CHAPETER THREE

STEADY STATE SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUIT ANALYIS

Introduction to Ac generator

Electricity is produced by generators at power stations and then distributed by a

vast network of transmission lines (called the National grid system) to industry and
for domestic use. It is easier and cheaper to generate alternating current (AC) than
direct current (DC) and ac is more conveniently distributed than dc. Since its
voltage can be readily altered using transformers.

One way to generate an ac voltage is to rotate a coil of wire at constant angular

velocity in a fixed magnetic field. The magnitude of the resulting voltage is
proportional to the rate at which flux lines are cut (Faraday’s law), and its polarity
is dependent on the direction the coil sides move through the field. Since the rate
of cutting flux varies with time, the resulting voltage will also vary with time.

For example in fig 3.1 in (a), since the coil sides are moving parallel to the field,
no flux lines are being cut and the induced volt- age at this instant (and hence the
current) is zero. (This is defined as the 00 position of the coil.) As the coil rotates
from the 00 position, coil sides AA’ and BB’ cut across flux lines; hence, voltage
builds, reaching a peak when flux is cut at the maximum rate in the 90 0position as
in (b). Note the polarity of the voltage and the direction of current. As the coil
rotates further, voltage decreases, reaching zero at the 180 0 position when the coil
sides again move parallel to the field as in (c). At this point, the coil has gone
through a half-revolution.

During the second half-revolution, coil sides cut flux in directions opposite to that
which they did in the first half revolution; hence, the polarity of the induced
voltage reverses. As indicated in (d), voltage reaches a peak at the270 0 point, and,
since the polarity of the voltage has changed, so has the direction of current. When
the coil reaches the 3600 position, voltage is again zero and the cycle starts over.
Figure 3.2 shows one cycle of the resulting wave form. Since the coil rotates
continuously, the voltage produced will be a repetitive, periodic wave form (a
waveform that continually repeats itself after the same time interval).

1
Fig 3.1
Generating an AC voltage.

Fig 3.2 Coil voltage versus angular position

2
Sinusoidal terminologies

Period (T): the time taken for an alternating quantity to complete one cycle is
called the period of the waveform.

Frequency: the number of cycles completed in one second is called the frequency
of the waveform and measured in hertz (Hz).
1 h ertz ( Hz )=1 cycle per second

The Period and frequency of a sin wave can be related by the following equation:
1 1
T = ∨f =
f T

Example1. Two sources have frequencies f1 and f2 respectively. If f2=2f1 and T2 is

20ms, determine f1, f2, and T1?
1 1
f 2= = =50 Hz
T 2 20 ms

f 2 50 Hz
f 1= = =25 Hz
2 2

1 1
T 1= = =40 ms
f 1 25 Hz

Exercise. An alternating current completes 5 cycles in 8ms. What is its

frequency?

Instantaneous value: the magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time; denoted

by lower case letters (e1,e2,i1,i2…)

Peak value: the maximum instantaneous value of a waveform as measured from

the zero-volt level.

3
Peak- to-peak value: the full
voltage between positive and negative peaks of the waveform, that is, the sum of
the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks.

Average (mean) value:

Because a sine wave is symmetrical, its area below the horizontal axis is the same
as its area above the axis; thus over a complete cycle the average value is zero. The
average of half a sine wave, however, is not zero.

Therefore the average value of sin wave is the average value measured over a half
cycle.
areaunder the curve
Average ( mean ) value=
lengt h of base

π
Area=∫ A msinαdα
0

4
 =-Am(cosπ-cos00)

=-Am[-1-(+1)]=-Am(-2)

Area=2Am

Since we know the area under the positive pulse, we can easily determine the
average value the positive region of a sine wave:
Areaunder t h e curve
Average ( mean ) value=
base lengt h

2 Am
¿
π

Average value=0.637Am

Equation of sinusoidal waveform

The basic mathematical formula for the sinusoidal waveform is:

e=E m sinα

Where e is instantaneous voltage, Em is the maximum coil voltage and α is the

instantaneous angular position of the coil.

