IGCSE Geography

Case Study Booklet

How to answer a 7-mark question
Before you start writing your answer, make a Bullet Point Plan

• Fully develop each point you make

• Aim for 3 fully developed points
• Add place specific information about that case study

Revising for Paper 1

 Themes Case Studies
1.1 Population Dynamics
Population Policy China - One Child Policy
A country which is over-populated Nigeria
A country which is under-populated Australia
A country with a high rate of natural population growth Nigeria
A country with a low rate of population growth (or population decline) Australia
1.2 Migration
An international migration USA to Mexico
1.3 Population Structure
A country with a high dependent population Japan - elderly dependents
1.4 Population Density and Distribution
A densely populated country or area (at any scale from local to regional) Nigeria
A sparsely populated country or area (at any scale from local to regional) Australia
1.5 Settlements and service provision
Settlement and service provision in an area Rio de Janeiro
1.6 Urban settlements
An urban area (changing land use and urban sprawl) Rio de Janeiro
1.7 Urbanisation
A rapidly growing urban area in a developing country and migration to it Lagos, Nigeria
2.1 Earthquakes and Volcanoes
An earthquake Haiti 2010
A volcano Iceland 2010
2.2 Rivers
The opportunities presented by a river or rivers, the associated hazards and their Indus, Pakistan
management
2.3 Coasts
The opportunities presented by an area or areas of coastline, the associated hazards Japan
and their management
2.5 Climate and Vegetation
An area of tropical rainforest Amazon
An area of hot desert Sahara
3.1 Development
A transnational corporation and its global links Nike
3.2 Food Production
A farm or agricultural system Shifting cultivation in Amazon
A country or region suffering from food shortages Horn of Africa
3.3 Industry
An industrial zone or factory Cambridge Technology Park
3.4 Tourism
An area where tourism is important Tunisia
3.5 Energy
Energy supply in a country or area Iceland
3.6 Water
Water supply in a country or area Horn of Africa
3.7 Environmental risks of economic development
An area where economic development is taking place causing the environment to Amazon
be at risk
Describe and evaluate population policies
One Child Policy - China
Decrease rates of natural population growth
Background Information – Why was the
policy introduced?
• Government realised that growth rates
were becoming unsustainable
• Introduced measures to slow population
growth rate and birth rate
• The One Child Policy introduced in 1979
which limited couples to having no more
than one child

What did the government do to enforce its population?

The policy was strictly enforced with punishments such as:
• Fines
• Loss of jobs
• Removal of rights to education and healthcare
• Forced abortion
• Forced sterilisation
At the same time as punishing offenders the Government was also promoting the use of contraception
and encouraging people to get married later.

What were the outcomes for the country?

• 300m births prevented
• Population growth has slowed
• Job creation for family planning (preventing births)
• The cost of fine was too expensive for the average person to afford – only the wealthy could afford to
have more than one child (pay the fine)
• Gendercide – baby girls were killed as they were unwanted
• Gender imbalance of too many males

Evaluate how successful the policy was…

The future of China now has a 4-2-1 problem of the younger generation now having to care for the
elderly population (4 grandparents and 2 parents).
China has introduced the Two Child Policy in 2015 to encourage more births as they need to fix the new
problem of an ageing population.
Successful in the hundreds of millions of births prevented.
A country which is overpopulated and with a high rate of population growth

Nigeria
Background Information
(statistics)

● Nigeria has a growth

rate of 2.6% as of 2019
● High infant mortality
rate 60 for every 1000

What are the causes for high growth rate in Nigeria?

Lack of education

• A lack of education means that contraception use is common.

Religion and culture

• Some cultures value having a lot of children.

Child labour in rural areas

• Rural sustenance farmers would want more children to help in the field.

Poverty

• People may think that more children will result in more people to make money/work. Lack of access to
healthcare causes the high infant mortality.

What are the challenges that occur in Nigeria as a result of over-population?

