POWER PLANT DESIGN WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY

HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT
Baring | Bermillo | Cabael | Chavez |
Guitones | Huidem | Masancay |
Tanasas
GROUP 6 | BSME 4-3
DEFINITIO
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

DEFINITION
DEFINITION
Hydropower, or
hydroenergy, is a
form of renewable
energy that uses the
water stored in dams,
as well as flowing in
rivers to create
electricity in
hydropower plants.
PARTS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
HISTORY
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

HISTORY
 202 BC AND 9AD
Some of the first
innovations in using
water for power were
conceived in China
during the Han
Dynasty .
A CHINESE
WATER WH
EEL DURIN
G HAN DYN
ASTY
 MID 18TH CENTURY
the French hydraulic and
military engineer
Bernard Forest de
Bélidor wrote
Architecture
Hydraulique, a four-
volume work describing
vertical- and horizontal-
FOUR-VOL
UME WORK
AND HORIZ
DESCRIBIN
G VERTICA
axis machines.
ONTAL-AX L
IS MACHIN
ES
AROUND 18TH CENTURY
the Hungarian inventor and
engineer Johann Segner
developed his version of the
reactive water turbine, also
known as the Segner wheel
 MID 19TH CENTURY
The Industrial Revolution speeded up the
evolution towards hydroelectric power as
water mills were gradually converted into
water turbines.
 1831
BETWEEN 1831 AND 1832
Michael Faraday developed the
first electric generator. Although
the device, named the Faraday
disk, was actually inefficient as
a generator, it marked an
important step in the
development of electric energy
 1848 1848
James B. Francis improved the design
of the water turbine and achieved 90%
efficiency. His high-efficiency turbines
could match the unique flow
conditions of individual bodies of
water. To this day, it remains to be
the most widely utilized turbine in
operation.
 IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY

Hydropower became an electricity source in

the late 19th century, a few decades after
British American engineer James Francis
developed the first modern water turbine.
 1878
1878

marked the year when

hydroelectric power was first
used for a practical purpose.
 1880 1880
a water turbine was used to provide
lighting for a theatre and a storefront
in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and in 1881
a water turbine used in a flour mill
began providing street lighting at
Niagara Falls, New York

Lester Allan Pelton

(September 5, 1829 – March 14, 1908)
considered to be the father of modern-
day hydroelectric power
 1882
1882
The world’s first hydroelectric power plant began
operating in the United States along the Fox River in
Appleton, Wisconsin.
 SEPTEMBER 4, 1882
1882
Just a few weeks later, on September 30th, 1882, the
world's first hydroelectric power plant began operation on
the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin.
 END OF 19TH CENTURY
Hydroelectric power emerged as the preferred
source of electric energy in the U.S., as the
country had plenty of rivers and
hydroelectricity was cheap and reliable.
 1905
1905
500 kW hydroelectric station was built on the Xindian
creek near Taipei.
ERAL PRO
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

GENERAL PROCESS
 Hydroelectric power plants generate
electricity through harnessing the the
energy of falling water.

The energy that can be

generated varies
depending on the volume
of the water flow and the
change in elevation - or
what we called as head.
So the higher the flow
and the head, the more
electricity can be
produced.
TURBINES
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

TYPES
OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
IMPULSE Kinetic Energy

TURBINE
High Head, Low volume
Tangential Flow
80 to 90%

Pelton Turbine Crossflow Turbine

 Kinetic Energy + Pressure
REACTION Low Head, High Flow
TURBINE Propeller
Draft Tube
80 to 90%

Francis Turbine Bulb Propeller Turbine Kaplan Turbine

VANTAG
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

ADVANTAGES
& DISADVANTAGES
& DISADVANTAGES
 ADVANTAGES

01 Renewable and sustainable. Creates job

04

02 Clean and green energy

source
Recreational opportunities
05

03 Promotes guaranteed energy

and price stability.
Other benefits
06
 HYDROELECTRIC POWER
ASPECT OTHER POWER PLANTS
PLANT

Gas Turbine (60-65%)Geothermal

Efficiency Highest efficiency of about 90% (35%),Nuclear (33-37%), Diesel Engine
(35-42%)