Angular Velocity (ω) the rate at which the generator coil rotates is called its
angular velocity.
α
ω= Where, α is angular distance and t is time
t

α =ωt

In practice, ω is usually expressed in radians per second, where radians and

degrees are related by the identity. 2 π radians=3600

Relationship between ω,T and f

One cycle of sine wave may be represented as either α =2 πrads or t=Ts.
Substituting these in to α =ωt you get 2π=ωt transposing yields
ωT =2 π (rad )

5
 Thus,
2π
ω=
T

Recall f=1/T Hz. Substituting this it to in the above equation you get
ω=2 πf (rad /sec)

e=E m sinα but α =ωt

Combining these equations yields

e=E m sinωt

Similarly
i=I m sinωt

Substitute ω=2 πf to the above equation yields

e=E m sin 2 πft

The general expression for an alternating voltage is

v=V m sin(ωt ± θ)

Phasor

The instantaneous levels of alternating current and voltage are vector quantities,
since these levels are continuously changing, an ac waveform must be represented
by rotating vector or phasor.

A phasor is a rotating line whose projection on a vertical axis can be used to

represent sinusoidally varying quantities.

The sinusoidal output voltage from the simple generator can be represented by the
phasor diagram.

6
Fig 3.3 (a) phasor reperesentation of AC waveform (b) phasor diagrma
v=V m <θ

Voltages and currents with phase shifts

If a sine wave does not pass through zero at t=0 it has a phase shift. Waveforms
may be shifted to the left or to the right.

Mathematical equation for a waveform shifted to left

v=v m sin ⁡(ωt +θ)

Mathematical equation for waveform shifted to right

v=v m sin ⁡(ωt−θ)

(a) v=v m sin ( ωt +θ ) (b)v =v m sin ⁡( ωt−θ)

Fig 3.4 Phase shifted sine waves

Sometimes voltages and currents are expressed in terms of cosωt rather than sinωt
.a cosine wave is a sine wave shifted by+90 0, or alternatively, a sine wave I a
cosine wave shifted by−90 0.

7
 0
cos ( ωt+θ )=sin ⁡(ωt +θ+ 90 )
0
sin ( ωt +θ )=cos ⁡(ωt +θ−90 )

Phase difference

Phase difference refers to the angular displacement between different waveforms

of the same frequency. If the angular displacement between two wave forms is 0 0
the waveforms are said to be in phase; otherwise, they are out of phase.

When describing a phase difference, select one waveform as reference. Other

waveforms then lead, lag, or are in phase with this reference.

a) In phase (b) out of phase (current leads) (c) out of phase (current lags)

Fig 3.5 illustrating phase difference

Effective value (rms)

An effective value is an equivalent dc value: it tells us how many volts or Amps of

dc that a time-varying waveform is equal to in terms of its ability to produce
average power. A familiar example of such a value is the value of the voltage at the
wall outlet in your home.

The effective value of a sine wave can be determined using the circuits of fig 3.5

 Consider a sinusoidal varying current i(t). By definition, the effective value

of i is that value of dc current that produces the same average power.
 Consider (b). Let the dc source be adjusted until its average power is the
same as the average power in (a). the resulting dc current is then the
effective value of the current of(a).to determine this value, determine the
average power for both cases, then equate them.

8
(a) AC circuit

(b) DC circuit

Fig 3.5 determining the effective value of a sinusoidal ac.

First, consider the dc case. Since current is constant, power is constant and
average power is
2
Pavg =P=I R

Now consider the ac case. Power to the resistor at any value of time is P(t) i 2R,
where i is the instantaneous value of current.
Pac =¿¿¿

But
2 1
sin ωt= ( 1−cos 2 ωt ) (trigonomeric identity)
2

Therefore
2 1
Pac =ℑ [ (1−cos 2ωt )] R
2
2 2
ℑ ℑ
And Pac = R− Rcos 2 ωt
2 2

9
To get the average of P(t), note that the average of cos2ωt is zero and thus the last
term of the above equation drops off leaving
2
ℑ
Pavg = R
2

Equating the average power delivered by the ac generator to that delivered by the
dc source,
Pavg =P dc
2
ℑ
R=Idc R∧I m=√ 2 I dc
2
2

or
Im
I dc = =0.707 I m
√2
which,in words, states that the equivalent dc value of a sinusoidal current or
voltage is 1/√ 2 or 0.707 of its maximum value.

In summery,
I dc =I rms ( effective value )=0.707 I m and

V rms =0.707 V m

Example 2.An alternating voltage is given by v=282.8 sin 314 t V .find (a) the rms
voltage (b) average voltage(c) the frequency and (d) the instantaneous
value of voltage at t=4ms.

