Telugu is the most widely
spoken member of the Dravidian language family, and one of the
twenty-two scheduled languages of the Republic of India. It is
one of the few languages that has primary official status in more
than one Indian state, alongside Hindi and Bengali. Telugu is
one of the six languages designated as a classical language by
the Government of India. It is the 14th most spoken native
language in the world. Modern Standard Telugu is based on the
dialect of erstwhile Krishna, Guntur, East and West Godavari
districts of Coastal Andhra.
Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply Telugu or Telugoo. Older
forms of the name include Teluṅgu and Tenuṅgu. Tenugu is
derived from the Proto-Dravidian word *ten ("south") to mean
"the people who lived in the south/southern direction" (relative to
Sanskrit and Prakrit-speaking peoples). The name Telugu, then,
is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu.
P. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in
the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the Trilinga
Śabdānusāsana (or Trilinga Grammar). However, most scholars
note that Atharvana's grammar was titled Atharvana
Karikavali. Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote
that Telugu was derived from Trilinga.
 MARATHI
Marathi (pronounced: मराठी) is an Indo-Aryan
language predominantly spoken by Marathi people in the Indian
state of Maharashtra. It is the official language of Maharashtra,
and an additional official language in the state of Goa. It is one
of the 22 scheduled languages of India, with 8.30 crore
speakers in India and all over the world it is about 90 million
people (according to 2022 census data). Marathi ranks 13th in
the list of languages with most native speakers in the world.
Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India,
after Hindi and Bengali. The language has some of the oldest
literature of all modern Indian languages. The major dialects of
Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect.

Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the Indo-

Aryan language family are derived from early forms of Prakrit.
Marathi is one of several languages that further descend
from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further changes led to the formation
of Jain Apabhraṃśa followed by Old Marathi. However, this is
challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that Apabhraṃśa was
formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle
Indian dialect.

The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language

dates to approximately 1st century BCE: a stone inscription
found in a cave at Naneghat, Junnar in Pune district had been
written in Maharashtri using Brahmi script. A committee
appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get
the Classical status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed
at least 1,500 - 2,000 years ago alongside Sanskrit as a sister
language. Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri Prakrit language,
is probably first attested in a 739 CE copper-plate
inscription found in Satara. Several inscriptions dated to the
second half of the 11th century feature Marathi, which is usually
appended to Sanskrit or Kannada in these inscriptions. The
earliest Marathi-only inscriptions are the ones issued during
the Shilahara rule, including a c. 1012 CE stone inscription from
Akshi taluka of Raigad district, and a 1060 or 1086 CE copper-
plate inscription from Dive that records a land grant (agrahara)
to a Brahmin. A 2-line 1118 CE Marathi inscription
at Shravanabelagola records a grant by the Hoysalas. These
inscriptions suggest that Marathi was a standard written
language by the 12th century. However, there is no record of any
literature produced in Marathi until the late 13th century.
 BENGALI
Bengali (ben–GAW-lee), generally known by
its endonym Bangla, is also an Indo-Aryan language native to
the Bengal region of South Asia. Bengali is spoken by 9.72 crore
people in India (167.25 million native speakers) and it is spoken
by more than 272 million people all over the world (according to
2022 census data). Bengali is the sixth most spoken native
language and the seventh most spoken language by the total
number of speakers in the world. Bengali is the fifth most spoken
Indo-European language.

Bengali is the fourth fastest growing language in India,

following Hindi in the first place, Kashmiri in the second place,
and Meitei (Manipuri), along with Gujarati, in the third place.

The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language over the

course of time. Though some archaeologists claim that
some 10th-century texts were in Bengali, it is not certain
whether they represent a differentiated language or not.

Bengali has developed over more than 1,300 years. Bengali

literature, with its millennium-old literary history, was developed
during the Bengali Renaissance and is one of the most prolific
and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The Bengali language
movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding that Bengali be an
official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali
nationalism in East Bengal leading to the emergence of
Bangladesh in 1971. In 1999, UNESCO recognised 21
February as International Mother Language Day in recognition
of the language movement.
In India, Bengali is one of the 23 official languages. It is the
official language of the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and
in Barak Valley of Assam Bengali has been a second official
language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September
2011.
The national anthems of both Bangladesh (Amar Sonar Bangla)
and India (Jana Gana Mana) were written in Bengali by the
Bengali Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. Additionally, the
first two verses of Vande Mataram, a patriotic song written in
Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, was adopted as the
"national song" of India in both the colonial period and later in
1950 in independent India.
 HINDI
Modern standard Hindi commonly referred to as Hindi. Hindi is
an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in North India, and
serves as the lingua franca of the Hindi Belt region
encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern,
and western India. Hindi has been described as
a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani
language, which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect
of Delhi and neighbouring areas of North India. Hindi, written in
the Devanagari script, is one of the two official languages of
the Government of India, along with English. It is an official
language in nine states and three union territories and an
additional official language in three other states. Hindi is also one
of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India.

