BA Hindi 601

nwjLFk f’k{kk funs’kky;
Directorate of Distance Education

tEew fo’ofo|ky;
UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU
tEew
JAMMU
ikB~; lkexzh
STUDY MATERIAL
dyk Lukrd &l= &VI

B.A. Semester - VI
fo"k; % fgUnh vkys[k la[;k 1&11

COURSE NO. H1-601 LESSON NO. 1- 11
Dr. Anuradha Goswami

COURSE CO-ORDINATOR
bl ikB~; lkexzh dk jpuk LoRo@Ádk’kukf/kdkj nwjLFk f’k{kk funs’kky;] tEew

fo’ofo|ky;] tEew &180006 ds ikl lqjf{kr gSA
http:/www.distanceeducationju.in
Printed and published on behalf of the Directorate of Distance Education,
University of Jammu, Jammu by the Director, DDE,
University of Jammu,
1 Jammu
B.A. III
HINDI
Course Contributors
• Prof Anil Goel
Retired Principal
Govt Degree College
• Dr. Anju Thappa

Associate Professor, Department of Hindi
DDE, University of Jammu
• Dr. Vandana Sharma

Assistant Professor
Department of Hindi
Central University, Jammu
Content Editing, Review & Proof Reading

Dr. Nisha Jamwal
Lecturer in Hindi
Directorate of Distance Education
University of Jammu
c Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu, 2021
• All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by
mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the DDE,
Universityof Jammu.
• The script writer shall be responsible for the lesson/script submitted to the
DDE and any plagiarism shall be his/her entire responsibility.
Printed by :- Sudesh Printers / 2021 / 150 Books

2
ch-, ds NVs l= dh ijh{kk o"kZ & 2017] 2018 rFkk 2019
gsrq foLr`r ikB~;Øe
Course No. : HI-601

fo"k; % fgUnh dqy vad % 100
isi j % dFkk lkfgR; 1- ckg~; ijh{kk % 80
le; % 3 ?kaVs 2- vkUrfjd ijh{kk % 20
Two written Assignment of
10 Marks each (Total 20 marks)
fu/kkZfjr iqL rdsa

iqL rd ys [ kd çdk'kd
1- miU;kl&vkidk caV h eUuw HkaM kjh jk/kkÑ".k çdk'ku
2- dgkuh lax zg &dgkuh ,dkn'kh n'kjFk vks> k f'k{kk Hkkjrh] d'ehjh
xsV] fnYyh
¼igyh lkr dgkfu;k¡ gh ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr gSa½
ikB~; Øe dk fooj.k
1- miU;kl
1- cky euksfoKku dh n`f"V ls ^vki dk caVh*
2- oSokfgd lEcU/kksa ds cnyrs ewY; vkSj ^vki dk caVh*A
3- ^vki dk caVh* dh f'kYixr fo'ks"krk,¡
4- eUuw HkaMkjh dk lkfgfR;d ifjp;A
2- dgkuh ,dkn'kh
1- fgUnh dgkuh dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl
2- fu/kkZfjr dgkfu;ksa dh rkfRod vkykspuk
3- fu/kkZfjr dgkfu;ksa ds çeq[k ik=ksa dk pfj.k&fp=.kA
3
(i)
ç'ui= dk çk:i ,oa vad&foHkktu bl çdkj gksxk &
1- fu/kkZfjr iqLrdksa esa ls 'kr çfr'kr fodYi ds lkFk ,d&,d O;k[;k iwNh
tk,xhA 7x2¾14
2- vkidk caVh miU;kl ij vk/kkfjr nks ,oa dgkuh laxzg ij vk/kkfjr ,d nh?kZ
mÙkjkis{kh ç'u ¼dqy rhu½ 'kr çfr'kr fodYi ds lkFk iwNs tk,saxsA 11x3¾33
3- vkidh caVh miU;kl ij vk/kkfjr nks ,oa dgkuh laxzg ij vk/kkfjr ,d y?kq
mÙkjksis{kh ç'u ¼dqy rhu½ 'kr çfr'kr fodYi ds lkFk iwNs tk,sx
a sA 6x3¾18
4- vkidh ca Vh miU;kl ij vk/kkfjr nks ,oa dgkuh la xzg ij vk/kkfjr ,d vfr y?kq
mÙkjkis {kh ç'u ¼dqy rhu½ 'kr çfr'kr fodYi ds lkFk iw Ns tk,s a xs A 3x3¾9
5- nksuksa iqLrdksa ij vk/kkfjr rhu&rhu oLrqfu"B ç'u fcuk fodYi ds iwNs tk,¡xs
1x6¾06
laLrqr iqLrdsa %&
1- MkW- oa'kh/kj] MkW- jktsUæ feJ % eUuw HkaMkjh dk Js"B ltZukRed lkfgR;] uVjkt
ifCyf'kax gkml] gfj;k.kkA
2- ufUnuh feJk % eUuw HkaMkjh dk miU;kl lkfgR;A
3- MkW- 'kf'k tsdc % efgyk miU;kldkjksa dh jpukvksa esa oSpkfjdrkA
4- MkW- lq[kchj flag % fgUnh dgkuh % ledkyhu ifjn`';] vfHkO;atuk çdk'kd]
ubZ fnYyhA
5- MkW - j?kqojn;ky ok".ksZ; % fgUnh dgkuh % cnyrs çferku] ikaM qfyfi çdk'ku]
fnYyhA
6- MkW - dkUrk esg nhjrk % fgUnh dgkuh dk ewY ;kadu] jk/kkÑ".k çdk'ku] ubZ
fnYyhA
4
fo"k; lwph
ikB~ Øe vkys[ k i`"B la[;k
1- miU;kl ^vkidk caVh* dh O;k[;k & MkW- oanuk 'kekZ 1

2- ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr dgkfu;ksa dh O;k[;k & MkW- vfuy xks;y 10
3- oSokfgd laca/kksa ds cnyrs ewY; vkSj ^vkidk caVh* & MkW- oanuk 'kekZ 18
4- ^vkidk caVh* dh f'kYixr fo'ks"krk,sa & MkW- oanuk 'kekZ 24
5- eUuw HkaMkjh dk lkfgfR;d ifjp; & MkW- vUtw Fkkik 28
6- cky euksfoKku dh n`f"V ls ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl & MkW- oanuk 'kekZ 35
7- fgUnh dgkuh dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl ij izdk'k & MkW- vfuy xks;y 44
8- ^mlus dgk Fkk*] ^bZn dk R;ksgkj* vkSj ^NksVk tknwxj* dgkfu;ksa dh 52
rkfRod leh{kk & MkW- onuk 'kekZ
9- î<+kbZ*] îzk;f'pr*] ^vkneh dk cPpk*] ^nkjksxk vehjpUn*] uked 72
dgkfu;ksa dh rkfRod leh{kk & MkW- vfuy xks;y
10- ^mlus dgk Fkk*] ^bZn dk R;ksgkj*] ^NksVk tknwxj* dgkfu;ksa ds izeq[k 85
ik=ksa dk pfj=&fp=.k & MkW- oanuk 'kekZ
11 î<+kbZ*] îzk;f'pr*] ^vkneh dk cPpk* rFkk ^nkjksxk vehjpUn* dgkfu;ksa ds 92
ize[k ik=ksa dk pfj=&fp=.k & MkW- oanuk 'kekZ
5
6
B.A. Semester-VI
Hindi Lesson 1
vkidk caVh ¼O;k[;k Hkkx½