The general expression for an alternating voltage is:

v=V m sin(ωt ± θ)

a. v rms=0.707∗V m=0.707∗282.8 V =200V

b. average voltage=0.637∗V m=0.637∗282.8=180.14 V

c. angular velocity , ω=314 rad /sec , i. e 2 πf =314

314
f= =50 Hz
2π

10
 d. at t=4 ms , v=282.8 sin ( 314∗4∗10−3 )=268.9 V

Example 3. An alternating voltage is given by v=75 sin ( 200 πt−30 0 ) V

Find (a) the amplitude, (b) the peak-to-peak value, (c) the rms value, (d)
the periodic time, (e) the frequency,(f) the phase angle relative to
75 sin 200 πt

Comparing v=75 sin ( 200 πt−30 0 ) V with the general expression v=V m sin(ωt ± θ) gives:

a. amplitude ,∨ peak value=75V

b. peak−¿− peak value=2∗75=150 V
c. t h e rms value=0.707∗maximum value=0.707∗75=150V
d. angular velocity , ω=200 π rad /s

2π 2π
h ence periodic time ,T = = =10 ms
ω 200 π

1 1
e. frequency , f = T = 0.01 =100 Hz
f. p h ase angleθ=300 lagging 75 sin 200 πt

Exercise 1

1. If you double the rotational speed of an ac generator, what happens to the

frequency and period of the waveform?

2. A 10Hz sinusoidal current has a value of 5A at t=25ms. What is its value at

t=75ms?

3. Determine the phase relationship between voltage and current given by the
following equations:

v=50 sin ( ωt +200 ) V ∧¿ i=10 cos ⁡(ωt −45 ) A ==25i leads

0

4. A sinusoidal current has a peak value of 30A and a frequency of 60Hz. At time
t=0, the current is zero. Express the instantaneous current in the formi=I m sinωt .

5. An alternating voltage v has a periodic time of 20ms and a maximum value of

200V. When time t=0, v=-75V. Deduce a sinusoidal expression for v and sketch
one cycle of the voltage showing important points.

11
6. An alternating voltage is represented by v=20 sin ¿ find (a) the maximum value
(b) the frequency (c) the periodic time (d) rms value (e) average value

Complex number review

A complex number is a number of the form C=a+ jb ,

where a and b are real numbers and j=√−1. The number a is called the real part of
C and b is called its imaginary part.

complex numbers may be represented geometrically, either in rectangular form or

in polar form as points on a two-dimensional plane called the complex plane.

Rectangular form polar form

C=a+ jb ( rectangular form )

C=C< ϕ ( polar form)

Converstion between two forms

The two forms are related by the following equation,

Rectangular to polar
C=√ a2 +b 2

−1 b
θ=tan
a

Polar to rectangular
a=Ccosθ

b=Csinθ

Mathematical operations with complex number

12
Let us first examine the symbol j associated with imaginary numbers by definition,
1
j=√−1, j 2 =−1 , =− j
j

Complex conjugect

The conjugate or complex conjugat of a complex number can be found by simply

changing the sign of the imaginary part in the rectanguar form or by using the
negative of the angle ot the polar form.

The conjugate of C=a+ jb is C=a− jb

The conjugate of C¿ C< θ is C¿ C<−θ

Addition

To add two or more complex numbers, simply add the real and imaginary parts
separately.
if C 1=a 1+ jb 1 and C 2=a2 + jb 2

then
C 1+C 2=(a ¿ ¿ 1+ a2)+ j(b1 +b 2)¿

Subtaction
if C 1=a 1+ jb 1 and C 2=a2 + jb 2

Then C 1−C2 =( a1−a2 ) + j(b1−b 2)

Addition or subtraction can not be performed in polar form unless the complex
numbers have the same angleθ .

Multiplication

To multiply two complex numbers in rectanguar form, mulitiply the real and
imaginary parts of one in turn by the imaginary parts of the other.
if C 1=a 1+ jb 1 and C 2=a2 + jb 2

Then C 1∗C 2=( a1 + jb 1 )∗ j(a2 + jb2 )

13
 C 1∗C 2=( a1 a2 −b1 b2 ) + j(b1 a2 +a1 b2 )

To mulitiply two complex numbers in polar form,mulitiply magnitudes and add

angles algebraically.
if C 1=¿ θ1 and C 2=¿ θ2

Then C 1∗C 2=C1∗C2 <θ1 +θ 2

Division

To divide two complex numbers in rectangular form, multiply the numerator and
denominatior by the conjugate of the denomnator and resulting real and imaginary
parts collected. That is, if
if C 1=a 1+ jb 1 and C 2=a2 + jb 2

C1 ( a1 + jb 1)∗ j(a2− jb 2)
=
C2 ( a2 + jb 2 )∗ j(a2− jb 2)

( a1 a2 +b 2) + j(b 1 a 2−a1 b2 )
¿ 2 2
a2 +b 2

In polar form, division is accomplished by simply dividing the magnitde of the

numerator by the magnitude of the denominator and subtracting the ange of the
denominator from the numerator.
if C 1=¿ θ1 and C 2=¿ θ2

C1 C1
= < θ −θ
C2 C2 1 2

AC circuits

R,L and C circuit elements each have quite different electrical poroperties.
Resistance, for example, opposes current, while inductance opposes changes in
current and capacitance opposes change in voltage. These differences result in
quite different voltage-current relationships.