Social: Economic: Environmental:

● Communal toilets are ● Only the wealthiest ● Factory emissions are not
shared by up to 15 homes have a piped controlled leading to air
households. water supply. Other and water pollution.
● Houses in the shanty poorer areas have to ● Large rubbish dumps
towns such as Makoko share communal water contain illegal and toxic
are made of flimsy points up to 3km away waste.
materials and are built on from the residential ● Only 40% of rubbish is
stilts in the lagoon. areas. officially collected.
● There is high ● There are few primary
unemployment in Lagos schools in the shanty
state owing to the influx town areas and is very
of people from every expensive to send your
corner of the country. child to school. For some
families it is unaffordable.
A country which is under-populated and with a low rate of population growth

Australia
Background Information

• Population: 25 million
• Population growth
rate: 1.6%
• Infant mortality: 3.1
deaths per 1,000

What are the causes for declining growth rate in Australia?

• Migration away from rural areas.

• Changing economic situations for the economically active has caused some to
decline the idea of starting a family.
• Migration has led to reduced demands of services. (Health clinics, schools, and
hospitals)
• Rural communities cannot afford the services required to raise a family.
What are the challenges that occur in Australia as a result of under-population?

Social: Economic: Environmental:

● Schools and hospitals ● Shortage of workers ● Resources in more
might need to be has led to lower rural areas are not
closed down due to optimum being exploited.
not having enough productivity.
people for staff. ● Less people paying
● Public transport links taxes. 50% of the
will be closed due to a labour force will
lack of people using retire in the next 20
them, causing people years.
to be more reliant on
cars.
● Less innovation due
to ageing population.
A city which is densely populated

Lagos, Nigeria
Background Information:
● Lagos is the largest city in
Nigeria
● Reliable electricity supply
● A large Christian population and
large minority of Muslims

What are the factors that cause Nigeria as a result of a dense population?

Physical: Economic: Social:

● Coastal region ● Availability of jobs - ● Perception of less
● High amounts of oil 70% of Nigeria’s overcrowded housing
● Free from droughts industrial investment there are few shanty
which pulls in is in Lagos. towns and many
communities from ● The city is a major areas of new
the rural population international port for government housing
the import of raw in Lagos. 90% of
materials to, and the people in Lagos have
export of access to electricity
manufactured goods supplies.
from, many countries ● Expectation of higher
in West Africa. wages - the city’s
● Oil production wages are higher than
increased in the the national average.
1970s, and by 1978, ● Movement to join
metropolitan Lagos family members who
accounted for have already
40% of Nigeria’s migrated to Lagos.
external oil trade.
A country which is sparsely populated

Australia
Background Information:
● Population: 25 million
● Population growth rate: 1.6%
● Literacy: 99%
● Poverty: 13%
● Infant mortality: 3.1 deaths per
1,000

What are the factors that cause Australia as a result of under-population?

Physical: Economic: Social:

● Climate: Extreme ● Large areas of the ● Communication:
weather, either too Australian outback Roads are challenging
dry or too wet are developed for to build in rural areas
● Vegetation: Is costly commercial and of Australia,
and difficult to clear extensive farming especially over such
for vegetation which require very long distances
● Soils: Has a lot of few workers
infertile soil
● Accessibility: Air
transport is cheaper
than building roads
● Remoteness:
Australia has a large
uninhabited area
An international migration

Mexico to USA
Causes of migration (Push and Pull Factors)
Social factors are:
• better living conditions
• access to health care
• access to good education
Economic factors include:
• better employment prospects
• higher wages
What are the effects?
Positive Origin (Mexico) Positive Host (USA)
• While legal Mexican migrants are • However other people believe that
working & paying taxes, they often Mexican migrants benefit the
send money they earn back to their economy by working for low wages.
families in Mexico, which boosts • Mexican culture has also enriched
Mexico’s economy. the USA border states with food,
• Families in Mexico now have more language, and music.
money to spend on goods and
services.
Negative Origin (Mexico) Negative Host (USA)
• The Mexican countryside has a • Many Americans believe that
shortage of economically active Mexican immigrants are a drain on
people. Many men emigrate leaving the economy.
a majority of women who have • They believe that migrant workers
trouble finding life partners. keep wages low which affects
Americans.
• Young people tend to migrate,
• Xenophobia occurs when some
leaving the old and the very young.
Americans create tensions due to
many Mexicans who cannot speak
fluent English.
A country with a high dependent population