Pollution No water and air pollution, no waste produces a lot of pollution

Nuclear PP (20-40 years), Diesel PP(15-29

Lifespan Average lifespan of 100 years
years)

Resources Renewable, Always Available Limited

Cost Low maintenance Cost High maintenance cost

 DISADVANTAGES

01 Environmental impact Drought potential

04

02 High construction costs

Relocation due to the
risk of floods 05

03 Limited reservoirs
 ASPECT HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Cost High construction cost

Environmental Impact Community Disruption

HYDROEL
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

TYPES
OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
IMPOUNDMENT
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
TYPES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

This is considered as the

most common type of
hydroelectric powe plant.
In this type, there is an
impoundment facility or
large hydropower system
that makes use of dams to
store the river into a
reservoir.
DIVERSION
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
TYPES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

A diversion, often
known as a "run-of-
river" facility, directs a
part of a river via a
canal and/or a penstock
to generate electricity
by utilizing the natural
drop in river bed height.
Intake Structure Forebay Penstock

Tailrace Hydraulic Turbines Power House

Location
Diversion type Hydro Electric
Power plants a substantial
amount of flowing water to
power their generators.

Rivers, downstream water from hot

springs, groundwater
and mountain reservoirs/lakes
Pulangi Hydroelectric power plant
Is located on Maramag in Bukidnon
province on the island of Mindanao,
Philippines.

1982: Construction began;

December 1985: First two generators

became operational

1986: Last generator being

commissioned

255 megawatts (342,000 hp) of power.

Pulangi Hydroelectric Power Plant
PUMP STORAGE
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
TYPES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) is a type

of hydroelectric energy storage. It is a
configuration of two water reservoirs at
different elevations that can generate
power as water moves down from one to
the other (discharge), passing through a
turbine. The system also requires power as
it pumps water back into the upper
reservoir (recharge). PSH acts similarly to a
giant battery, because it can store power
and then release it when needed.
 types of pumped storage

PSH can be
characterised as
open-loop or closed-
loop. Open-loop PSH
has an ongoing
hydrologic connection
to a natural body of
water. With closed-
loop PSH, reservoirs
are not connected to
an outside body of
water.
 Huizhou Pumped Storage Power
Ludington Pumped Storage Plant,
Station, China, 2,448 MW capacity,
Michigan, USA, 1,872 MW capacity.
completed 2011.
TIDAL (OFFSHORE) TYPES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

This type of
hydroelectric power
plant is a less
established but growing
group of technologies
that use tidal currents or
the power of waves to
generate electricity from
seawater.
The Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station in
South Korea has the largest electricity
generation capacity at 254 megawatts
(MW).

The oldest and second-largest

operating tidal power plant is in La
Rance, France, with 240 MW of
electricity generation capacity.
The next largest tidal power plant is in Annapolis Royal in Nova
Scotia, Canada, with 20 MW of electricity generation capacity.
TECHNOLOGIES USED IN
TIDAL (OFFSHORE)
POWERPLANT
 TIDAL
TURBINE
TIDAL
BARRAGES

TIDAL
FENCES
THE WOR
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

WORLD
 TUCURUI DAMPARÁ, BRAZIL

Installed capacity 8,370 MW (11,220,000 hp)

Annual generation 21.4 TWh (77 PJ)
Official name Usina Hidrelétrica de Tucuruí
Location Tucuruí, Pará, Brazil
Type of dam Concrete gravity
Total Capacity 45 km3 (36,000,000 acre⋅ft)
Minimum water depth 72 m (236 ft)

Installed capacity 8,370 MW (11,220,000 hp)

Annual generation 21.4 TWh (77 PJ)

Spillway type Service, Creager-type, gate-controlled

Spillway capacity 110,000 m3/s (3,900,000 cu ft/s
Height 78 m (256 ft)
Length 12.5 km (7.8 mi)
Main dam:6.9 km (4 mi)
GURI DAM
BOLÍVAR STATE, VENEZUELA

Installed capacity 10,235 MW

Annual generation 47,000 GWh
Official name Central Hidroeléctrica Simón Bolívar

Location Necuima Canyon, Bolívar

Type of dam Gravity/embankment
Total Capacity 135,000,000,000 m3 (109,446,281 acre⋅ft)
Dam Volume Concrete: 6,026,000 m3 (212,806,182 cu ft)
Earth: 23,801,000 m3 (840,524,383 cu ft)