Resistance in AC circuit(pure resistive circuit)

14
(a) Circuit diagram (b) waveform (c) phasor diagram

Fig 3.6 Pure resistive circuit

In a pure resistive circuit current is in phase with voltage.

The relation illustrated in fig4. May be stated mathematical as:

V R Vmsinωt Vm
iR = = =I m sinωt where, I m=
R R R

Inductance in AC circuit

(a) Circuit diagram (a) voltage and current wavforms (c) phasor diagram

Fig 3.7 pure inductive circuit

15
For an ideal inductor, voltage VL is prortional to the rate of change of current.
Because of this, voltgae and current are not in phase as they are for a resistive
circuit.
Ld i L d
V L= =L ( I m sinωt )=ωL I m cosωt =V m cosωt
dt dt

Where V m =ωL I m

Utilizing the trigonometric idntity cosωt =sin ⁡(ωt +900 ), you can write this as:
0
V L=V m sin ⁡(ωt +90 )

For a pure inductive circuit current lags volage by 900.

Inductive reactance(XL)

From the above equation V m =ωL I m

Vm
thus =ωL
Im

This ratio is defined as inductive reactance and is give the symbol X L. since the
ratio of volts to amps is ohms, reactance has units of ohms.
Vm
Thus X L= =ωL
Im

XL=ωL

But, ω=2 πf

X L (inductivereactance)=2 πfL (Ω)

Reactance XL represents the opposition that inductance presents to current for the
sinusoidal as case.

We now have everything that we need to solve simple inductive circuits with
sinusoidal excitation, that is ,we know that current lags voltage by 90 0 and that
their amplitudes are related by

16
 Vm
I m=
XL

V m=¿ I m X L¿

Example 4.A 0.5H inductor is conneceted across AC source. If the voltage across
the inductor is v=100 sin 20 t determine the inductive reactance and write
the expression for the current.
X L =ωL=2 πfL

X L =( 20 rad /s ) ( 0.5 H )=10 Ω

V m 100 V
I m= = =10 A we know that i lags v by 900. Therefore,
X L 10 Ω

i=10 sin ⁡(20 t−90 ) A

0

Capacitance in Ac circuit(pure capacitve circuit)

(a)circuit diagram
(b) Weave form (c) phase diagram

Fig 3.8 pure capacitve circuit

For capacitance, current is proportional to the rate for change of voltage, i.e.
d VC d
i c =c =c ( V m sinωt ) =ωc V m cosωt
dt dt

i c =I m cosωt where I m=ωc V m

Using the appropriate trigomometric identity(cos ( ωt )=sin ⁡(ωt +900 )), the above
equation can be written as

17
 0
i c =I m sin ⁡(ωt +90 )

For a purely capacitive circuit, current leads voltage by 900.

Capactive ractance(XC)

Now consider the relationship between maximum capacitor voltage and current
magnitudes.
I m=ωC V m

Rearranging, we get
Vm 1
=
I m ωC

The ratio of Vm to Im is defined as capacitive reactance and is given the symbol X c.

that is,
Vm 1
X c= = (Ω)
I m ωC

1
X c= but, ω=2πf
ωC

Thus,
1
X C (capactive reactance)= (Ω)
2 Π fc

Reactance XC represents the opposition that capacitance presents to current for the
sinusoidal ac case.
We now have everything that we need to solve simple capacitive circuits with
sinusoidal excitation. i.e., we know that current leads voltage by 900 and that
Vm
I m=
XC

And V m =I m X C

Example 4.A 1µFcapacitor is conneceted across AC source. If the voltage across

the capacitor is v=30 sin 400 t determine the capacitive reactance and write
the expression for the current.

18
 6
1 10
XC= = Ω=2500 Ω
ωC 400

Vm 30 V
I m= = =12mA
X C 2500 Ω

and we know that for acapcitor i leads v by 900. Therefore,

i=12 sin ( 400 t +900 ) mA A

AC series circuit

When we examined dc circuits we saw that the current everywhere in series circuit
is a always constant. This same applies when we have series elements with ac
sources.