Japan
Background information about why there is an
ageing population in Japan (the causes)
Japan’s population has been aging and shrinking at
an alarming rate
This is due to the combination of:
• A disproportionately large elderly population
(high life expectancy)
• A low fertility rate
• Minimal net immigration
How has the population structure changed?
• Japan’s fertility rate of roughly 1.2
children born for every Japanese
woman is well below the
replacement level of 2 children per
woman that is needed to maintain
the existing population level.
• By 2050, the population of Japan has
been forecasted to contract by more
than 25% to about 95 million people.
What are the benefits of Japan’s ageing population?
• A smaller population could make the country's crowded metropolitan areas more
liveable, and the stagnation of economic output might still benefit a shrinking
workforce.
• The disposable income in Japan's older population has increased business in
biomedical technologies research in cosmetics and regenerative medicine.
• Fewer people in future will mean it has more living space, more arable land per
head, and a higher quality of life.
What are the problems caused by Japan’s ageing population?
• A narrowing base of young people to provide and care for a bulging older cohort
even as they try to form families of their own.
• The migration of young people into Japan's major cities, the entrance of women
into the workforce, and the increasing cost of care for both young and old
dependents have required new solutions, including nursing homes, adult day-care
centres, and home health programs.
• Every year Japan closes 400 primary and secondary schools, converting some of
them to care centres for the elderly.
• The Japanese labour market is already under pressure to meet demands for
workers, with 125 jobs for every 100 job seekers, as older generations retire, and
younger generations become smaller in quantity.
Settlement and service provision in an area – Rio de Janeiro

Name of settlement:
Rio de Janeiro
Settlement type: conurbation
Population: 6 million
Functions: Politics and Economics (in the past);
presently Tourism (many different attractions such
as the Christ Redeemer, Museum of Tomorrow and
Pão de Açucar) Rio also has many beautiful
beaches
Services:
Tourism (beautiful beaches around it, e.g.
Copacabana and Ipanema. 2.3million tourists a
year)
Transport (all around the city like public service
such as buses as well as rental cars and bikes)
Religion (churches and other religious monuments
such as Igreja da Nossa Senhora do Candelária.
There are 19 churches 9 synagogues and 1
mosque.)
Name of settlement: Shopping (17 different shopping malls) e.g.
Paraty Shopping Barra. There are also 1000s of different
restaurants and hotels - Palace Copacabana)
Settlement type: large
town
Population: 50,000
Name of Settlement: Vila do Abraão
Functions: Tourism,
Settlement type: village
Religion
Population: 3,000
Services: Historic town
centre and the coast and Functions: Tourism (38 tour agency,
mountains in the region; 304 hotels, 49 restaurants, one
tourists like to visit the shopping area; Shopping Alfa)
tropical forests and
Services: Beaches (Lopes Mendes);
waterfalls; four important
Religion (church of San Sebastian);
historic churches. Links
to Rio de Janeiro via bus. Coast Fishing, Boating, Diving; Hiking
An urban area

Rio de Janeiro
Background information about the city of
Rio de Janeiro
• Located in the South East of Brazil
• Former capital of Brazil
• Population of over 6 million people
• Steep mountains surround the flat
coastal strips of land

What has caused some of the major problems in the city of Rio de Janeiro?
• Rio is a city with a huge inequality gap between the rich and poor.
• The mountainous relief limits the space for building infrastructure e.g. transportation
• Rio has attracted large numbers of people from surrounding rural areas who were in search of a
better life in the city and ended up settling in favelas (spontaneous housing on available land
made of loose materials e.g. wood).
• Problems have now started to emerge in the Central Business District and Inner-City areas.
• Growth rate in the favelas is over 1 million per decade.

What are the problems that people are suffering from in Rio de Janeiro? (pollution, housing, traffic etc.)
Housing problems
The lack of jobs led to the development of an informal sector and to an increase in crime, including drug
trafficking. This often led to favelas being bulldozed regularly and without warning.

Transport problems
Increase in car ownership as the population has steadily increased as it became a popular way to move around.
Congestion because a major problem.

Education problems
Due to the rapid expansion of homes in the steep hillsides, there were not adequate public services such as
education, further reducing quality of life for those who cannot afford to pay for alternatives.

What are the solutions that are being used in the city of Rio de Janeiro?
Housing solutions
Favela Bairro Project – water supplies (pipes and sewage systems) installed to provide clean water sources for
those in favelas. Relocation for families who live in high-risk areas.

Transport solutions
The Metro system was built and is constantly being expanded to encourage the population to use more public
transportation and reduced traffic congestion on Rio’s road.