Installed capacity 10,235 MW

Annual generation 47,000 GWh

Spillway type Service, controlled crest overflow

Spillway capacity 27,000 m3/s (953,496 cu ft/s)
Height 162 m (531 ft)
Length 7,426 m (24,364 ft)
 THREE
GORGES DAM CHINA

Installed capacity 22,500 MW

Annual generation 101.6 TWh (366 PJ) (2018)
Country China
Location Sandouping, Yiling District, Hubei

Type of dam Gravity dam

Installed capacity 22,500 MW

Capacity factor 45%
Annual generation 101.6 TWh (366 PJ) (2018)

Height 181 m (594 ft)

Length 2,335 m (7,661 ft)
Width(crest) 40 m (131 ft)
Width(base) 115 m (377 ft)
Dam volume 27.2 million m3 (35.6 million cu yd)
Spillway capacity 116,000 m3/s (4,100,000 cu ft/s)
Total capacity 39.3 km3 (31,900,000 acre⋅ft)
Maximum length 600 km (370 mi)[4]
Normal elevation 175 m (574 ft)
Type Conventional
ITAIPU DAM BORDER OF PARAGUAY AND BRAZIL

Installed capacity 14 GW (19,000,000 hp)

Annual generation 76.382 TWh (274.98 PJ) (2020)
Official name Central Hidroeléctrica Itaipú Binacional Usina Hidrelétrica
Itaipu Binacional

Country Brazil Paraguay

Locations Foz do Iguaçu Hernandarias
Type of dam Combination gravity, buttress and embankment
sections

Installed capacity 14 GW (19,000,000 hp)

Capacity factor 62,3% (2020)
Annual generation 76.382 TWh (274.98 PJ) (2020)

Height 196 m (643 ft)

Length 7,919 m (25,981 ft)
Dam volume 12,300,000 m3 (430,000,000 cu ft)
Spillway capacity 62,200 m3/s (2,200,000 cu ft/s)
Total capacity 29 km3 (24,000,000 acre⋅ft)
Type Conventional
KRASNOYARSK DAM
Divnogorsk, Russia
Location Divnogorsk, Russia
Coordinate 55°56′05″N 92°17′37″E
Construction began 1956
Opening date 1972
Type of dam Gravity dam
Impounds Yenisey River
Height 124 m (407 ft)
Length 1,065 m (3,494 ft)
Creates Krasnoyarsk Reservoir
Total capacity 73.3 km3 (17.6 cu mi)
Surface area 2,000 km2 (772 sq mi)
BELO MONTE
PARÁ, BRAZIL

Installed capacity 11,233 MW

Annual generation 39.5 TWh
Official name Complexo Hidrelétrico Belo Monte
Locations Pará, Brazil
Type of dam Composite

Installed capacity 11,233 MW

Annual generation 39.5 TWh

Height 90 m (295 ft)

36 m (118 ft)
33 m (108 ft)
Length 3,545 m (11,631 ft)
6,248 m (20,499 ft)
351 m (1,152 ft)
Dam volume 25,356,000 m3 (895,438,689 cu ft)
4,768,000 m3 (168,380,331 cu ft)
239,500 m3 (8,457,863 cu ft)
Spillway capacity 47,400 m3/s (1,673,915 cu ft/s)
14,600 m3/s (515,594 cu ft/s)
Total capacity 1,889,000,000 m3 (1,531,437 acre⋅ft)
2,069,000,000 m3 (1,677,366 acre⋅ft)
Maximum water depth 6.2–23.4 m (20.3–76.8 ft)
GRAND COULEE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA)

Installed capacity 6,809 MW 7,079 MW (max)

Annual generation 20.24 TWh
Country United States
Locations Grant / Okanogan counties
Type of dam Concrete gravity

Installed capacity 6,809 MW 7,079 MW (max)

Capacity factor 36%
Annual generation 20.24 TWh

Height 550 ft (168 m)