^^D;k dgk] rk'k] ywMks-----------------fudy dj Hkkx nkSM+u s okysA**----
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* ls fy;k x;k gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh d`r ^vkidk caVh* euksfo'ys"k.koknh miU;kl
gSA ;gka caVh dks yM+dksa okys [ksy [ksyus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k x;k gSA
O;k[;k % bu iafDr;ksa esa caVh ds firk caVh dks rk'k] ywMks vkSj dSje tSls [ksy euk djrs gq, fØdsV] gkdh] vkfn
yM+dkas okys [ksy [ksyus ds fy, mRlkfgr djrs gSaA caVh ds firk vkSj odhy pkpk pkgrs gSa fd caVh
dk fodkl yM+dksa tSlk gksA os pkgrs gSa fd mls gkWLVy esa Mky fn;k tk, rkfd ogka yM+dksa ds lkFk
jgrs gq;s mldk 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld fodkl vPNs ls gks ldsA
caVh us ,d ckj-------------------crk ldrs gks bldk vFkZ\
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh] ls mn~/k`r gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh d`r ^vkidk caVh* ds ek/;e ls mlds ekrk&firk
ds chp mRiUu ruko dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA mlus vius fe= ls ,d rF; lqu j[kk gS og mldk
vFkZ le>uk pkgrk gSA
O;k[;k % caVh cMs+ jgL;e; <+ax ls dgrk gS fd tc ,d ckj /kqjh xM+cM+k tkrh gS rks ftanxh yM+[kM+k tkrh gSA
caVh us ;g okD; lquk vo'; gS fdUrq mls bldk vFkZ ekywe ugha] rHkh prqjkbZ ls og fe= ls iwNrk
gS D;k bl okD; dk vFkZ crk ldrs gks \ crk ldrs gks bl ckr dk vFkZ \
^^,Yyks vkSj lquks! ---------------fnu esa ughaA**
izlax % ;g x|ka'k miU;kl ^vkidk caVh( ls fy;k x;k gSA eUuw HkM+kjh }kjk jfpr ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl
euksfo'ys"k.koknh gSA ;gka caVh }kjk dgkuh lquus dh ftí djus ij ?kjsyw ukSdjkuh QwQh mls le>kus
dk iz;Ru dj jgh gSA
O;k[;k % QwQh caVh dks le>krh gS fd rqEgsa dgkuh lquus dh lw> jgh gS] vHkh dgkuh lquus ;k lqukus dk le;
ugha gS vHkh rks eq>s ?kj dk lkjk dke djuk gSA dgkuh rks jkr dks lquh vkSj lqukbZ tkrh gS] fnu esa
ughaA
7
mlh us crk;k-------------rks ;s ft,¡ dSls cspkjs\**
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl ls mn~/k`r gSA eUUkw Hk.Mkjh }kjk fyf[kr ^vkidk caVh* euksfo'ys"k.koknh
miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ caVh iM+ksl esa mlds ekrk&firk ds rykd dks ysdj gks jgh ppkZ dk ft+Ø viuh eka
'kdqu ls djrk gSA 'kdqu ;g lc lqu [kh> iM+rh gSaA
O;k[;k % caVh viuh ekrk 'kdqu ls dgrk gS fd tc Hkh og vius fe= ds ?kj tkrk gS rks muds ?kjokyksa rFkk
eqgYys okys mlds ekrk&firk dh yM+kbZ vkSj fQj rykd ds ckjs esa t:j ckrsa djrs gSa] tcfd mls Lo;a
ekywe ugha fd rykd D;k gksrk gSA 'kdqu lqu dj caVh ij [kh>rh gS ijUrq fQj uje iM+ tkrh gSA
og caVh ds Hkksysiu dks le>rh gqbZ rFkk rykd dh ckr Vkyrs gq, dgrh gS fd yksxksa ds ikl bl rjg
dh ckrs djus dks u gks rks os cspkjs ft,¡xs dSls\
^^-----rqe Hkh tkurh---------------;g rks dksbZ ckr ugha gqbZ u!**
izalx % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl ls mn~/k`r gSA eUUkw Hk.Mkjh Ñr ^vkidk caVh* euksfo'ys"k.koknh
miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ odhy pkpk caVh dh ekrk 'kdqu dks caVh dks mlds mfpr fodkl ds fy, gkWLVy
Hkstus dh lykg nsrs gSaA
O;k[;k % odhy pkpk caVh dh ekrk 'kdqu ls dgrk gS fd rqe Hkyh&Hkkafr tkurh gks fd eSa lh/kh&lh/kh vkSj Li"V
ckr djus okyk O;fDr gw¡A eSa tkurk gw¡ fd rqe caVh dh ns[k&Hkky esa dksbZ deh ugha j[krh gksA ysfdu
mls yM+dksa tSlk fodflr gksus okyk ifjos'k ugha fey jgk] mls rks dsoy rqEgkjk ?kjsyw ukSdjkuh QwQh
;k mu efgykvksa dk lkFk fey jgk gS tks rqEgkjs ;gk¡ vkrh gSaA blds vykok vkl&iM+ksl dk ,d&nks
cPpk mls [ksyus dks fey tkrk fdUrq bl ekgkSy ;k okrkoj.k ;k ifjos'k esa caVh dk yM+dksa tSlk
fodkl vlaHko gSA
^^vPNk] D;k izse---------------mls rqe D;k dgksxs\**
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl ls mn~/k`r gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh }kjk fyf[kr ^vkidk caVh* euksfo'ys"k.koknh
miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ 'kdqu izse dk jgL; tkuus gsrq vius nwljs ifr MkWñ tks'kh ls mldh iwoZ dh iRuh ds
lkFk mlds lEcU/kksa dks tkuuk pkgrh gSA
O;k[;k % 'kdqu vius nwljs ifr MkWñ tks'kh ls tkuuk pkgrh gS fd D;k izse lp esa ek= ,d 'kkjhfjd vko';drk
gS vkSj lqfo/kktud lek;kstu vFkok lkeatL; gSA MkWñ tks'kh viuh iwoZ iRuh dh e`R;q gks tkus ij
'kdqu ls lEcUèk tksM+rs gSaA MkWñ 'kdqu tks'kh ls fookg dj 'kkjhfjd lq[k Hkksx jgh gSA flQZ 'kkjhfjd
vko';drk dh iwfrZ ds fy, izse fookg ds :i esa le>kSrk gh rks gSA D;k MkWñ tks'kh dks 'kdqu ls ;g
vko';drk iwjh gks tkus ds ckn viuh e`r iwoZ iRuh dh ;kn vkrh gS\ vxj vkrh gS rks D;ksa\ vkSj ,slh
fLFkfr esa MkWñ tks'kh rqe mlls D;k pkgksxs\
8
^^rqe ukSdjh djks ;k NksM+k s-------------------eSa mfpr ugha le>rkA**
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* uked miU;kl ls mn~/k`r gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh }kjk jfpr ^vkidk caVh*
euksfo'ys"k.koknh miU;kl gSA ;gka 'kknh ls iwoZ MkWñ tks'kh vkSj 'kdqu ds lEcU/k dks dLcs ds yksx
mfpr ugha eku jgs vkSj 'kdqu ds dkWyst dk eSustj Hkh 'kdqu dks viuh vkifÙk tryk nsrk gSA blh
ckr dk ft+Ø 'kdqu MkWñ tks'kh ls djrh gqbZ dgrh gS fd ;s yksx vxj T;knk pw¡&piM+ djsaxs rks
eSa viuh ukSdjh NksM+ nw¡xhA bl ckr ij MkWñ tks'kh 'kdqu dks la;e rFkk foosd ls dke ysus dh
lykg nsrs gSaA