Education solutions
Amigos da Escola – aims to encourage people from the community to volunteer their skills to improve
opportunities offered by their local schools. This will develop pupils’ reading and help to boost potential job
prospects in the future.
A rapidly growing urban area in a developing country

Lagos
Background information about Lagos (why has it grown so rapidly?)

• Population: 15 million
• Growing Rate: Over 0.5 million per year → growing fast
• High population density: 18,000 per sq./m
• Largest and wealthiest city in Nigeria
• Expansion initially started in response to oil boom in
Nigeria in 1970’s
• New developments are eroding away against old
neighbourhoods
Why are people migrating to Lagos? (What is life like that is so attractive for people in rural Nigeria?)

Employment

• More jobs are available in Lagos than anywhere else in Nigeria. Even if you can’t find work in the
formal economy, paying tax, it is possible to work in the informal economy, for example as a
street vendor or recycling waste, paying no tax.
Education

• There are also more schools and universities in Lagos than you find outside the city. If you are
educated, you are more likely to find work in one of Lagos, growing industries e.g. finance
Health care

• Although it is not always free, at least health care is available in Lagos. The nearest clinic or
hospital is a lot closer than if you live in a rural village.
What are the solutions to reduce the negative impacts in Lagos?

Beset by a swelling population, expanding slums and crumbling infrastructure, Lagos authorities have
undertaken a series of urbanization efforts in recent years to modernize the sprawling city's facilities.
Bus Rapid Transit System

• Lagos has begun work to develop a reliable and affordable urban rail system. A gleaming fleet of
new garbage trucks is also being deployed.
• A new fleet of garbage trucks is being deployed to deal with the 10,000 tons of waste created
per day.
Eko Atlantic

•A pioneering residential and business development located on the Victoria Island, along its
upmarket Bar Beach coastline → expected to provide accommodation for 250,000 people and
employment opportunities for a further 150,000.
Makoko floating school

• The floating slum which attracted attention for its radical new school in 2013, is a very different
adaptation to variable sea levels.
• Though cut off from services and plagued by health problems, Makoko displays a dynamic
adaptive urbanism that could be threatened by its position on prime real estate.
An earthquake

Haiti, 2010
Event information:

• The earthquake hit at 5pm

• 25 km southwest of the Haitian capital
of Port-au-Prince
• The earthquake had a shallow focus of
8km, causing much destruction
• The initial shock registered a Magnitude
of 7.0 and aftershocks soon followed
What caused the earthquake?

• Haiti lies on the boundary of the

Caribbean and North American plates
• There was sudden slip along a
conservative plate boundary that runs
through Haiti
What were the effects?

Primary effects (caused directly by the Secondary effects (as a result of the
earthquake) primary effects)
• 300,000 died and 1 million were • Resources were given out too slowly,
made homeless which resulted in violence and
• 250,000 homes destroyed or badly looting
damaged • There was an outbreak of cholera
due to poor sanitation which
contaminated water supplies
What were the responses?

Short term responses (immediate action) Long term responses (action over time)
• More than 1 million tent shelters • Schools had to be rebuilt and there
were provided for temporary shelter was training provided for new
• Healthcare supplies were provided teachers across Haiti
by Red Cross to limit the spread of • Food-for-Work projects were started
disease to support people without jobs
A volcanic eruption

Iceland E15, 2010

Why do people live near to Eyjafjallajökull
(E15) Volcano?

• Volcanoes attracts locals and visitors

due to the hot springs
• Geothermal energy can be created by
using the steam from underground
heated by magma
• Land near to the volcano has fertile soils
which produce heathy crops
What caused the volcanic eruption?

• Eyjafjallajökull is a shield volcano that

has a glacier which sits on top
• The volcanic eruption occurred when
the North American Plate and the
Eurasian Plate moved apart at a
constructive plate boundary
• Lava flowed out of all sides of the crater
which melted the glacier
What were the effects?

Primary effects (caused directly by the Secondary effects (as a result of the
volcano) primary effects)
• Iceland’s only main road (Route 1) • Flash flood event and heated river
was partly destroyed when a lahar water raced downstream causing
smashed into it. widespread damage to the river
• Ash completed covered farmland and channel and banks.
impacted the biodiversity. • Many flights within, to, and from
Europe were cancelled, which caused
major air travel disruption.
What were the responses?