Like any other indo-aryan languages, Hindi is a direct

descendant of an early form of vedic Sanskrit, through
shauraseni prakit and sauraseni Apabhramsa, which emerged in
the 7th century CE. And if talk about the number of people who
spoke Hindi in INDIA is 52.83 crore (43.63% of the Indian
population) and all over the world it is spoken by more than 653
million people (according to 2022 census data).

Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after

Mandarin, Spanish and English. If counted together with the
mutually intelligible Urdu, it is the third most-spoken language in
the world, after Mandarin and English.

Hindi is the fastest growing language of India, followed

by Kashmiri in the second place, with Meitei (officially
called Manipuri) as well as Gujarati, in the third place,
and Bengali in the fourth place.

The term Hindī originally was used to refer to inhabitants of

the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It was borrowed from Classical Persian
Hindī (Iranian Persian pronunciation: Hendi), meaning "of or
belonging to Hind (India)" (hence, "Indian").

Another name Hindavī (हिन्दवी) or Hinduī (हिन्दई

ु ) (from Persian:
"of or belonging to the Hindu/Indian people") was often used in
the past, for example by Amir Khusrau in his poetry.

The terms "Hindi" and "Hindu" trace back to Old Persian which
derived these names from the Sanskrit name Sindhu (सिन्धु),
referring to the Indus River. The Greek cognates of the same
terms are "Indus" (for the river) and "India" (for the land of the
river).

The term Modern Standard Hindi is commonly used to

specifically refer the modern literary Hindi language, as opposed
to colloquial and regional varieties that are also referred to
as Hindi in a wider sense.
 TAMIL
Tamil ( TAM-il, TAHM- Tamiḻ, pronounced [t̪ amiɻ] ) is
a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil
people of South Asia. Tamil is an official language of the Indian
state of Tamil Nadu, the sovereign nations of Sri
Lanka and Singapore,[9][5] and the Indian Union territory
of Puducherry. Tamil is also spoken by significant minorities in
the four other South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh and Telangana, and the Union Territory of
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is also spoken by the Tamil
diaspora found in many countries,
including Malaysia, Myanmar, South Africa, United
Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia and Mauritius. Tamil
is also natively spoken by the Sri Lankan Moors. One of 22
scheduled languages in the Constitution of India, Tamil was the
first to be classified as a classical language of India. Tamil is
spoken by 89.4 million people over the world and is spoken by
6.90 crore people in india (according to 2022 census data).
Tamil is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the
world. A. K. Ramanujan described it as "the only language of
contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a
classical past". The variety and quality of classical Tamil
literature has led to it being described as "one of the great
classical traditions and literatures of the world". Recorded Tamil
literature has been documented for over 2000 years. The
earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated
from c. 300 BC until AD 300. It has the oldest extant literature
among Dravidian languages. The earliest epigraphic records
found on rock edicts and 'hero stones' date from around the 3rd
century BC. About 60,000 of the approximately 100,000
inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India in India
are in Tamil Nadu. Of them, most are in Tamil, with only about 5
percent in other languages. Tamil language inscriptions written
in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka and on trade
goods in Thailand and Egypt. The two earliest manuscripts from
India, acknowledged and registered by the UNESCO Memory of
the World register in 1997 and 2005, were written in Tamil.

In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil

prayer book in old Tamil script named Thambiran Vanakkam,
thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and
published. The Tamil Lexicon, published by the University of
Madras, was one of the earliest dictionaries published in Indian
languages. According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863
newspapers published in Tamil, of which 353 were dailies.

Tamil, like other Dravidian languages, ultimately descends from

the Proto-Dravidian language, which was most likely spoken
around the third millennium BC, possibly in the region around the
lower Godavari river basin. The material evidence suggests that
the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the culture associated
with the Neolithic complexes of South India.

Among Indian languages, Tamil has the most ancient non-

Sanskritic Indian literature. Scholars categorise the attested
history of the language into three periods: Old Tamil (300 BC–
AD 700), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–
present). In November 2007, an excavation at Quseir-al-Qadim
revealed Egyptian pottery dating back to first century BC with
ancient Tamil Brahmi inscriptions. There are a number of
apparent Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew dating to before
500 BC, the oldest attestation of the language. John Guy states
that Tamil was the lingua franca for early maritime traders from
India.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that soham kharad of class XII science(PCM) has
successfully completed the English project entitled ‘5 languages of
india’ and has given satisfactory account of it in this project report.
This report may be considered as the fulfilment for English project of
class XII science 2023-2024 as per the guidelines of the Central
Board of Secondary Education.

________________________ _______________________
Internal examiner External examiner

_______________________
Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to the
principal of vidya bhavan school, ujjian for permitting me to avail
access to library books and laboratory facilities for my project
work.
I am deeply grateful to my English teacher for his constant
encouragement, guidance and advice during the project work.
I would also thank my family and friends for encouragement and
providing suggestions to complete this project. I hope you like the
project.

Soham Kharad