Integration Part No 01

INTEGRATION
Applications and uses of integration in chemical

engineering
PART:01
 History of Integration:
 Principles of integration were formulated by “ISAC NEWTON” and

“GOTTFRIED WHIHELM LEIBNIZ”.
 Concept was given in late 17th century by them.
 Firstly they gave only thought about “area under the curve” as an
infinite sum of rectangles of infinitesimal small widths.
 “BERNHARD RIEMANN” later gave a rigorous definition of integrals

which based on a limiting procedure that approximates the area of
curvillinear region by breaking the region into infinite vertical slates.
 What is Integration?
Integration denotes the summation of discrete data and caculates

integrals.
The integral is calculated to find the functions which will describe
the area, displacement, volume, that occurs due to a collection of small
data, which cannot be measured singularly.This all can be done by
concept of limits.
 Limits help us in the study of the result of points on a graph such as
how they get closer to each other until their distance is almost
zero.
Above procedure is known as “INTEGRAL CALCULUS”.

There is also one more kind of calculus known as
“Differential Calculus”.
Why the concept of integration developed?

 The concept of integration was developed to solve two major
hurdles that were a prick in mathematicians. These were:
 To find the problem function, when its derivatives are given.
 To find the area bounded by the graph of a function under certain

constraints.
These two problems lead to the development of concept
called “Integral Calculus”.
 Maths Integration
 In Maths, integration is a method of adding or summing up the parts
to find the whole. It is a reverse process of differentiation, where we
reduce the functions into parts.
 Calculation of small addition problems is an easy task which we can
do manually or by using calculators as well. But for big addition
problems, where the limits could reach to even infinity, integration
methods are used.
 Symbolic Representation:
 Integration is the inverse process of differentiation or vice versa. The
integration is also called the anti-differentiation.
 We know that the differentiation of sin x is cos x.

It is mathematically written as:
(d/dx) sinx = cos x …(1)
Here, cos x is the derivative of sin x. So, sin x is the antiderivative of the
function cos x.
Generally, we can write the function as follow:
(d/dx) [F(x)+C] = f(x), where x belongs to the interval R.
 To represent the antiderivative of “f”, the integral symbol “∫” symbol
is introduced.
Therefore, the symbolic representation of the antiderivative of a
function (Integration) is:
y = ∫ f(x) dx
∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C.
 Types of integration:
 There are two types of integrals in maths.
1. Definite Integerals.
2. Indefinite Integrals.
 Definite Integral
 A definite integral is the area under a curve between two fixed
limits. The definite integral is represented as
∫baf(x)dx.
where a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit, for a function f(x),
defined with reference to the x-axis.
 To find the area under a curve between two limits, we divide the
area into rectangles and sum them up. The more the number of
rectangles, the more accurate the area is. So we divide the area into
an infinite number of rectangles each with the same (very small) size
and add all the areas.This is the fundamental theory that lies behind
definite integral.
 Riemann Integral is the other name of the Definite Integral,
 Properties of Definite Integral
The definite integral properties help for finding the integral for a
function multiplied by a constant, for the sum of the functions, and for
even and odd functions. There are a lot of properties of definite integral.
 Applications of Definite Integral
The definite integrals are primarily used to find the areas of plane figures
such as circles, parabolas, ellipse.
Area of a Circle Using Definite Integral
The area of the circle is calculated by first calculating the area of the part
of the circle in the first quadrant .
the equation of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is changed to an equation of a curve
as y = √(a2 - x2).
Now we use the concept of definite integral to find the equation of the
curve with respect to the x-axis and the limits from 0 to a.
the area of the circle is πa2 square units.
Area of a Parabola Using Definite Integral

A parabola has an axis that divides the parabola into two symmetric
parts.
take a parabola that has an equation y2 = 4ax.
first find the area of the parabola in the first quadrant by using the
definite integral formulas with respect to the x-axis and along the limits
from 0 to a
the definite integral is calculated within the boundary and it is doubled
to obtain the area under the whole parabola.
the area under the curve enclosed by the parabola is 8a*2/3 square
units.
Area of an Ellipse Using Definite Integral

The equation of the ellipse with the major axis of length 2a and a minor
axis of 2b is x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1.
we use the definite integral to calculate the area bounded by the ellipse
in the first coordinate and with respect to the x-axis. Further, it is
multiplied with 4 to obtain the area of the ellipse. The boundary limits
taken on the x-axis is from 0 to a.
the area of the ellipse is πab sq units.
 Indefinite Integral:
Indefinite integrals are defined without upper and lower limits. It is
represented as
∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C
C is any constant and the function f(x) is called the integrand.
 Properties of indefinite integral:

Where
C is any constant and the function f(x) is called the integrand.

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INTEGRATION

Applications and uses of integration in chemical

 Principles of integration were formulated by “ISAC NEWTON” and

 Concept was given in late 17th century by them.

 “BERNHARD RIEMANN” later gave a rigorous definition of integrals

Above procedure is known as “INTEGRAL CALCULUS”.

Why the concept of integration developed?

 To find the problem function, when its derivatives are given.

 To find the area bounded by the graph of a function under certain

 We know that the differentiation of sin x is cos x.

 Riemann Integral is the other name of the Definite Integral,

 Properties of Definite Integral

 Applications of Definite Integral

the area of the circle is πa2 square units.

Area of a Parabola Using Definite Integral

Area of an Ellipse Using Definite Integral

 Properties of indefinite integral:

C is any constant and the function f(x) is called the integrand.

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