Short term responses (immediate action) Long term responses (action over time)
• 500 farmers evacuated from • Planning is still on-going to remove
surrounding area. vulnerable communities away from
• Flights were grounded to and from the flood plains.
Iceland’s capital city, disrupting the • The government are still dredging
import of supplies as well as flows of the rivers to allow them to flood in
tourists. the future without causing damage.
Opportunities presented by a river, the hazards and their management

Pakistan, 2010
Background information about the Indus River
• Monsoon rainfall was exceptionally high
• Steep valley sides caused lots of overland
flow
• Large areas of land have been
logged/deforested
• The Himalayan mountains also provide
freshwater from snow melt

Why have people settled along the River Indus?

• 138 million people live and depend on the Indus river basin
• Key water resource for the national economy
• Accounts for most of the nation’s agricultural production
• Supports many heavy industries
• Provides the main supply of drinking water in Pakistan
What are the hazards associated with the Indus River flooding (e.g. impacts)?

• The river Indus flooding is a hazard that killed 1600 people

• Areas on the flood plain were swamped with water, damaging nearly 2 million
houses
• Over 6 million people reported to be suffering from health cases such as
respiratory infections and malaria after the flood event
• The floods destroyed large areas of agriculture on the floodplains which lead to
starvation for thousands of people
What are the management strategies that are being used in Pakistan?

Hard Engineering:
• Embankments – 6000km of embankments provide most of the flood protection.
These are used to protect the main towns and major transportation infrastructure
• River Straightening – The Indus river channel has had its shape changed to control
flooding and allow water to flow through without causing damage
• Dams – The building of new reservoirs along the river Indus is important for future
flood protection and energy supply

Soft Engineering:
• Flood Plain Zoning – These are much more strictly enforced to prevent people
from building on the floodplain
• Flood Warnings – To alert communities most at risk from flooding
Opportunities presented by a coastline, the hazards and their management

Japan
Why have people settled along the East
coast of Japan?
• Fishing ports - imports exports and
business are made easier
• Flat relief - building is made easier
• Fertile soil - agriculture is made easier

What are the hazards associated with the East coast of Japan (e.g. impacts)?

Tectonic hazards:

• When two destructive plate boundaries meet, they create friction. This friction causes
earthquakes which damage buildings and can lead to other hazards such as landslides.
• When an earthquake happens below the ocean a tsunami is caused. This happened in 2011
where 18,000 were killed.
Typhoons:

• Cause floods and landslides

• Wind speeds of 225km/h
• A typhoon forms when winds blow into areas of the ocean where the water is warm. These
winds collect moisture and rise, while colder air moves in below. This creates pressure, which
causes the winds to move very quickly.
Soil erosion:

• Beaches in Japan have been eroding due to urbanisation. Dams have been built in masses close
to minimise the damage
What are the management strategies that are being used in Japan?

Tropical storm management:

• Japan has developed advanced forecasting skills and multi-hazard early warning systems.

Costal erosion management:

• Large blocks of cement are placed which encourage the waves to break offshore.

Tsunami management:

• Evacuation routes have been designed to allow human and vehicle movement to safe places.
Signs are also placed to allow for easy localisation of safe zones.
A Hot Desert biome

Sahara
Background Information:

• The largest desert in the world

• Filling nearly all northern Africa, it
measures approximately 3,000 miles
from east to west and approximately
1,000 miles from north to south and
has a total area of over 3 million
square miles.

What are the causes of desertification?

DESERTIFICATION: The process by which land becomes drier and degraded, because of climate change
and/or human activities.
HUMAN CAUSES:

• Deforestation: soil vulnerable due to instability.

• Overcultivation: with farmers working intensively, the nutrients perish.
• Overpopulation: the demand of agricultural products are increasing, causing more land to be
deforested or even over cultivated.

PHYSICAL CAUSES:

• High temperatures and low rainfall: Low rainfall and high rates of evaporation reduce water
storage in the soil, causing soil degradation.
• Wind: If a region is particularly windy then the amount of wind erosion is likely to increase.
• Flash floods: Intense periods of rainfall can also cause erosion of topsoil which leads to land
degradation.

What are the solutions to combat desertification?