Length 5,223 feet (1,592 m)
Width (crest) 30 ft (9 m)
Width (base) 500 ft (152 m)
Dam volume 11,975,520 cu yd (9,155,942 m3)
Spillway type Service, drum gate
Spillway capacity 1,000,000 cu ft/s (28,317 m3/s)
Total capacity 9,562,000 acre⋅ft (12 km3)
Active capacity 5,185,400 acre⋅ft (6 km3)
Type Conventional, pumped-storage
SAYANO
-SHUSHENSKAYA
RUSSIA

Installed capacity 6,400 MW

Annual generation 23.5 TWh
Locations Sayanogorsk, Khakassia, Russia
Coordinate 52°49′33″N 91°22′13″E
Type of dam Arch-gravity dam

Installed capacity 6,400 MW

Annual generation 23.5 TWh

Height 242 m (794 ft)

Length 1,066 m (3,497 ft)
Width(crest) 25 m (82 ft)
Width (base) 105.7 m (347 ft)
Spillway capacity 13,600 m3/s (480,000 cu ft/s)
Total capacity 31.3 km3 (7.5 cu mi)
Type Conventional
LONGTAN
CHINA

Installed capacity 6,426 MW

Annual generation 18,700 GWh (estimate)
Country China
Locations Tian'e County, Guangxi
Coordinate 25°01′38″N 107°02′51″E
Type of dam Gravity

Installed capacity 6,426 MW

Annual generation 18,700 GWh (estimate)

Height 216.2 m (709 ft)

Length 849 m (2,785 ft)
Dam volume 7,670,000 m3 (10,031,981 cu yd)
Spillway type Service, controlled.
Spillway capacity 27,134 m3/s (958,228 cu ft/s) (max flood)
Total capacity 27,270,000,000 m3 (22,108,149 acre⋅ft)
Active capacity 20,530,000,000 m3 (16,643,942 acre⋅ft)
 Turkey
Japan
1.8%
Norway 2.6% Leading Hydroelectric Power
4.7% Generating Countries
India Worldwide in 2021
5.3%

Russia
7.1% China
43%

3,024.11
United States
8.5%

terawatt hours
Statista Research Department
Brazil
12%
Canada
12.6%
 Nuclear
4.7%
Wind Worldwide Cumulative
10.3%
Power Capacity by
Technology in 2021
-Statista Research Department
Solar
10.6%

Fossil Fuels
55.4%

Hydroelectricity
17%
 Rest of the World
23.4%
China
28.8%

Hydropower Installed
Capacity by Country in 2021
Switzerland

1.330
1.2%
Spain
1.5%
France Brazil

GIGAWATTS
1.9% 8.1%

Norway
2.5% International Hydropower
Russia United States Association
4.1% 7.5%
Japan
3.7% India Canada
3.8% 6.1%
HILIPPINE
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

PHILIPPINES
ANGAT DAM
NORZAGARAY, BULACAN
ANGAT DAM
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Height: 131 m (430 ft)

Length: 568 m (1,864 ft)
Width (base): 550 m (1,800 ft)
Spillways: 3
Installed capacity: 256,000 KW
Turbines: 10 Vertical shaft, Francis turbine
Total capacity: 8 342 907.56 m3
Location: Norzagaray, Bulacan, Philippines
MAGAT DAM
RAMON, ISABELA
MAGAT DAM
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Height: 114 m (374 ft)

Length: 4,160 m (13,650 ft)
Width (base): 550 m (1,800 ft)
Installed capacity: 360 MW
Turbine: 4 units, Francis vertical shaft
Total capacity: 1.25 bcm
Spillways: 3
Location: Alfonso Lista, Ifugao / Ramon,
Isabela,Philippines
SAN ROQUE DAM
San Manuel and San Nicolas, Pangasinan; and
Itogon, Benguet
SAN ROQUE DAM
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Height: 200 m (660 ft)

Length: 1,130 m (3,710 ft)
Installed capacity: 345 MW
Turbines: 3 Vertical shaft Francis turbines
Total capacity: 835 million cubic metres (677,000
acre⋅ft)
Location: San Manuel and San Nicolas,
Pangasinan; and Itogon, Benguet, Philippines
AMBUKLAO DAM
BOKOD, BENGUET
AMBUKLAO DAM
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Height: 129 m (423 ft)