O;k[;k % MkWñ tks'kh 'kdqu ls dgrk gS fd ukSdjh djuk ;k NksM+uk mldh viuh bPNk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ysfdu
fdlh dh bl rjg vkifÙk djus ls O;fDr thuk FkksMs+ NksM+ ldrk gSA vki vxj eSustj dh vkifÙk ij
ukSdjh NksM+ jgh gks rks dy 'kgj okys vkifÙk djsaxs rks rqe 'kgj NksM+ nksxh ;k NksM+us dh ckr djksxhA
yksxksa dk dke gS vkifÙk;k¡ ;k ppkZ,¡ djuk] NksVh txgksa ds yksx bl rjg dh ckrsa vklkuh ls ipk ugha
ikrsA fdUrq muds lkeus ?kqVus Vsd nsus ls dke ugha py ldrkA MkWñ tks'kh 'kdqu dks le>krk gqvk
dgrk gS fd lp iwNks rks vkifÙk ckgj ugha cfYd vius eu ds Hkhrj gh dgha gksrh gSA ftlls
NksVh&NksVh ckrsa gesa m}sfyr djrh jgrh gaSA le>nkjh blh esa gS fd bu vkifÙk;ksa ds fy, ,d feuV
Hkh ekQ ugha djuk pkfg,A MkWñ tks'kh 'kdqu dks ;gh le>kuk pkgrs gSa fd ;fn og tks'kh ls vius
lEcUèk dks lgh ekurh gS rks mls fdlh dh Hkh fpUrk ugha djuh pkfg, vkSj ;fn vuqfpr ekurh
gS rks ml lEcU/k dks rksM+ nsus esa gh HkykbZ gSA
^êu u bl ckr-----------------lkr lky rd ;ksa f?klVrh jgh\**
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl ls fy;k x;k gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh }kjk fyf[kr ^vkidk caVh*
euksfo'ys"k.koknh miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ MkWñ tks'kh ls fookg dj ysus ds i'pkr~ 'kdqu vius lq[k ds vuqHko
dk Lej.k dj jgh gS vkSj bl ckr dks ysdj i'pkrki Hkh dj jgh gS fd MkWñ tks'kh ls mlds fookg
dk fu.kZ; nsjh ls D;w¡ fy;k x;k ;g fu.kZ; rks mls cgqr igys ys ysuk pkfg, FkkA vc vius chrs fnuksa
dks Hkwy tkuk pkgrh gSA
O;k[;k % 'kdqu MkWñ tks'kh ls fd, vius fookg rFkk iwoZ ¼igys½ ifr vt; ls vyxko ds dkj.k rykd ds ckjs
esa lksp jgh gSA og bl vleatl esa gS fd mlus lgh dne mBk;k gS ;k xyrA fdUrq vt; ds lkFk
chrs ml vrhr ds ckjs esa T;knk tkuus ;k lkspus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gSA og bl le; vius orZeku
ds Hkjsiwjs thou dks gh Lej.k rFkk vuqHko dj mlh esa [kks, jguk pkgrh gSA vc vxj mls fdlh ckr
dk vQlksl gS rks dsoy bl ckr dk fd vt; ls rykd rFkk MkWñ tks'kh ls fookg cgqr igys gh D;ksa
ugha dj fy;k ;fn og igys gh ,slk fu.kZ; ys ysrh rks fiNys lkr o"kksZa rd ;ksa gh csdkj esa f?klVrh
;k nq%[k >syrh jghA ;fn vt; ds lkFk fuHkuh gh ugha Fkh rks O;FkZ esa gh iz;kl vkSj izrh{kk dj viuk
vewY; le; cckZn djrh jghA
9
^^yxrk gS mez chr-----------------vkneh dks ekjrh jgrh gSaA**
izla x % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl ls mn~èk`r gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh d`r ^vkidk caVh* euksfo'ys"k.koknh
miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ MkWñ tks'kh ls fookg dj ysu s ds i'pkr~ ;kSu r`fIr izk Ir djds 'kdqu vuqH ko
dj jgh gS fd mez chr tkus ls gh nfer dkeuk,¡ ejrh ugha cfYd vkSj vf/kd cyorh gks
mBrh gSa A
O;k[;k % 'kdqu MkWñ tks'kh ls fookg dj vuqHko djrh gS fd ;kSou vkSj fd'kksj mez chr tkus ds lkFk lekIr
ugha gks tkrk cfYd vrÌr gksus ds dkj.k ;kSu&vkdka{kk,¡ ;k Hkkouk,¡ ejrh ugha vkSj vf/kd cyorh
gksdj O;fDr dks ekjrh jgrh gSaA bu vkdka{kkvksa dks r`fIr djds gh larqfyr thou thus esa HkykbZ gSA
^^cksy] cksy rw D;ksa---------------------eSa Hkst nw¡xh] ugha jgksA**
izlax %& izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl ls mn~èk`r gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh }kjk fyf[kr ^vkidk caVh* euksfo'ys"k.koknh
miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ 'kdqu dh caVh ds izfr [kh> vfHkO;Dr gqbZ gSA caVh MkWñ tks'kh ds ?kj ds ifjos'k ds
vuqlkj Lo;a dks <ky ugha ik jgk gS vkSj u gh MkWñ tks'kh dks firk dk LFkku ns jgk gSA bl u;h my>u
esa Qal dj 'kdqu caVh ij [kh> iM+rh gSA
O;k[;k % 'kdqu caVh dks Mk¡V&MiV jgh gSA crk rw ;g lc djus ij D;ksa rqyk gqvk gS\ D;ksa esjh vkSj viuh
ftUnxh esa tgj ?kksyus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA rqEgsa MkWñ tks'kh ds ;gka jgus ls D;k rdyhQ gS\ rqEgsa
;gka ij D;k ijs'kkuh gS ftldh otg ls rqe jkst ,d u;k gaxkek [kM+k dj nsrs gksA jkst ,d eqlhcrA
ysfdu rqEgkjs ;g jkst&jkst ds rek'ks dkSu >sysxk\ ;fn rqe ikik vt; ds lkFk jguk pkgrs gks rks
vkSj rsjs ikik rq>s vius lkFk j[kuk pkgrs gS rks eSa rq>s dydÙkk Hkst nw¡xhA ;fn rqEgsa esjs ;gka ugha jguk
rks u jgksA
^^ns[kks 'kdqu] caVh------------------rqEgkjs lkFk ns[k gh ugha ldrkA**
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl ls mn~èk`r gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh }kjk fyf[kr ^vkidk caVh* euksfo'ys"k.koknh
miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ MkWñ tks'kh 'kdqu dks le>krk gS fd caVh vc leL;kxzLr cPpk cu x;k gSA mlds
fonzksgh LoHkko dks ns[krs gq, mls Lusg] ln~Hkkouk rFkk vU; cPpksa ls fd, tkrs O;ogkj ls fHkUu izdkj
dk O;ogkj djuk gksxk vkSj mlds izfr vfrfjDr lgkuqHkwfr j[kuh gksxhA
O;k[;k % MkWñ tks'kh 'kdqu dks caVh ds izfr lpsr djrk gqvk le>krk gS fd caVh vc lk/kkj.k cPpk ugha cfYd
izkcYe cPpk gks x;k gS] D;ksafd og u;s ifjokj vkSj ekgkSy esa Lo;a dks ,MtsLV ugha dj ik jgk gS vkSj
u og viuh eka dk lEcU/k fdlh vkSj ls pkg jgk gSA og 'kdqu ds lkFk vdsys jgrs&jgrs cgqr
ikstsflo vfèkdkjkRed gks x;k gSA og ugha pkgrk fd 'kdqu mlls nwj tk, fdlh vkSj ls lEcU/k
LFkkfir djsA mls yxrk gS fd MkWñ tks'kh us mldh eka Nhu yh gSA
10
^'kq: ds fnuksa esa -------------------foHkksj {k.kksa ds vfHku; dhA**
izla x % izLrqr x|ka 'k ^vkidk caV h* miU;kl ls mn~/ k`r gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh }kjk fyf[kr ^vkidk ca Vh*