• Drip Irrigation: water is supplied at very low pressure, directly to a plant's roots from plastic
tubing, resulting in very little soil erosion.
• Hydrophobic Sand: is waterproof sand, and it reduces the watering of the plants saving 75%
more water, helping in arid climates.
• Planting Trees (The Great Green Wall): The roots bind the soil together, protecting it from the
wind and rain and prevent soil erosion. The leaves also provide shade and intercept water
reducing runoff.
An Equatorial (Tropical Rainforest) biome

Amazon
Background Information
• Covers most of South America
• The area of rainforest is 5.5
million km²
• Most of the rainforest is
contained within Brazil (60%)
• The Amazon represents over
50% of the planet’s remaining
rainforests
Who are the biggest contributors to deforestation in the Amazon?
• Increased government incentives in the form of loans and infrastructure
spending, including roads
• Investors and land-owners due to growing interest in "emerging
markets" such as the construction of HEP dams and urban development
• Large scale farming due to the surging demand for commodities like
beef, soy, sugar, and palm oil
What are the solutions to deforestation in the Amazon?
• Selective Logging: The cutting out of trees that are mature, to
encourage the growth of the remaining trees in a forest.
• Afforestation: Replanting trees on degraded land improves the soil,
increases biodiversity, and reduces erosion.
• Eco-tourism: Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the
environment.
A transnational corporation and its global links

Nike
Background information
• Nike’s headquarters are in Oregon, USA. However they also have European and Chinese HQs.
• The headquarters are responsible for finance, marketing, communications, brand and design
where they employ over 6,000 people who create new designs.
• Nike is the world’s largest seller of sports clothing and footwear.

Why does Nike choose to locate most of its factories in China?

• Nike searches for the cheapest places in the world to manufacture its products. Materials are
sourced in 11 countries and manufacturing is completed in 41 countries, mostly LEDCs.
• China is the cheapest place in the world and the materials are cheap and does not cost a lot to
supply. Also the population has a lot they can use lots of labour to work.
• Nike has over 1 million factory workers manufacturing their clothing items and sells them in
over 180 countries.

What are the advantages that Nike What are the disadvantages that Nike
offers? brings?
• The advantages of Nike is that Labour is • The product has been accused of paying low
cheap, the material and supply cheap, wages, but workers work long hours. Also the
the country is staying near, and they job is not sage and having poor working
don’t use lots of money for conditions. For example in 2010 Vietnam
transportation and there are no import shoe factories stopped because the workers
and export duty that means it is free to wanted higher pay. In 2007 Indonesia had a
trade between other countries. demonstration because the shoe company
• Nike can use lots of Labour to work and stopped production and relocated elsewhere.
it helps to fast grow up. • China’s factories received bad publicity
because factories were causing river
pollution, air pollution and greenhouse gas.
All of this is causing environmental problems.
An agricultural system

Shifting cultivation in the Amazon

What is happening in the Amazon?
• Shifting cultivation is a subsistence farming
method to feed the farmer and their family
• Any surplus food is normally sold in the
local community
• Shifting cultivation is a dominant form of
agriculture in Brazil where people do not
have the money or land to increase the
amount of produce
• The farming types are mixed (arable and
pastoral)
• The method is very extensive (farming
using less or small inputs on more land)
Why is shifting cultivation being used?
Shifting cultivation is a traditional form of
agriculture used in some isolated regions of
the Amazon rainforest.
• It has relatively few inputs, such as
machinery or money.
• Tribes do not have the money for large scale
farming, as much machinery is needed.
• It allows the land to rejuvenate after the soil
has been exhausted so it can be used again in
the future.
What are the inputs, processes and outputs?
Human Inputs Physical Inputs Processes Outputs
• Labour • Hot and • Slash and Burn • Banana
conducting humid climate technique used • Black
manually by in the tropics – the ashes peppers
hand • Lots of from the burned • Oranges
• Tractors are the precipitation rainforest are • Soy
only machinery all year round used as fertiliser
• Seeds are • Land is flat • Drip irrigation is
planted only in and much is used by farmers
the rainy season located near to bring
• Fertilisers are to rivers freshwater to
used but come (water source) the crops
from the ashes
of burnt trees
Food supply in an area
Map of Horn of Africa
Horn of Africa
Background information about the Horn of
Africa:
● The Horn of Africa has had no rain for
almost two years, which has resulted
in up to 12 million people being at
risk of famine.
● Some people have walked for over
20 days to get to refugee camps in
order to get food and water.
Why does the Horn of Africa suffer from food shortage?