Further, we had seen that the total resistance of a dc series circuit consisting of n
resistors was determined as:
RT =R1 + R2 … … .. R n

When working with ac circuits we no longer work with only resistance but also
with capacitive and inductive reactance.

Impedance

Impedance is a term used to collectively determine how the resistance, capacitance,

and inductance “impede” the current in ac circuit. The symbol for impedance is the
letter Z and the unit is the ohm (Ω).

Because impedance may be made up of any combination of resistance and

reactance, it is written as a vector quantity Z,

The polar form impedance is written as:

Z=Z < ϕ (Ω)

The value Z is the magnitude(in ohms) of the impedance vector Z and is

deteremined as:

Z=√ R 2+ X 2 (Ω)

The corresponding angle of the impedance vector is determined as:

19
 −1 X
ϕ=± tan ( )
R

The rectangular form of impedance is written as

Z=R ± jX , Where R is resistance and X is reactance (XL or XC)

If we are given the polar form of the impedance, then we may determine the
equivalent rectangular expression from.
R=Zcosϕ and X =Zsinϕ

Fig 3.9 Impedance diagram

Resistive impedance ZR is a vector having a magnitude of R along the positive real

axis, Inductive impedance ZL is a vector having a magnitude of X L along the
positive imaginary axis, while the capacitive impedance Z c is a vector having a
magnitude of Xc along the negative imaginary axis. Mathematically, each of the
vector impedance is written as follows
0
Z R=R <0 =R + j 0=R
0
Z L =X L <90 =0+ j X L = jX L
0
ZC =X C <−90 =0− j X C =− j Xc

R-L circuit

RL circuit is the combination of resistive and inductive load.

20
 Fig 3.10 RL circuit

In RL circuit the total impedance Z is

−1 XL
Z=R+ j X L ∨Z=Z < tan ( )
R

Fig 3.11 (a) impedance diagram (b) phasor diagram

Voltage across resistor(R) and indictor (L) can be determined as

V R=i∗Z R

V L=i∗Z L=i∗X L

Thus the total voltage (supply voltage, Vs)

V s =V R + jV L

The total circuit current (i):

V s V R + jV L
i= = ∨¿
Z R+ j X L

V s < ϕ1 V s
i= = < ϕ 1−ϕ 2
Z < ϕ2 Z

Example 5. A 4Ω resistor and a 9.55mH inductor are connected in series with 240
V, 50 Hz AC source. Calculate (a) inductive reactance (b) the

21
 impedance, (c) the total current, and (d) draw impedance and phasor
diagram.

a. inductive reactance , X L =2 πfL=2 π ( 50 ) ( 9.55∗10−3 )=3 Ω

b. impedance , Z=√ R2 + X L2= √ 42 +32=5 Ω
v 240 V
c. current ,i= z = 5 Ω =48 A

XL −1 3
d. ϕ=tan−1 =tan
0
=36.87 lagging
R 4

V R=i∗R=48∗4=192< 0 V
0
V L=i∗X L=48∗3=144 V but V L =144< 90 V

Impedance diagram phasor diagram

Therefore, in the above example current lags voltage by 36.87 0

R-C circuit

Fig 3.12 RC circuit

In RC circuit the total impedance Z is written as

−1 XC
Z=R− j X C ∨Z=Z < tan ( )
R

22
 Fig 3.14 (a) Impedance diagram (b) phasor diagram

Voltage across resistor(R) and capacitor (C) can be determined as

V R=i∗Z R

V C =i∗Z C =i∗X C

Thus the total voltage (supply voltage, Vs)

V s =V R − j V C

The total circuit current (IT):

V s V R− j V C
i= = ∨¿
Z R− j X L

V s < ϕ1 V s
i= = <ϕ 1 +ϕ 2
Z <−ϕ 2 Z

Example 6. A resistor of 25Ω is connected in series with a capacitor of 45µF.

calculate (a) the impedance, (b) the current taken from a 240,50Hz
supply. Find also the phase angle between the supply voltage and the
current.
1 1
a.capacitive reactance , X c = 2 πfC = −6
=70.74 Ω
2 π ( 50 ) (45∗10 )

b.impedance Z=√ R2 + X C 2= √25 2+70.74 2=75.03 Ω

V 240 V
c.current ,i= Z = 75.03 Ω =3.2 A

23
Phase angle between the supply voltage and current
X C 70.74
=70.54 leading .
−1 0
ϕ=tan =
R 25

I.e., current leads supply voltage by 70.54 0

Series RLC circuit

Fig 3.15 RLC circuit

In RLC circuit the total impedance Z written as

ZT =Z R + Z L +Z C =R+ j X L− j X C

ZT =R+ j(X L −X C )