euksfo'ys"k.koknh miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ 'kdqu vius vkSj igys ifr vt; ds chp ds vlQy
oSo kfgd thou ds ruko ,oa dq.Bk dk Lej.k dj jgh gSA fookg ds vkjfEHkd fnuksa esa gh mUgsa
vglkl gks x;k Fkk fd 'kknh dk fu.kZ; lgh ugha gS ysfdu fQj Hkh mUgksau s bl xyr fu.kZ; dks
lq/ kkjus ds fy, dbZ rjg ds Hkjld iz;kl fd;s] izse leiZ.k esa lq/kkj ykus ds ukVd Hkh gq, Fks
ijUrq izse vkSj leiZ.k iuik ughaA
O;k[;k % 'kdqu dk ekuuk gS fd mUgksaus igys oSokfgd thou esa ek= izse dk vfHku; gh fd;kA okLro esa fookg
dk xyr fu.kZ; ys Mkyus dk vglkl nksuksa dks 'kq: ds fnuksa esa gh gks x;k FkkA ysfdu fQj Hkh fookg
dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, lHkh rjg ds nko&isap [ksys dHkh dkseyrk ds] dHkh dBksjrk dsA dHkh lc dqN
yqVk nsus okyh mnkjrk ,oa lân;rk ds rks dHkh lc dqN lesV ysus okyh dì.krk ,oa datwlh dsA izse
ds >wBs ukVd Hkh fd, rFkk vius dks U;kSNkoj ,oa ru&eu dks Mqcks nsus okys foHkksj {k.kksa dk vfHku;
Hkh fd;k fdUrq fQj Hkh oSokfgd thou esa dksbZ lq/kkj ugha gqvk cfYd fnu&izfrfnu vyxko vkSj rykd
dh vksj c<+rk x;kA
^^lkFk jgus dh ;U=.kk-------------D;k dqN vewY; [kks fn;k gSA**
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl ls mn~/k`r gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh }kjk fyf[kr ^vkidk caVh* ,d
euksfo'ys"k.koknh miU;kl gSA ;gka¡ 'kdqu vius vyxko ds fnuksa ds ckjs esa lksp jgh gSA vyx jgdj
Hkh ,d B.Mk ;q) tkjh jgk vkSj 'kk;n vyxko ds dkj.k vt; vkSj 'kdqu nksuksa us gj nwljs ds egRo
dks le>k gksxkA
O;k[;k % 'kdqu lksp jgh gS fd vt; ds lkFk jgus dh ;U=.kk cM+h d"Vnk;d Fkh vkSj vc vyx jguk Hkh
nq%[knk;d gSA vyx jgdj Hkh nksuksa esa ,d B.Mk ;q) dqN le; rd tkjh gh ugha jgrk oju~ vutkus
esa gh bl ;q) esa vius thrus dh laHkkouk,¡ iSnk gksus yxh Fkha D;ksafd ;g fopkj tkx x;k Fkk fd 'kk;n
vyx jgdj gh lgh rjhds ls vuqHko gksxk fd lkeus okys dks [kksdj D;k dqN vewY; [kks fn;k gSA
blh fpUrk esa mls ikus ds fy, fQj ls nkEiR; thou 'kq: gks ldrk gSA
^^;kn ugha] ij fdlh lanHkZ esa -------------------tgk¡ tfLVfQds'ku gS] ogka fxYV gSA**
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl ls mn~èk`r gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh }kjk fyf[kr ^vkidk caVh* euksfo'ys"k.koknh
miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ 'kdqu Lej.k dj jgh gS fd MkWñ tks'kh us ,d ckj mls vijk/k cks/k dh fLFkfr ds ckjs
esa le>k;k Fkk vkSj dgk Fkk O;fDr dks vkjksiksa ds ctk, Lo;a viuk ewY;kadu djuk pkfg, vkSj vijkèk
cksèk ls cpuk pkfg,A
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O;k[;k % 'kdqu ;kn djrh gSa fd MkWñ tks'kh us ,d ckj fdlh lanHkZ esa dgk Fkk fd tc euq"; vius&vius vijkèkh
eglwl djrk gS rks rdZ ds vk/kkj ij vius vki dks mfpr Bgjkrk jgrk gSA rFkk vius gj xyr dke
dks Hkh tLVhQkbZ u djs rks og vijk/kcks/k dks >syrk gqvk vf/kd fnu u th ik,xkA rdZ }kjk gh O;fDr
Lo;a dks tLVhQkbZ djds vijk/k cks/k ls NwV lkekU; ftanxh thus yxrk gSA bl izdkj tgka
tLVhfQds'ku gS ogk¡ vijk/k cks/k Hkh gSA
;g lgh gS fd eSa vt; dk fe= gw¡A--------gh 'kqM xzks ykbd , ck,] ykbd ,d eSuA**
miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ odhy pkpk 'kdqu ls dgrk gS fd og vt; dk fe= vo'; gS vkSj dydÙkk esa gh
jgrk gS vkSj nksuksa esa rykd djkus dk ftEek mlh ij gS] fQj Hkh og 'kdqu ls eS=h vkSj Lusg Hkko j[krk
gSA le;≤ ij 'kdqu rFkk caVh ds fgr esa lykg nsrk jgrk gSA ,sls esa 'kdqu pkgdj Hkh odhy
pkpk ds izfr dksbZ f'kdk;r ugha dj ldrhA
O;k[;k % odhy pkpk caVh dh ekrk dks le>krs gq, dgrs gSa fd ;g lgh gS fd eSa vkidk fe= gw¡ vkSj dydÙkk
jgrk gw¡] ij rqEgkjs fy, Hkh esjs eu esa Lusg] lgkuqHkwfr de ugha gSaA esjs izfr i{kikr dh dksbZ f'kdk;r
djuk pkgksxh] rks Hkh rqEgsa <w¡<s dksbZ ckr ugha feysxhA odhy pkpk 'kdqu dks caVh ds fo"k; esa le>krk
gqvk dgrk gS fd caVh dh i<+kbZ dh vksj /;ku ns] iM+ksl ;k eqgYys ds ,d&nks cPpksa ds lkFk [ksy ysus
ls mlds O;fDrRo dk leqfpr fodkl ugha gks ldrkA vkB&ukS lky ds c<+rh mez ds cPps ds bl rjg
dk okrkoj.k Bhd ugha gSA mls gkWLVy Hkst nsuk pkfg,A rkfd mldk fodkl ,d yM+ds dh Hkkafr] ,d
iq:"k dh Hkkafr gks ldsA
dHkh&dHkh yxrk tSls----------------eu gqvk ikik ls iwN ysA
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl ls mn~èk`r gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh }kjk fyf[kr ^vkidk caVh*
euksfo'ys"k.koknh miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ gkWLVy esa izos'k ds fy, caVh dks mlds firk vt; xkM+h esa fcBk
dj ys tk jgs gSaA xkM+h ds pyrs jkLrs esa isM+ ikS/ks n`'; ihNs NwVrs tk jgs gSa ftUgsa ns[k caVh dks
yxrk gS fd og vkxs c<+rk tk jgk gS vkSj mlds lxs laca/kh ihNs NwVrs tk jgs gSa] dgha vrhr esa
/kqa/kys gksrs tk jgs gSaA
O;k[;k % gkWLVy ds fy, tkrs gq, xkM+h esa caVh dks dHkh yxrk gS fd lc ds lc mlds lkFk nkSM+ jgs gSa vkSj
dHkh mls yxrk gS fd og nkSM+ jgk gS] ckfd lc ihNs NwVrs pys tk jgs gSaA mlus tc xnZu fudkydj
ckgj ns[kk rks lpeqp lHkh ihNs NwV x, Fks] dksbZ lkFk ugha nkSM+ jgk Fkk] tks tgka Fkk ogha [kM+k gS cl
ogh vkxs&vkxs c<+rk tk jgk gSA u tkus D;ksa fQj ,slk yxrk gS fd lkFk&lkFk nkSM+ jgs gSaA caVh dk
eu gqvk fd ikik ls ,d ckj iwN ys ysfdu ikik Hkh rks ihNs NwV x, gSaA vc mudk vDl Hkh rks èkqaèkyk
fn[kkbZ iM+ jgk gSA
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lkeus okys dks ijkftr-----------------------?kqVh&?kqVh vkSj d`f=eA
miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ 'kdqu vius oSokfgd thou ds }U} dks ;kn dj jgh gSA iwoZ ifr vt; dks ijkftr
djus gsrq dSls og lk¡l jksds] ne lk/ks] ?kqVh&?kqVh vkSj d`f=e <ax ls thou thrh jgh tcfd vt;
la?k"kZ dk {ks= NksM+ cgqr igys gh iyk;u dj pqdk FkkA
O;k[;k % ;gka 'kdqu vius vrhr dk Lej.k dj jgh gS fd vt; dks ijkftr djus dh eqnzk esa ;kaf=d thou th
jgh Fkh] og lc d`f=e Fkk vkSj og izkd`r LokHkkfod thou dh vis{kk la?k"kZ dj jgh FkhA lk¡l jksds]
ne lk/ks] og nko yxkus ds fy, rRij jgrh Fkh vkSj vkt Hkh mlh eqnzk esa gS tcfd lkeus okys O;fDr
vFkkZr~ vt; ds :i esa izfri{k rks irk ugha Fkk dc ls ifjn`'; ls gV x;k FkkA og vius thou la?k"kZ
vkSj miyfCèk;ksa dh fujFkZdrk dk eglwl djrh gqbZ i'pkrki dj jgh gSA
^êu dks ekjuk Hkh riL;k-----------------mldh riL;k ls\-----ikik------**
miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ caVh lksp jgk gS fd ikik }kjk fn;s x, f[kykSus vkfn dks fNik dj u pkgrs gq, Hkh
ikik ds ckjs esa dqN u lksp dj cM+h riL;k dj jgk gSa og lksprk gS ;fn eu dks ekjuk riL;k gS rks
og Hkh riL;k dj jgk gSA
O;k[;k % ;gk¡ caVh eka ds izfr vius nkf;Ro dks ysdj mls fdlh Hkh izdkj dk d"V u igq¡pkus ds mís'; ls ikik
}kjk fn, x, f[kykSuksa ls ugha [ksy jgk cfYd ikik dh rLohj vkSj f[kykSuksa dks fNik nsrk gS rkfd eka
mls ikik ds i{k esa tku dj mnkl u gks tk,A og ;g lc eu ekjdj gh dj jgk gS vkSj fopkj djrk
gS fd ;fn eu ekjuk gh riL;k ;k HkfDr gS rks og riL;k gh dj jgk gS bl lksp Hkj ls gh mlds
Hkhrj ,d vthc lh iqyd tkxh] vkSj ,d vthc lk vkRe&fo'oklA mlds Hkhrj ckj&ckj iz'u mB
jgs gSa fd dkSu izlUu gksxk mldh bl riL;k ls!
^ôg Hkhrj gh Hkhrj-----------fdlh dks ugha vkus nsxhA**
miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ caVh dks gkWLVy Hkstus ds mís'; ls 'kdqu fpfUrr gSA mls vdsysiu dk Mj Hk;Hkhr
fd;s gq, gS lkFk gh mls viuk vf/kdkj Hkh de izrhr gksus yxrk gSA ftl dkj.k og caVh dks gkWLVy
Hkstus ds i{k esa ugha gSA
O;k[;k % caVh dks gkWLVy Hkstus ds odhy pkpk ds ijke'kZ ij 'kdqu grk'k gks tkrh gS] mldk ân; xqLls vkSj
vkØks'k ls Hkj mBrk gSA og lksp jgh gS fd mlds vf/kdkj dks de djus ds mís'; ls caVh dks gkWLVy
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Hkstk tk jgk gSA og ,d fu'p; lk djrh gS fd og vius vf/kdkj dh lhek esa fdlh dks ugha vkus
nsxhA 'kdqu dks lansg gS fd caVh ds izfr izse ds dkj.k vt; okfil ml rd u igq¡p tk,] vkSj ;fn
caVh dks pkykdh ls 'kdqu ls vyx dj fn;k x;k rks vt; dks og ihM+k ugha feysxh tks 'kdqu mls
nsuk pkgrh gSA
rdksZa vkSj cglksa ls fnu chrrs Fks-------------caVh dh ml [kkbZ dks iVkus ds fy, lsrq ugha cu ldk]
ugha cukA
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl ls mn~/k`r gSA eUUkw Hk.Mkjh }kjk fyf[kr ^vkidk caVh*
euksfo'ys"k.koknh miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ 'kdqu vt; ds lkFk vius oSokfgd thou esa pyrs jgs 'khr ;q)
dk o.kZu dj jgh gS os ges'kk ,d nwljs dks ijkftr djds vius vuqdwy cukus ds mís'; ls ijLij
cglsa djrs] rdZ djrs vkSj jkf= ds le; nwljs dks nq[kh] cspSu vkSj NViVkrs gq, ns[kus dh vkdka{kk
esa jkrsa fcrkrsA
O;k[;k % 'kdqu vius Hkhrj dks Lej.k dj jgh gS fd vt; ds lax mlds fnu rdZ vkSj cgl djrs chrs] ogha
jkrsa nwljs dks nq[kh] cspSu vkSj NViVkrs ns[kus dh vkdka{kk esa chrhaA nksuksa esa yxkrkj vthc lk 'khr
;q) pyrk jgk vkSj ne lk/k dj nksuksa izrh{kk djrs gSa fd dc lkeus okys dh lk¡l m[kM+ tkrh gS vkSj
og ?kwVus Vsd ns] ftlls fQj og cM+h mnkjrk vkSj {kek'khyrk ds lkFk mlds lkjs voxq.k ;k xqukg
ekQ dj mls Lohdkj dj ys] mlds O;fDrRo dks iwjh rjg 'kwU; esa cny dj] mls Lohdkj dj ys vkSj
blh fLFkfr dks ykus ds fy, gj rjg ds nk¡oisap [ksys Fks&dHkh dkseyrk ds] dHkh dBksjrk dsA blh
loZLo yqVk nsus okyh mnkjrk ds rks dHkh lc dqN lesV ysus okyh dì.krk dsA 'kdqu ekurh gS fd
os nksuksa ,d nwljs dh gj ckr] gj O;ogkj vkSj gj vnk dks ,d u;k nk¡o le>us dks etcwj Fks ijUrq
bl lkjs ;q) vkSj nk¡o isapksa us nksuksa ds chp dh nwjh dks bruk c<+k;k fd fQj caVh dh ml [kkbZ dks
ikVus ds fy, iqy ugha cu ik;kA
tks gksuk Fkk lks gks gh x;k--------------------cl mlh esa vVdk jg tkrk gSA
miU;kl gSA ;gk¡ 'kdqu rykd gks tkus ds i'pkr~ lksp jgh gS fd pyks tks gqvk vPNk gh gqvk D;ksafd
;g gksuk gh FkkA rykd gksus ds ckn mudk ijLij lEcU/k lekIr gks x;k] ugha rks nksckjk feyus dh
vk'kk cuh jgrh vkSj eu ;wa gh] vVdk jgrk ,d nwljs ds fy,A
O;k[;k % 'kdqu rykd dks fuf'pr ekurh gqbZ dgrh gSa ;gh gksuk Fkk lks gks x;k vkSj pyks vPNk gh gqvk ugha
rks lkjh ftUnxh vyxko ds dkj.k iSnk gks jgs ruko esa dkVus dh vis{kk rks mlds eqDr gks tkuk gh
yk[k xq.kk vPNk gSA dkuwuh dk;Zokgh gks dj rykd gks tk, rks vPNk gh jgsxkA D;ksafd ;g nkEiR;
lEcU/k gh ,slk gS fd pkgs ftruk yM+ >xM+ yks] vyx jgus yxks] ij dgha u dgha feyus dh bPNk
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tkx`r gks gh tkrh gS ,oa oSokfgd thou dk /kkxk tqM+k gh jgrk gSA vk'kk;sa pkgsa ftUnxh &Hkj iwjh u
gks] gksrh Hkh ugha gS] fQj Hkh eu esa fey tkus dh vk'kk cuh jgrh gS tks O;fDr dks ijs'kku djrh gS
thou mlh esa vVdk jgrk gS vkSj eu dks m}sfyr fd;s jgrh gSa ruko eqDr gks LorU= ,oa 'kkUr thou
ugha thus nsrhA
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B.A. Semester-VI
Hindi Lesson 2
ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr dgkfu;ksa dh O;k[;k

