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    General Pharmacology PDF

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    Burhan Mubashar
    This document provides an overview of the field of general pharmacology. It discusses that pharmacology is the study of drugs, including their origin, properties, effects and clinical uses. The key branches of pharmacology are also summarized as pharmacy, pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, clinical pharmacology, and pharmacoeconomics. Pharmacokinetics is defined as the study of what the body does to drugs, while pharmacodynamics is the study of what drugs do to the body and their mechanisms of action.

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    General Pharmacology PDF

    Uploaded by

    Burhan Mubashar
    111 views27 pages
    This document provides an overview of the field of general pharmacology. It discusses that pharmacology is the study of drugs, including their origin, properties, effects and clinical uses. The key branches of pharmacology are also summarized as pharmacy, pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, clinical pharmacology, and pharmacoeconomics. Pharmacokinetics is defined as the study of what the body does to drugs, while pharmacodynamics is the study of what drugs do to the body and their mechanisms of action.

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    This document provides an overview of the field of general pharmacology. It discusses that pharmacology is the study of drugs, including their origin, properties, effects and clinical uses. The key branches of pharmacology are also summarized as pharmacy, pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, clinical pharmacology, and pharmacoeconomics. Pharmacokinetics is defined as the study of what the body does to drugs, while pharmacodynamics is the study of what drugs do to the body and their mechanisms of action.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    111 views27 pages

    General Pharmacology PDF

    Uploaded by

    Burhan Mubashar
    This document provides an overview of the field of general pharmacology. It discusses that pharmacology is the study of drugs, including their origin, properties, effects and clinical uses. The key branches of pharmacology are also summarized as pharmacy, pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, clinical pharmacology, and pharmacoeconomics. Pharmacokinetics is defined as the study of what the body does to drugs, while pharmacodynamics is the study of what drugs do to the body and their mechanisms of action.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 27

    General Pharmacology

    Edited By:
    Rabia Mahmood
    PharmD, M.Phil (Pharmacology) PU-Lahore
    Lecturer Lahore-UBAS
    Pharmacology
     Is the science of drugs.
     It consists of two Greek words
    Pharmacon logos

    Discourse
    Drug in, study
    of
    1. Research oriented science discovery of new drug
    molecules
    2. Use of drug molecules to restore from pathology to
    physiology.
     Pharmacology studies the effects of drugs and how they exert
    their effects eg., paracetamol can reduce body temperature in
    case of fever by inhibiting an enzyme known as cyclooxygenase
    in CNS, which is responsible for the synthesis of a number of
    inflammatory mediators
     It is both basic and applied science.
     Pharmacology is a branch of science that
    includes origin, source, physiochemical
    properties, dosage forms, routes of
    administration, absorption, distribution,
    metabolism, excretion, mechanism of
    action, pharmacological effects, clinical
    use and adverse effects of drugs.
    Drug

     Drug is any substance or product that is used or is


    intended to be used to modify or explore physiological
    systems or pathological states for the benefit of the
    recipient.
    OR
     Any chemical or natural substances used in investigation,
    diagnosis, treatment and management of different
    diseases in humans and animals.
    History of Pharmacology

     Pharmacology as an experimental science was ushered by


    Rudolf Buchheim who founded the first institute of
    pharmacology in 1847 in Germany.
    History
    • In the later part of the 19th
    century, Oswald Schmiedeberg,
    regarded as the ‘father of
    pharmacology’
    • Together with his many disciples
    like J Langley, T Frazer, P Ehrlich,
    AJ Clark, JJ Abel propounded
    some of the fundamental
    concepts in pharmacology
    • Antimicrobial chemotherapy
    was introduced by Paul
    Ehrlich in 1909. Paul
    Enrlich
    • Cell theory was given in 1858 and first use of
    structural formula to describe a chemical compound
    started in 1868.
    • Pasteur discovered bacteria in 1878.
    • John N Langley gave the concept of receptors in
    1905.
     Since then drugs have been purified, chemically
    characterized and a vast variety of highly potent and
    selective new drugs have been developed.
     The mechanism of action including molecular target of
    many drugs has been elucidated.
     This has been possible due to prolific growth of
    pharmacology which forms the backbone of rational
    therapeutics.
     In 20th century, pharmaceutical industry and
    pharmacology got revolutionized.
     Each new drug emerged gave pharmacologists a
    new challenge urging them to find out the
    mechanisms of drugs action
    Drugs and their sources

     Natural sources of drugs


    Drugs have been obtained from
     Plants Alkaloids Morphine

     Animal tissues Antibiotics, Hormones

     Minerals Lithium
     Synthetic Drugs
    Aspirin , Barbiturates and local anesthetics were among the
    first drugs to be synthesized in the laboratory.
     Semisynthetic derivatives of naturally occurring
    compounds e.g. morphine derivate Oxycodone.
    BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY
    Pharmacy

     It is the art and science of compounding and dispensing drugs or preparing


    suitable dosage forms for administration of drugs to man or animals. It
    includes
     collection
     identification
     purification
     isolation
     synthesis
     standardization
     quality control of medicinal substances.
     The large scale manufacture of drugs is called Pharmaceutics.
    PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY

     The study of drug effects at the population level


    is called as pharmacoepidemiology.
     It is concerned with the variability of drug
    effects between individuals in a population, and
    between populations.
     Pharmacogenetics: The effect of genetic
    variations in drug response including safety
    efficacy.
     Some patients respond to certain drugs with greater than
    usual sensitivity to standard doses. Screening of
    individuals for a variety of such differences before
    prescribing may help in individualized therapy.
     Pharmacogenomics: It deals with simultaneous
    impact of multiple mutations in the genome that may
    determine the patient’s response to drug therapy.
     Use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug
    and dose on an individual basis.
     It is the application of genomic technologies to drug
    discovery and further characterization of older drugs.
     Clinical pharmacology: It is a branch of
    pharmacology dealing with drugs and their clinical use. It
    gives useful data about the potency, usefulness, doses,
    and toxicity of new drugs for their safe clinical use.
     Pharmacoeconomics: It is a branch of pharmacology
    which studies the cost effectiveness of drug treatment
    and cost of medications, particularly among certain
    groups such as elderly and AIDS patients
    Pharmacology

    Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics
     Pharmacokinetics:
    It branch of pharmacology which deals with the study of
    drug
     Absorption
     Distribution
     Metabolism
     Elimination
    Pharmacodynamics

    Physiological and biochemical effects of drug and their


    mechanism of action at organ/macromolecular level.
    It attempts to elucidate the complete action-effect
    sequence and the dose effect relationship.
    Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics

    • Study of what the body does to the drug • Study of what the drug does to the body.

    • Effect of body on the drug  Effect of drug on the body.

    • How a drug moves through the body • How a drug interacts with the target cell.

    • A drug travels through the blood stream • Once a drug reaches its target, what it
    and eventually arrives at target cells exactly does to it and how it produces its
    where it produces its intended effect. cellular response.

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