Fig 3.16 (a) Impedance

diagram ( for X L > X C) (b) impedance diagram (for X L < X C )

Voltage across each circuit element

V R=i∗R ,V C =i∗X C ∧¿ V L=i∗X L

24
 Vs
Where i= And V s =V R + j(V L−V C )
Z

Fig 3.17 (a) Phasor diagram (for X L > X C ) (b) phasor diagram (for X L < X C )

Example 7. A 5Ω resistor, 120mH inductor and 100µF capacitor are connected in

series to a 300V, 50Hz AC supply. Calculate (a) the current flowing, (b) the phase
difference between the supply voltage and current, (c) the voltage across the circuit
elements, and (d) draw the phasor and impedance diagram.

X L =2 πfL=2 π ( 50 ) ( 120∗10−3 ) =37.70 Ω

1 1
XC= = =31.83 Ω
2 πfC 2 π ( 50 ) (100∗10−6 )

Since XL is greater than XC the circuit is inductive

X L −X C =37.7−31.83=5.87 Ω

√
impedance Z= R2 +( X ¿ ¿ L−X C )2= √ 52 +5.872 =7.71 Ω¿

v 300
a. current i= z = 7.71 =38.91 A
X L− X 5.87
b. p h ase angle ϕ=tan−1 ( C
)=tan−1 ( )=49.580
R 5
c. V R=i∗R=38.91 A∗5 Ω=194.55 V
V L=i∗X L=38.91∗37.7=1466.9V

V C =i∗X C =38.91∗31.83 Ω=1238.5 V

25
 I mpedance
triangle phasor diagram

Parallel RLC circuit

Fig 3.18 RLC circuit

Admittance

Admittance is defined as a vector quantity which is the reciprocal of the impedance

Z.

Mathematically, admittance is expressed as:

YT=
1
=
1
( )
=
1
Z T Z T <θ Z T
<−θ=Y T −θ The unit of admittance is the

Siemens(S).

The admittance of resistor R is called conductance and is given a symbol Y R.

1 0
Y R= 0
=G< 0 =G+ j0
R<0

The admittance of a purely reactive component X is called susceptance of the

component and is assigned the symbol B. The unit for susceptance is Siemens (S).

26
In order to distinguish between inductive susceptance and capacitive susceptance,
we use the subscripts L and C respectively.
1 1 0 0
Y L= = <−90 =B L <−90 =0− j BL
X L < 90 X L
0

1 1 0 0
Y C= = < 90 =BC < 90 =0+ j BC
X C <−90 X C
0

Fig 3.19 Admittance diagram

The total impedance (ZT) in parallel RLC circuit can be calculated as

1 1 1 1
= + +
ZT ZR ZL ZC

Y T =Y R +Y L +Y C

1
ZT =
YT

The total current (iT)

Vs
iT= =V s∗Y T
ZT

Exercise 2

1. Calculate the current taken by 23µF capacitor when connected to a 240 V, 50 Hz

supply.

27
2. A coil has an inductance of 40mH and negligible resistance. Calculate its
inductive reactance and the resulting current if connected to(a) a240 V,50Hz
supply and (b) a 100 V,1kHz supply.

3. A coil of inductance 300mH and negligible resistance is connected in series with

100Ω resistor to a 250V, 50Hz supply. Calculate (a) the inductive reactance of
the coil, (b) the impedance of the circuit,(c) the current in the circuit, (d) voltage
across each components and (e) the circuit phase phase angle.

4. A capacitor C is connected in series with a 40Ω resistor across a supply of

frequency 60Hz. A current of 3A flows and circuit impedance is 50Ω. Calculate
(a) the value of capacitance, C, (b) the supply voltage, (c) the phase angle
between the supply voltage and current, (d) voltage across the resistor and
capacitor, and (e) draw phasor and impedance diagram.

5. A 40µF capacitor in series with a coil of resistance 8Ω and inductance 80mH is

connected to a 200V, 100Hz supply. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance,(b) the
current flowing, (c) the phase angle between voltage and current, (d) the voltage
across the coil, and the resistor,(e) the voltage across the capacitor, and (f) draw
the phasor and impedance diagram.

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