mlus dgk Fkk
1- jkr Hkj rqe vius nksuksa dEcy-------------------------iMs+ jgrs gksA ¼i`ñ&19½
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr pUnz/kj 'kekZ xqysjh
dh dgkuh ^mlus dgk Fkk* esa ls fy;k x;k gSA
O;k[;k % izLrqr x|ka'k esa ygukflag ds R;kx vkSj lPps izse dk fp=.k gSA og lwcsnkjuh dks fn, vius opu dks
fuHkkrk gS vkSj othjkflag ds ;s 'kCn mlds bl lPps R;kx dk [kqyklk djrs gSa fd og cks/kkflag ds
chekj gks tkus ij viuh tku dh ijokg fd, fcuk mls vius nksuksa dEcy vks<+k nsrk gSA blds igjs
ij gksus ij Hkh mldh M~;wVh ygukflag nsrk gSA mls lw[ks ydM+h ds r[rs ij lqykrk gS rkfd og B.M
ls cp lds ijUrq [kqn dhpM+ esa iM+k jgrk gSA
fo'ks"k % ygukflag ds lPps R;kx vkSj cfynku dks izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA
2- ^^fctyh dh rjg-------------------fp= gks x,A ¼23½
izlax % izLrqr iafDr;k¡ MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ia- pUnz/kj 'kekZ xqysjh }kjk
fyf[kr dgkuh ^mlus dgk Fkk* ls yh xbZ gSaA
O;k[;k % bu iafDr;ksa esa ygukflag dh prqjkbZ dk ifjp; feyrk gS tks teZuh os'k/kkjh dks igpku ysrk gS tks
mlds yiVu lkgc dh onhZ /kkj.k dj mlds lkeus vkrk gSA prqjkbZ ds lkFk&lkFk yguk dh cgknqjh
dk Hkh irk pyrk gSA og fctyh dh rsth ls ml os'k/kkjh yiVu lkgc ij okj djrk gS vkSj og ewfNZr
gksdj fxj iM+rk gSA
fo'ks"k % ;q) {ks= esa ygukflag dh prqjkbZ vkSj cgknqjh dk fp=.k bu iafDr;ksa esa gqvk gSA
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3- ^^lqfu, rks] lwcsnkjuh gksjk¡ dks fpV~Bh fy[kks rks
esjk eRFkk Vsduk fy[k nsuk vkSj tc ?kj tkvks
rks dg nsuk fd eq>ls tks mlus dgk Fkk og
eSaus dj fn;k**
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr ia- pUnz/kj 'kekZ xqysjh
}kjk fyf[kr dgkuh ^mlus dgk Fkk* esa ls fy;k x;k gSA
O;k[;k % teZu ds fo:) ta x ls ykSV rs gq, cks/kkfla g vkSj lw csnkj yguk dks Hkh xkM+h ij p<+us ds fy,
dgrk gS rks og euk dj nsrk gSA og lwcsn kj ls dgrk gS fd tc os lw csnkjuh dks fpV~Bh fy[ksaxs
rks mldh rjQ ls Hkh eRFkk Vsduk fy[k ns vkSj lkFk gh ;g Hkh crk ns tks mlus dgk Fkk og
yguk us dj fy;k gSA yguk us tks opu lwcsnkjuh dks fn;k Fkk fd og mlds ifr vkSj iq= dh
j{kk djsxkA
fo'ks"k % yguflag dh bekunkjh vkSj R;kx dh Hkkouk dk izn'kZu izLrqr x|ka'k esa gqvk gSA
4- ^vc nksuksa tkrs gSaA esjs HkkxA rqEgsa ;kn gS] ---------------------------------ilkjrh gw¡A*
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr iañ pUnz/kj 'kekZ
xqysjh }kjk fyf[kr dgkuh ^mlus dgk Fkk* esa ls fy;k x;k gSA
O;k[;k % yguk flag LoIu esa gS vkSj mls lwcsnkjuh ds og 'kCn ;kn vk jgs gSa tks mlus tax ij tkus ls igys
yguk ls dgs Fks fd vc rks lc dqN mlds HkkX; ij fuHkZj gS D;ksafd mldk ifr vkSj iq= nksuksa
tax ij tk jgs gSaA og yguk dks cpiu dh ?kVuk ;kn djokrh gS fd tc mlus fcxMs+ ?kksMs+ ls
mldh tku cpkbZ Fkh vkSj Lo;a ?kksMs+ dh ykrksa ds vkxs FkkA og mlh ?kVuk dks ;kn djokrs ,d
ckj nksckjk mlds vkxs xqgkj yxkrh gS fd tax ds eSnku esa nksuksa dh j{kk djukA og fHk{kk ds :i
esa mudh lqj{kk ekaxrh gSA
fo'ks"k % lwcsnkjuh ds :i esa ,d ek¡ dh eerk vkSj iRuh dh fpUrk dh vfHkO;fDr gS tks fd LokHkkfod gSA
bZn dk R;ksgkj
1- jet+ku ds rhl----------------c/kkbZ ns jgk gSA
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr izsepUn dh dgkuh
^bZn dk R;ksgkj* ls fy;k x;k gSA
O;k[;k % izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa ys[kd us jet+ku ds eghus esa vkus okys jkstksa ds ckn vkbZ bZn dk izkd`frd fp=.k
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fd;k gSA bZn ds fnu izHkkr Hkh lkSUn;Z ls Hkjk&Hkjk yxrk gSA o`{kksa ij Hkh gfj;kyh Nk tkrh gSA [ksrksa
esa Hkh jkSud fn[krh gS vkSj vkleku esa Hkh lqUnj ykfyek fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bZn ds fnu dk lw;Z Hkh ekuksa
lcdks c/kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj mldh 'khryrk Hkh eu dks Hkkrh gSA
fo'ks"k % ys[kd us bZn ds fnu dk fp=.k izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ds fp=.k ds ek/;e ls fd;k gSA
2- ^^feV~Vh ds rks gS------------------ys ldrkA