Causes of famine in Kenya:

• The climate is constantly getting hotter and drier.
• Rising population, due to the famine in Somalia people move to Kenya but there is
not enough resources.
• Declining freshwater, due to little rainfall.
Causes of famine in Ethiopia:
• Delayed donations, they take over 3 months to arrive.
• Rising population, it raised over 85mi so there is no production for everyone.
• Poor infrastructure, so there is a lack of transportation.
Causes of famine in Somalia:
• Lack of crops; severe droughts so crops cannot grow.
• Loss of livestock due to the lack of food supply.
• High rural population so people do not have easy access to more food resources
in urban areas and suffer from shortages.
What are the solutions for Food Shortages?

• Food Aid: countries provide tons of food to other countries who suffer food
insecurities, in times of need providing short term food.
• Green Revolution: is a scientific way of developing new types of agriculture. It has
helped crop production to keep up with population growth.
• GM Crops: modify crops to grow them in a higher amount as well as they can
grow in unsuitable conditions.
An industrial zone

Cambridge Science Park

Background information about
Cambridge:
● Close proximity to city centre of
Cambridge
● On a site of land that was unused
by the A14
● Close to major road network M11
which links to the capital city,
London
● Near to Cambridge University –
access to the local academic talent
pool
What are the advantages of Cambridge as a location for industry?
• Good transport links, including the M11 motorway to London and Stansted Airport
• There are few traditional industries to compete for space, so rents are lower
• The city offers a good quality of life, with plenty of shops and open spaces
• There are good links between colleges and industry, helping to develop new
business ideas
Cambridge as an industrial system

Inputs Processes Outputs

• Graduates from • Robotic assembly of • Biomedicine
Cambridge University products • Electronic goods
• Expert engineers (Hi- • Research conducted • Knowledge
tech labour pool) in laboratories • New forms of
• Metals and plastics communications
• Capital investment
from major
companies

Money – reinvested
An area where tourism is important
Location: TUNISIA
Background Information:

In Tunisia they speak French, Arabic, and Tunisian. It is the largest city in Tunis
and the population is around 11.6 million. The life expectancy is 75 years.

Religion: Islam, Judaism and Christianity.

Industries: Petroleum, mining, tourism, textiles, footwear, and beverages.

Factors encouraging tourism

Climate Links to Europe History and Culture

The Mediterranean climate is 40°C in summer. They speak French in Tunisia which Historical places (7 world heritage
is advantageous to people coming sites)
With many beaches and constant sunshine in from Europe.
the Mediterranean, Tunisia is an ideal climate ● The city of Carthage
for tourists seeking heat. Advantage of travelling with low- ● El-Jem amphitheatre built by
cost airlines. the Romans

Physical Landscape Changing Tourism Industry

The Sahara Desert, beaches, and mountains. Cheap package trips are available from Europe.

Wide range of agriculture: olives, olive oil, grain, tomatoes, The Star Wars film was shot there, tourists can go and visit their
citrus, dates, sugar beets, almonds etc. favourite film locations.

Why tourism is important?

Multiplier Effect Economic Growth

The economic benefits of tourism have spread well beyond The money invested is spent on hotels boosts the income of
the most popular resorts many Tunisian businesses.

Education Standard of Living

More families can now afford to send their children to Tunisia is now one of the wealthiest countries in Africa.
school and even university. Tourism has contributed to all
The income of Tunisians quadrupled in the 1970s. Higher
of this through job creation, and by helping to connect
incomes quickly translated into longer life expectancy as diet and
Tunisia to other places and their cultures. Education has
health improved. Tunisia’s government invests almost four per
helped girls have compulsory education.
cent of its annual GDP in the health system.