Length: 452 m (1,483 ft)
Width (base): 8.50 m (27.9 ft)
Installed capacity: 75 MW, 105 MW after rehabilitation(2011)
Turbines: 3 units, Francis horizontal shaft
Total capacity: 327,170,000 m3
Spillways: 8
Location: Bokod, Benguet,Philippines
PANTABANGAN DAM
PANTABANGAN, NUEVA ECIJA
PANTABANGAN DAM
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Height: 107 m (351 ft)

Length: 1,615 m (5,299 ft)
Width (crest): 12 m (39 ft)
Width (base): 535 m (1,755 ft)
Installed capacity: 100 MW
Turbines: 2 x 60 MW Francis-type
Total capacity: 2,996,000,000 m3
Spillways: 3 x radial gates, 1 x overflow
Location: Pantabangan,Nueva Ecija
IRONMEN
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

01 02 03
LIFE CYCLE
LAND USE WILDLIFE GLOBAL
IMPACTS WARMING
EMISSION
01 LAND USE

USES MORE LAND IN FLAT

AREAS COMPARED TO OTHER
SITES SUCH AS CANYONS
AND HILLS WHERE RESERVOIR
CAN BE DEEP ENOUGH TO
HOLD ABSURD AMOUNT OF
WATER VOLUME.

FLOOD HAZARD
02 WILDLIFE IMPACTS

DIrect contact on turbine blades can be fatal

for marine animals.
Reservoir water is usually more stagnant
than normal river water.
Water is lost through evaporation in dammed
reservoirs at a much higher rate than in
flowing rivers.
if too much water is stored behind the
reservoir, segments of the river downstream
from the reservoir can dry out.
03 LIFE CYCLE-GLOBAL WARMING EMISSION

Life-cycle emissions from large-scale

hydroelectric plants built in semi-arid
regions are also modest
life-cycle global warming emissions from
hydroelectric plants built in tropical areas
or temperate peatlands are much higher
FACTORS
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

FACTORS
AFFECTING DESIGN
Raw Materials

The materials used in

dam building decide
whether the dam will
survive a long time and
properly perform its
purpose.
RIVER PATH

A hydroelectric plant
should be built along
the course of a river or
where a river narrows.
Geological Structure

Solid rock structure or

geological stability for
construction of dams
Sufficient Water

There should be a
regular and abundant
supply of water or
quantity of water.
Suitable Climate

i.e., temperature
above freezing point
 There are also factors that affects the
Electricity generation of the power plant

How far the water falls Amount of Water Falling

AVAILABI
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

AREA/AVAILABILITY
 PREDETERMINED AREAS

specific areas open for a competitive bidding to

encourage renewable energy development in the
country
 Potential Area 9 - Sibalom (Middle Cascade) 14.8
Name Capacity
(MW) Area 10 - Aklan River Lower East
3
Tributary
Area 1 - Amlan C 0.8
Area 11 - Aklan River Middle West
2.4
Area 2 - Amlan A 3.2 Tributary

Area 3 - Hilabangan (Upper Area 12 - Aklan River Upper West

4.8 2.4
Cascade) Tributary

Area 4 - Hilabangan (Lower Area 13 - Vera Falls 0.3

3
Cascade)
Area 14 - Palali Falls 0.2
Area 5 - Maninila (Lower Cascade) 4.5
Area 15 - Coyaoyao (Upper
0.2
Area 6 - Maninila (Upper Cascade) 3.1 Cascade)

Area 7 - Tibiao 2.1 Area 16 - Dapnan 1.4

Area 8 - Dalanas 3 Area 17 - Balintingon 52

COMPETITIVE RENEWABLE ENERGY ZONES
(CREZ)

These are geographic areas that are identified and

determined as a rich source of renewable energy.