izlax % izLrqr iafDr;k¡ MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr izsepUn dh dgkuh
^bZn dk R;ksgkj* ls yh xbZ gaSA
O;k[;k % gkfen ds fe= esys esa f[kykSus [kjhnrs gSa ijUrq gkfen ds ikl brus iSls ugha fd og f[kykSus [kjhn ldsA
lHkh fe= vius&vius f[kykSus dh iz'kalk djrs gSa ij gkfen dgrk gS fd feêh ds gh rks gSa fxjsaxs rks
pdukpwj gks tk,axs ijUrq vUnj cky eu mu f[kykSuksa dks yypkbZ vk¡[kksa ls ns[k jgk gS fd dk'k og
bu f[kykSuksa dks gkFk esa ysdj Nw ldrkA
fo'ks"k % ys[kd us bu iafDr;ksa esa cky euksHkkoksa dk fp=.k fd;k gS tks cgqr gh LokHkkfod gSA
3- gkfen yksgs dh-----------------f[kykSus ls D;k Qk;nk!
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrr ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr izsepUn dh dgkuh
O;k[;k % esy s esa x, cPpksa ds lkFk gkfen Hkh x;k gSA lHkh cPps f[kykSus [kjhnus esa O;Lr gSa fdUrq gkfen
ds eu esa dqN vkSj gh py jgk gS og yksgs dh ,d nqdku ij :d tkrk gSA ogk¡ iMs+ fpeVksa
dks ns[ kdj mls viuh nknh dk /;ku vk;k fd nknh ds gkFk jksfV;k¡ idkrs le; ty tkrs gSa
D;ksa u og Hkh ,d fpeVk ys tkdj nknh dks ns ns rks mudh ma xfy;k¡ Hkh ugha tysaxhA nknh
fpeVs dks ns[kdj cgqr [kq'k gksa xhA f[kykSus ls dksbZ Qk;nk ugha gksus okyk blfy, nknh ds fy,
fpeVk ysuk gh Bhd jgsxkA
fo'ks"k % gkfen dk viuh nknh ds izfr lkspuk cky lqyHk I;kj dk fp=.k djrk gS fd mls f[kykSus ls T;knk nknh
ds fy, fpeVk ysuk T+;knk lgh yx jgk gSA
4- eSa ugha [ksyrk--------------------------f[kykSus yksxs
O;k[;k % gkfen ds ckyeu dk fp=.k bu iafDr;ksa esa gqvk gSA esys esa tkus ij Hkh og iwjh rjg [kq'k ugha
FkkA vius fe=ksa dks f[kykSuksa ls [ksyrs ns[kdj og lksp jgk Fkk fd eq>s ugha [ksyuk f[kykSuksa lsA
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eSa xjhc gw¡ rks D;k gqvk fdlh ls dqN Hkh ek¡xus rks ugha tkrkA og vius vCcktku ds ckjs esa lkspus
yxk fd dHkh u dHkh rks vEek vkSj vCcktku vk,axsA rc eSa bu yksxksa ls iwNw¡xk fd cksyksa fdrus
f[kykSus pkfg,A
fo'ks"k % gkfen ds vUreZu dh ihM+k dk fp=.k gS fd fcuk ekrk&firk dh larku dks fdu&fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
>syuk iM+rk gSA
5- ;g ewd Lusg Fkk----------------------------xn~xn gks x;kA
^bZn dk R;ksgkj* ls yh xbZ gaSA
O;k[;k % gkfen dh nknh ml ij ukjkt+ gksrh gS fd u bl yM+ds us dqN [kk;k u fi;k vkSj esys ls ,d yksgs
dk fpeVk mBk yk;kA nknh dk Øks/k c<+us yxk rks gkfen dgrk gS fd og ;g fpeVk mlds fy, yk;k
gS rkfd mldh maxfy;k¡ u ty tk;sa rks nknh dk Øks/k Lusg esa cny tkrk gS vkSj og 'kCnksa esa Hkh mls
O;Dr ugha dj ikrh D;ksafd ;g mldk vius iksrs ds izfr ewd Lusg Fkk tks [kwc jl vkSj Lokn ls Hkjk
FkkA nknh lkspus yxh fd nwljs cPpksa dks f[kykSus ysrs ns[k bldk eu yypk;k gksxk ijUrq bls ogk¡
Hkh nknh dh ;kn jghA ;g lksp&lksp dj mldk eu xn~xn gks x;k vFkkZr og izlUu Fkh fd gkfen
esys esa tkdj Hkh vius fy, u lkspdj viuh nknh ds fy, fpafrr FkkA
fo'ks"k % nknh dh izlUurk dk fp=.k gS D;ksafd gkfen esys ls mlds fy, fpeVk yk;k gS rkfd jksfV;k¡ lsadrs le;
mldh m¡xfy;k¡ u tysaA
i<+kbZ
1- ek¡ blls cM+h vlUrq"V gS------------------dSls pysA
izlax % izLrqr iafDr;k¡ MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr tSusUnz dqekj dh
dgkuh î<+kbZ* ls yh xbZ gSaA izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa lqu;uk dh ek¡ lquUnk dh fpUrk vfHkO;Dr gqbZ gS fd
yM+dh fcxM+ tk,xh rks dkSu l¡HkkysxkA
O;k[;k % ys[kd tSusUnz dqekj lquUnk dh fpark dk o.kZu djrs gSa fd fdl rjg og viuh csVh lqu;uk ls vlarq"V
gSA mldh fpark dk lcls cM+k dkj.k gS fd ,d rks og yM+dh gS vkSj og ,sls fcxM+ jgh gSA fcxM+
tk,xh rks dkSu laHkkysxk rc Hkh muds flj ij gh iMs+xhA lquUnk pkgrh gS fd lqu;uk vc vnc lh[ks
vkSj lcdk dguk ekusA
fo'ks"k % lquUnk dk eu fpUrkxzLr gS fd mldh csVh vc N% cjl dh gks xbZ blfy, og vnc lh[ks D;ksafd ;fn
yM+dh fcxM+ xbZ rks mls ekrk ds vfrfjDr dkSu laHkkysxkA blh ckr dks ysdj mldh viuh uun ds
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lkFk dgk lquh gks tkrh gSA
2- ek¡ rks ek¡ gS] ij yM+dh rks ------------------cMs+ I;kj ls ikyk gSA