Problems with tourism

Pollution Leakage of Profits Terrorism

The problems are that many tourists Foreign companies like Thomas Cook In 2015 there was a terrorist attack where it
like to travel with private sends holidaymakers to Tunisia but killed many people. Since then tourism has
transportation which emits lots of keeps a large percentage of the decreased and European countries have
pollution. In the summer, tourists use profits. This limits how much money stated that Tunisia is no longer a safe
lots of transportation because they becomes reinvested locally and slows country. Which meant less foreign
want to visit the beaches and the down the rate of economic investments in Tunisia's economy. The
historical places. Some of Tunisia’s development. terrorists have attacked the tourist industry
Mediterranean beaches have been because they object to some of the ways in
polluted with untreated sewage from which Tunisia is developing, such as greater
hotels. equality for women.
Energy supply in a country
Iceland
Background Information – Why is Iceland unique?
Describe the geology of Iceland:
• Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
which is a region of sea floor that spreads
apart at a constructive plate margin.
• Iceland has hundreds of hot springs and
many volcanoes located along the plate
margins.
• With 20 high-temperature steam fields (of
over 150°C), the conditions are ideal for
geothermal energy.
• Iceland also has many powerful waterfalls
along rivers (created by glacial melt) that
are ideal for hydroelectric power.

Describe the energy mix of Iceland? (What are the main types of energy?)

• The hydroelectric and geothermal resources supply 85% of Iceland’s total

consumption of energy.
• Of the total energy consumption, approximately 20% comes from hydroelectric
power (HEP) and 65% from geothermal sources.
• This is the world’s highest share of renewable energy in any national total energy
budget and the only Western county to produce all its electricity from emission-
free and sustainable natural resources.
• Only 15% of the energy in Iceland consists of imported oil used for motor vehicles
and ships.
Describe some of the opportunities:

• Iceland has a huge supply of clean energy due to constant geological activity
• Cheap electricity and heat are created for households and businesses
• Iceland preserves its precious natural ecosystems when developing energy
Describe some of the challenges:

• Development of large HEP and Geothermal Power Plants can affect sites of beauty
and are major tourist attractions
• Industry consumes a large amount of the energy supply – unsure if the power can
be sustained that is demanded
• Transport is one of the main consumers of fossil fuels, all of which are imported
Water supply in an area

Horn of Africa
Background information about the Horn of
Africa:
- Located in the Tropic of Cancer.
- The countries are Sudan, Ethiopia,
Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti,
and Eritrea.
- High temperatures all day and cold at
night.

Why does the Horn of Africa suffer from water shortage?

Africa is a country with high temperatures, so it causes a lot of droughts than causing
water shortage.
What has the Water Aid project done to improve water access in the Horn of Africa?

Rainwater catchments
It is a tank that storages rainwater, it
can save over 104.000 Litres which
are used for domestic uses.

Hand-dug wells
The well has a concrete wall that
filters the rainwater, and then it
supplies this to closer families.

Kiosks
Water is stored in the kiosks and
feeds two taps that serve the
community to facilitate the
management of affordable water.
An area where economic development is taking place causing the environment to be at risk

Amazon Rainforest
A description of the activity:

● Logging - Cutting down trees for paper,

home building and furniture.
● Illegal logging - Non-official organizations
cutting down trees on a large scale to
make illegal money.
● Farming - Using the soil for the growth of
plants. Agriculture in general.
● Mining - Digging for materials and precious
rocks.
● Road building - Making transport easier
and faster.
● Energy development. - Gaining space for
the generating of energy.
● Settlement & Population growth. - People
are increasing the size of their regions,
their local population is growing and
demanding for even more space.
Ways in which the environment is at risk

• Deforestation - Trees are being cut down.

• Loss of biodiversity - The variety of species are decreasing as we lose large areas
of tropical rainforest.
• Loss of water cycling - Less trees affect the clouds and the water storage affecting
the rain cycle.
• Social impact - With less resources available the source of fruit and other goods
will have to come from elsewhere.
• Modified global climate - Contributes to greenhouse gas emissions as there are
less trees to respire.
• Education - Make sure that all of those involved in nature exploitation know the
consequences for their actions.
• Forest reserves - Areas with specific protection from exploitation.
Strategies/solutions to manage the risk

• Selective logging - Waiting for trees to grow a certain amount before being cut
down, allowing them to have a greater life-span and the animals to use them as
home.
• Education - Ensure that the people behind these harmful actions to the
environment know that they are doing and know that they should do it
moderately.
• Afforestation - Trying to make up for deforestation, planting trees.
• Forest reserves - Preserving natural areas, protecting them from being logged.
• Monitoring - Looking out for illegal logging that is unhealthy and extremely
harmful for the environment.