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    Pointwise convergence is a type of convergence for sequences of functions where the functions converge at each individual point in the domain to the limit function, which is weaker than uniform convergence. It is defined as the functions fn converging to f at each point x as n approaches infinity. Pointwise convergence induces a topology on the space of functions called the topology of pointwise convergence.

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    Safari - Jan 2, 2024 at 8:00 PM

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    Pointwise convergence is a type of convergence for sequences of functions where the functions converge at each individual point in the domain to the limit function, which is weaker than uniform convergence. It is defined as the functions fn converging to f at each point x as n approaches infinity. Pointwise convergence induces a topology on the space of functions called the topology of pointwise convergence.

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    Pointwise convergence is a type of convergence for sequences of functions where the functions converge at each individual point in the domain to the limit function, which is weaker than uniform convergence. It is defined as the functions fn converging to f at each point x as n approaches infinity. Pointwise convergence induces a topology on the space of functions called the topology of pointwise convergence.

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    16 views1 page

    Safari - Jan 2, 2024 at 8:00 PM

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    syansync
    Pointwise convergence is a type of convergence for sequences of functions where the functions converge at each individual point in the domain to the limit function, which is weaker than uniform convergence. It is defined as the functions fn converging to f at each point x as n approaches infinity. Pointwise convergence induces a topology on the space of functions called the topology of pointwise convergence.

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    Pointwise convergence
    Article Talk

    In mathematics, pointwise convergence is one of various senses in which a sequence of functions can
    converge to a particular function. It is weaker than uniform convergence, to which it is often compared.[1][2]

    Contents

    Definition

    Properties

    Topology

    Almost everywhere convergence

    See also

    References

    Definition

    Suppose that is a set and is a topological space, such as the real or complex numbers or a metric
    space, for example. A net or sequence of functions all having the same domain and codomain is
    said to converge pointwise to a given function often written as

    if (and only if)

    The function is said to be the pointwise limit function of the

    Sometimes, authors use the term bounded pointwise convergence when there is a constant such that
    .[3]

    Properties

    This concept is often contrasted with uniform convergence. To say that

    means that

    where is the common domain of and , and stands for the supremum. That is a stronger
    statement than the assertion of pointwise convergence: every uniformly convergent sequence is pointwise
    convergent, to the same limiting function, but some pointwise convergent sequences are not uniformly
    convergent. For example, if is a sequence of functions defined by then
    pointwise on the interval but not uniformly.

    The pointwise limit of a sequence of continuous functions may be a discontinuous function, but only if the
    convergence is not uniform. For example,

    takes the value when is an integer and when is not an integer, and so is discontinuous at every
    integer.

    The values of the functions need not be real numbers, but may be in any topological space, in order that
    the concept of pointwise convergence make sense. Uniform convergence, on the other hand, does not
    make sense for functions taking values in topological spaces generally, but makes sense for functions
    taking values in metric spaces, and, more generally, in uniform spaces.

    Topology

    See also: Characterizations of the category of topological spaces

    Let denote the set of all functions from some given set into some topological space As described
    in the article on characterizations of the category of topological spaces, if certain conditions are met then it
    is possible to define a unique topology on a set in terms of what nets do and do not converge. The definition
    of pointwise convergence meets these conditions and so it induces a topology, called the topology of
    pointwise convergence, on the set of all functions of the form A net in converges in this
    topology if and only if it converges pointwise.

    The topology of pointwise convergence is the same as convergence in the product topology on the space
    where is the domain and is the codomain. Explicitly, if is a set of functions from some
    set into some topological space then the topology of pointwise convergence on is equal to the
    subspace topology that it inherits from the product space when is identified as a subset of this

    Cartesian product via the canonical inclusion map defined by

    If the codomain is compact, then by Tychonoff's theorem, the space is also compact.

    Almost everywhere convergence

    In measure theory, one talks about almost everywhere convergence of a sequence of measurable functions
    defined on a measurable space. That means pointwise convergence almost everywhere, that is, on a subset
    of the domain whose complement has measure zero. Egorov's theorem states that pointwise convergence
    almost everywhere on a set of finite measure implies uniform convergence on a slightly smaller set.

    Almost everywhere pointwise convergence on the space of functions on a measure space does not define
    the structure of a topology on the space of measurable functions on a measure space (although it is a
    convergence structure). For in a topological space, when every subsequence of a sequence has itself a
    subsequence with the same subsequential limit, the sequence itself must converge to that limit.

    But consider the sequence of so-called "galloping rectangles" functions, which are defined using the floor
    function: let and mod and let

    Then any subsequence of the sequence has a sub-subsequence which itself converges almost
    everywhere to zero, for example, the subsequence of functions which do not vanish at But at no
    point does the original sequence converge pointwise to zero. Hence, unlike convergence in measure and
    convergence, pointwise convergence almost everywhere is not the convergence of any topology on the
    space of functions.

    See also

    Box topology

    Convergence space – Generalization of the notion of convergence that is found in general topology

    Cylinder set – natural basic set in product spaces

    List of topologies – List of concrete topologies and topological spaces

    Modes of convergence (annotated index) – Annotated index of various modes of convergence

    Topologies on spaces of linear maps

    Weak topology – Mathematical term

    Weak-* topology – Mathematical term

    References

    1. ^ Rudin, Walter (1976). Principles of Mathematical Analysis . McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-054235-X.

    2. ^ Munkres, James R. (2000). Topology (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-181629-2.

    3. ^ Li, Zenghu (2011). Measure-Valued Branching Markov Processes. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-15003-6.

    Last edited on 28 December 2023, at 14:42

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