This document discusses second order linear non-homogeneous differential equations and their application to mass-spring systems. It provides the general form of a second order differential equation with constant coefficients and methods for finding the complementary function and particular integral to solve such equations. As an example, it analyzes the motion of a mass attached to a spring when a damping force and external force are applied. The example shows that resonance occurs when the frequency of the external force equals the natural frequency of the undamped spring-mass system. In conclusion, second order differential equations can be used to model and solve problems involving mass-spring mechanical systems.
This document discusses second order linear non-homogeneous differential equations and their application to mass-spring systems. It provides the general form of a second order differential equation with constant coefficients and methods for finding the complementary function and particular integral to solve such equations. As an example, it analyzes the motion of a mass attached to a spring when a damping force and external force are applied. The example shows that resonance occurs when the frequency of the external force equals the natural frequency of the undamped spring-mass system. In conclusion, second order differential equations can be used to model and solve problems involving mass-spring mechanical systems.
This document discusses second order linear non-homogeneous differential equations and their application to mass-spring systems. It provides the general form of a second order differential equation with constant coefficients and methods for finding the complementary function and particular integral to solve such equations. As an example, it analyzes the motion of a mass attached to a spring when a damping force and external force are applied. The example shows that resonance occurs when the frequency of the external force equals the natural frequency of the undamped spring-mass system. In conclusion, second order differential equations can be used to model and solve problems involving mass-spring mechanical systems.
This document discusses second order linear non-homogeneous differential equations and their application to mass-spring systems. It provides the general form of a second order differential equation with constant coefficients and methods for finding the complementary function and particular integral to solve such equations. As an example, it analyzes the motion of a mass attached to a spring when a damping force and external force are applied. The example shows that resonance occurs when the frequency of the external force equals the natural frequency of the undamped spring-mass system. In conclusion, second order differential equations can be used to model and solve problems involving mass-spring mechanical systems.
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SIMPLE MASS-SPRING
SYSTEM & DAMPED
VIBRATION SYSTEM CONTENTS nd ► 2 order linear non homogeneous differential equations ► Mass-Spring Mechanical System ► Problem ► Conclusion 2nd order linear non homogeneous differential equations Non-homogeneous D.E: Standard form of linear D.E. of 2nd order with constant coefficients is, 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 ′ + 𝑞(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥)------ (1) Here, P (x), Q(x) and 𝑅(𝑥), are either functions of x or constants . P and Q are known as coefficients of D.E. (1). If, 𝑅(𝑥) ≠ 0 then equation (1) itself represents Nonhomogeneous differential Equation. Solution of Non-homogeneous D.E: y(x)= C.F.+P.I. Steps for solving Complementary Function(C.F): Step-1: Find the auxiliary equation. Step-2: Find the roots of the equation by solving step (1) Step-3: There are three cases arises like Case-1: Roots are real and distinct (different) like 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2 , then its Case-2: Roots are real and equal i.e 𝑚1= 𝑚2 , then its solution form is, 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2𝑥)𝑒𝑚𝑥
Case-3: Roots are complex conjugate type i.e 𝑚1=𝑝 + 𝑖𝑞 , 𝑚2= 𝑝 − 𝑖𝑞 ,then its solution form is , 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑝𝑥(𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑞𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑞𝑥) Rules for Finding Particular Integral(P.I.): Case-I: Let, 𝑋 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥 where a is a constant .Then, 1 𝑒𝑎𝑥= 1 𝑒𝑎𝑥, Provided 𝑓(𝐷) ≠ 0. 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝑎) If, 𝑓 𝑎= 0 then, 𝑓(1𝐷) 𝑒 =𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑓′ (𝑎) 𝑒 1 , Provided 𝑓′(𝑎) ≠ 0. 𝑎𝑥
If, 𝑓′ 𝑎 = 0 then, 𝑓(𝐷)= 𝑥 𝑓′′(𝑎) 𝑒
𝑎𝑥 , Provided 𝑓′′(𝑎) ≠ 0 and so on.
Case-II: Let,𝑥= sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)/cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), where a and b are constants. Then,
The simplest mechanical system is the mass-spring system which consists of a coil spring of natural length L, suspended vertically from a fixed point support (such as a ceiling or beam). A constant mass‘m’ attached to the lower end of the spring, stretches the spring to a length (L + e) and comes to rest which is known as the static equilibrium position. Here e > 0 is the static deflection due to the hanging the mass on the spring. Now the mass is set in motion either by pushing or pulling the mass from equilibrium position and/or by imparting a non-zero velocity (downward or upward) to the mass (in the equilibrium position). Since the motion takes place in the vertical direction, we consider the downward direction as positive. In order to determine the displacement x(t) of the massfrom the static equilibrium position, we use Newton’s second law and Hooke’s law.
The mass m is subjected to the following forces:
(a) a gravitational force mg acting downwards. (b) a spring restoring force −k(x(t) + e) due to displacement of the spring from rest (equilibrium) position. (c) a frictional (or damping or resistance) force of the medium, opposing the motion and of magnitude- −c𝑥ሶ (t). (d) an external force F(t). The differential equation (D.E.) describing the motion the mass is obtained by Newton’s of second law as m𝑥ሷ(t) = mg − k(x(t)+ e) − c𝑥ሶ (t) + F(t) Forced damped mass-spring system Here k > 0 is known spring constant or stiffness of the spring, c ≥ 0 is known as damping constant, g is gravitational constant. Since the force on the mass exerted by the spring must be equal and opposite to the gravitational force on the mass, we have ke = mg. Thus the D.E. modeling the motion of mass is m𝑥ሷ(t) + c𝑥ሶ(t) + kx(t) = F(t) which is a second order linear non-homogenous equation with constant coefficients. The displacement (or motion) of the mass at any time t is x(t) which is the solution of D.E.
Example Q. A 32 lb weight is suspended from a spring having constant 4 lb/ft. Prove that the motion is one of resonance if a force 16 sin 2t is applied and damping force is negligible. Assume that initially the weight is at rest in the equilibrium position. A. As per the question the D.E. is, 𝑥ሷ + 4𝑥 = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 The roots of the auxiliary equation 𝑟2 + 4 = 0 are complex conjugate ±2i. The complementary function is, 𝑥𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐2sin2t The particular integral is, 1 −16.𝑡.𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 𝑥𝑝 = 𝐷2+4 16𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = 2.2 = −4t cos2t Then the general solution is, 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐2sin2t−4t cos2t Using 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 0 = 𝑥 0 = 𝑐1.1+𝑐2. 0 − 0 ∴ 𝑐2=0 Differentiating x(t) w.r.t. ‘t’, we get, 𝑥ሶ = 2𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 4cos2t+8t sin2t Using 𝑥ሶ = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 0 = 𝑥ሶ 0 =2𝑐2.1-4.1+0 ∴ 𝑐2=2 The position of weight at any time is, 𝑥 𝑡 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − 4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = 22 + 4𝑡2sin(2t − φ) And the velocity is, 𝑥ሶ = 4cos2t−4cos2t+8t sin2t= 8t sin2t 2 1 2 1 Frequency of the external force is = cycles/sec. Natural frequency (of the free undamped) system is = 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 cycles/sec. Therefore resonance occurs in the system because the frequency of the external force equals to the natural frequency of the system. Conclusion By using 2nd order linear non homogeneous differential equations in mass spring system we can find the solution of various real life applications. Also it is useful in in modern sciences as well as engineering field.