Aside from RE, it is also evaluated on the basis of

having potential for development, suitable land-
use classification, and appropriate topography
 Estimated CREZ Potential Capacity (MW)

Solar Wind Geothermal Hydropower Biomass

Luzon 35,031 54,115 285 270,603 210

Visayas 11,876 25,429 40 1,917 71

Mindanao 11,203 14,443 40 382,514 93

Total 58,110 93,987 365 655,034 374

ROADMA
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

ROADMAP
FOR EXPLORATION
Summary of Hydropower Milestones (2011-2030 Program)

Date Milestone Description

Sea Water Pumped Storage

2023
Demo Facility by 2030

This was originally planned to

2025 1st Ocean Energy Facility
be in operation by 2018.

5394.1 for hydro. 70.5 for

Additional capacity for ocean. However there is still
2025
hydropower and ocean no operating tidal
hydropower plant
Comparison of Additional Capacity for 2011-2030, and 2020-2040 NREP

Installed Target Capacity (MW)

Total
Capacity Addition by Total Installed
NREP Plan Additional
(MW)as of Capacity by 2030
Capacity
2010 2020 2025 2030 2040

2011-2030 341.3 3,161 1891.8 —- 5394.1 8794.1

3400
2020-2040 0 0 0 0 550 3950
Additional Capacity Comparison of Renewable Energies according to NREP

Additional Capacity as of 2030

(2011-2030 Plan) (2020-2040 Plan)

Geothermal 1,495 850

Hydro 5,394 0

Biomass 276.7 120

Wind 2,345 6,450

Source: DOE-NREP
Solar 284 5,585

Ocean 70.5 0

Total 15,304.3 13,005

 WHY NOT HYDRO POWER?

Long gestation period

High capital cost
Socio-environmental concerns: flooding, ecosystem
destruction, community disruption.
Local technology commercialization
 Side by Side Comparison of Incentives for RA 7156, and RA 9513

RA 7156- Mini-Hydro Law RA 9513- Renewable Energy Act

Special privilege tax rates Realty and other taxes on civil works (shall
Special realty tax rate ( shall not exceed not exceed 1.5% of OC)
2.5% of OC) Income tax holiday
Income tax holiday for 7 years Duty free importation (within 10 years of
Tax and duty free importation RESC issuance 10% corporate tax after ITH
Tax credit on domestic capital equipment accelerated depreciation
VAT Exemption (10% exemption on gross Tax exemption on sale of carbon credits
receipts from sale of electricity) Zero percent VAT
CURRENT
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

CURRENT
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
 RESEARCH CATEGORIES
1. Research regarding efficiency improvement of Hydroelectric plants
2. Research regarding the creation and development of new technologies
(Especially for small scale hydroelectric power)
3. Research regarding the impact that hydroelectric plants have on the
environment.
4. Research regarding combining hydroelectric power with other renewable
energy sources.
5. Research regarding energy harvesting optimization hydroelectric power
plants.
 Efficiency improvement of
Hydroelectric plants

Bulb turbine Optimization Hybrid Ceramic Matrix Composite

turbine blades
 Creation and development of
new technologies
(Especially for small scale hydroelectric power)

Designs for Utilizing Archimedes Designs for Utilizing Cross

Screw Turbine Flow Turbine
 Hydroelectric turbine blade
design propelled by composites
environmental impact
minimization

Fish Ladders
Fish Friendly Turbines Acoustic Fish Deterrents
Combining hydroelectric power with
other renewable energy sources
Hydro-Wind hybrid system.
Hydro-PV hybrid system
(Ocean Hydro Omni)
Energy harvesting
Optimization

Advanced Energy Management

Systems (AEMS)

Virtual Power Plant (VPP)

FUTURE
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

FUTUREASPECTS
 Creation of new
technologies for more
efficient hydroelectric
energy harnessing
Hydroelectric systems
combined with other
Renewable power systems
such as solar and wind.
Hydro-Wind hybrid system
(Ocean Hydro Omni)
Hydroelectric taking up a larger percentage of global energy.
Hydropower increases in scale and power output.
Improved efficiencies of current Hydroelectric technologies as well as
minimised environmental impact of different hydro power systems.
FORMULA
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

FORMULAS
GROSS HEAD FRICTION HEAD LOSS
difference between headwater and head lost due to frictional disturbances
tailwater elevation

NET HEAD
effective head, difference between
PENSTOCK EFFICIENCY
gross head and friction head loss. ratio of net head to gross head
VOLUME FLOW RATE WATER POWER
power generated by elevated water

TURBINE EFFICIENCY ELECTRICAL / GENERATOR

ratio of turbine power to water EFFICIENCY
power
GENERATOR SPEED HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY
ratio of utilised head to net head

HEAD OF IMPULSE HEAD OF REACTION

TURBINE TURBINE
PERIPHERAL SPECIFIC SPEED OF
COEFFICIENT HYDRAULIC TURBINE
ratio of utilised head to net head

TURBINE TYPE RECOMMENDATION

BASED ON HEAD
PROBLEM
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

PROBLEMSOLVING
What is the overall efficiency of the turbine if the power developed is
15,000 kW at a head of 170 meters and the nozzle discharge is 10
cubic meters a second?
Solution:
In Maria Christina Hydroelectric Project, the available head is 140 m, the water
flow is one cubic meter per second, efficiency of the turbine is 95%, efficiency of
the generator is 95%, 3-phase, 60 cycles, voltage delivered is 4160 volts.
Determine the estimated yearly income of the plant if cost of the generated
electric energy is Php 0.6 per kW-hr

Solution:
A hydroelectric power plant consumes 60,000,000 kW-hr per year.
What is the net head if the expected flow is 1500 m3/min and and
overall efficiency is 63%?
45 kW of the shaft power is developed by a turbine working under an
available head of 40m. The energy transferred from the water to the
runner is 350 J. assuming a mechanical efficiency of 95%, what is the
discharge through the turbine in m3/s?
A vertical draft tube is installed on a Francis turbine and the total head to be
center of the spiral casing at the inlet is 38m and velocity of water at the inlet
is 38m and velocity of water at the inlet is 5 m/s. The discharge is 2.1 m3/s.
The hydraulic efficiency is 0.87 and over-all efficiency is 0.84. The velocities at
the inlet and exit of the draft tube are 5m/s and 1.5 m/s respectively. The top
of the draft tube is 1m below the center line of the spiral casing while the
tailrace (water) level is 3m from the top of the draft tube. There is no velocity
of whirl at either top or bottom of the draft tube and leakage losses are
negligible. What is the power output of the turbine in kW?

SOLUTION :
The tailwater and headwater of a hydro-electric plant are 150
m and 200 m respectively. What is the water power if the flow
is 15 m3 /s and a head loss of 10% of the gross head?

Solution:
A pelton type turbine has a gross head of 40 m and a friction
head loss 6 m. What is the penstock diameter if the penstock
length is 90 m and the coefficient of friction head loss is
0.001?
Solution:
In a hydroelectric power plant the tailwater elevation is at 500 m.
What is the head water elevation if the net head is 30 m and the head
loss is 5% of the gross head?
A hydro-electric impulse turbine is directly coupled to a 24 pole, 60 Hz
alternator. It has a specific speed of 60 rpm and develops 3000 Hp.
What is the required diameter assuming a peripheral speed ratio of
0.45?
 A reaction turbine develops 500 BHP. Flow through the turbine is cfs.
Water enters at 20 fps with a 100 ft pressure head. The elevation of the
turbine above the tailwater level is 10ft. Find the effective head.

SOLUTION :
A Pelton wheel is to be designed to run at 300 rpm under and effective
head of 150 m. The ratio of the nozzle diameter of the pitch circle is
1/12. Assuming efficiency of 84%, what is the size of the wheel in m.
Assume a speed ratio of 0.45
The total Brake Power Developed by Two Turbines is 6MW. What is the
capacity of the smaller unit if one unit is thrice the capacity of the
other?

Given: Wt=6MW W1=?

W2=3W1

Solution: Wt=W1+W2
6MW=W1+3W1
6MW=4W1

W1=1.5 MW or 1500 KW
The mechanical, volumetric, and total efficiencies of a turbine are
94%, 96%, and 82% respectively. Calculate the total head if the
effective head is 50 m.

Given: em= 94%=0.94

ev= 96%=0.96
et= 82%=0.82
h= 50m

Solution: et= em x eh x ev
(0.82)= (0.94)(eh)(0.96)
eh = 0.9087 or 90.87%

H= en x h=0.9087(50m)
H= 45.435 m
END