izlax % izLrqr iafDr;k¡ MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr tSusUnz dqekj dh
dgkuh î<+kbZ* ls yh xbZ gSaA dgkuh dh ik= lquUnk dh fpUrk dk o.kZu gS fd fdl rjg yM+dh dh
ek¡ gksus ds dkj.k og lekt esa izpfyr ekunaMksa ls ijs'kku gSA
O;k[;k % tSu sUnz ,d ek¡ dh fpUrk dk o.kZu djrs gSa fd fdl rjg ,d yM+d h dh ek¡ gksuk fpUrk dk
fo"k; cu tkrk gSA ek¡ rks ek¡ cuh jgsxh ijUrq yM+dh lnk yM+d h ugha jgsxhA ek¡ ds eu dks
;gh ckrsa nnZ ns jgh gSa A vkt rks yM+dh gS ijUrq ,d dy Hkh vkus okyk gS tks lcls cM+h pqukSrh
gS fd tc mldk C;kg gksxk vkSj yksx iw Nsaxs fd fdruk i<+h gS rc ;g dguk eqf'dy gksxk fd
mUgksau s viuh csVh dks cMs+ ykM I;kj ls ikyk gS vFkkZr~ ml le; mldh i<+kbZ] mlds Kku vkSj
mldh lh[k ds ckjs esa iwNsa xsA
fo'ks"k % lekt esa yM+dh dh bTtr vkSj eku rHkh gS tc fd og i<+&fy[k dj le>nkj gks tk, vU;Fkk lekt
mls Lohdkj ugha djrk bldk fp=.k izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa gqvk gSA
NksVk tknwxj
^^rek'kk ns[kus ugha---------------izlUurk gksrhA
izlax % izLrqr x|ka'k MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh esa ladfyr t;'kadj izlkn dh
dgkuh ^NksVk tknwxj* ls fy;k x;k gSA
O;k[;k % dkfuZoy esa feys NksVs yM+ds ls ckrphr esa ys[kd dks irk pyrk gS fd og rek'kk ns[kus ugha fn[kkus
fudyk gS A bu iafDr;ksa ls ml yM+ds dh ekfeZd fLFkfr dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA og ys[kd dks crkrk
gS fd rek'kk fn[kkus ls mls dqN iSls feysaxs rks og viuh chekj ek¡ dk bykt djok ldsxkA blfy,
og ys[kd ls dgrk gS fd vkius 'kjcr u fiykdj ;fn esjk [ksy ns[kdj eq>s dqN iSls fn, gksrs rks
eq>s vf/kd izlUurk gksrhA bu iafDr;ksa esa NksVs yM+ds dh n;uh; fLFkfr dk o.kZu gS fd vkfFkZd
foiUurk us mldh t+:jrksa vkSj lksp dks cny fn;k gSA
fo'ks"k % vkfFkZd vHkko ls xzLr NksVs yM+ds dh ekufld fLFkfr dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA
^êk¡ us dgk gS fd vkt rqjUr pys vkukA esjh ?kM+h lehi gSA**
izlax % izLrqr iafDr;k¡ MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr t;'kadj izlkn dh
dgkuh ^NksVk tknwxj* ls yh xbZ gSaA
O;k[;k % NksVk yM+dk lM+ d ds fdukjs viuk tknw fn[kk jgk Fkk ijUrq vkt mlds tknw esa og tks'k ugha
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FkkA ys[kd mls iwNrk gS fd vkt rqEgkjk [ksy tek ugha rks yM+ds ds 'kCn ,d ckyd dh
ihM+knk;d fLFkfr dks O;Dr djrs gSa tc og dgrk gS fd ek¡ us dgk Fkk fd tYnh vk tkuk esjh
?kM+h lehi gS vFkkZr~ chekj ek¡ dk vfUre le; djhc Fkk blfy, og mls tYnh ykSV vkus ds
fy, dgrh gSA
fo'ks"k % iafDr;ksa esa ek¡ dh foo'krk vkSj NksVs yM+ds dh ekufld ihM+k dk fp=.k gSA
izk;f'pr
1- jke dh cgw ij [kwu----------------mls ns[k jgh gS
izlax % izLrqr iafDr;k¡ lEiknd MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr Hkxorh
pj.k oekZ dh dgkuh îzk;f'pr* ls yh xbZ gSaA bl dgkuh esa dgkuhdkj us Hkkjrh; lekt esa QSys
vaèkfo'okl dk fp=.k fd;k gSA
O;k[;k % jkew dh cgw fcYyh dks Qalkus ds fy, cMs+ ;Ru djrh gS vkSj mlds fy, cf<+;k Hkkstu j[krh gS ijUrq
fcYyh mldh idM+ esa ugha vkrhA og fcYyh dh gjdrksa ls rax vk tkrh gSA ,d fnu rks og cqjh rax
vk tkrh gS tc fcYyh dVksjs dks Qsad dj mldh j[kh [khj dks pV dj tkrh gSA vc jke dh cgw ds
xqLls dh lhek [kRe gks pqdh Fkh vkSj og fcYyh dks ekjus ds fy, dej dldj rS;kj gks pqdh FkhA
og lksp esa iM+ xbZ fd dcjh ij fdl rjg ls okj fd;k tk, fd og ft+Unk u cpsA blh fLFkfr dk
fp=.k bu iafDr;ksa esa gqvk gSA
fo'ks"k % dgkuh esa fcYyh ls rax iM+h jkew dh cgw dh fLFkfr dk fp=.k gS fdl rjg og fcYyh dks ekjus dh
;kstuk,¡ rS;kj djus yxrh gSA
2- ^êk¡th] fcYyh dh gR;k---------------------gR;k jgsxhA**
izlax % izLrqr iafDr;k¡ lEiknd MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr Hkxorhpj.k
oekZ dh dgkuh îzk;f'pr* ls yh xbZ gSaA lekt esa fdl rjg ds va/kfo'okl QSys gSa mUgha dk fp=.k
bu iafDr;ksa esa gqvk gSA
O;k[;k % fcYyh ij vkbZ [kht ds dkj.k jkew dh cgw fcYyh dks ekj pqdh Fkh ijUrq lekt esa QSys va/kfo'okl ds
dkj.k ml ij fcYyh dh gR;k dk vkjksi yx jgk FkkA fcYyh dks ekj nsus ij feljkuh dgrh gSa fd
fcYyh dh gR;k vkSj vkneh dh gR;k ,d cjkcj gSA og dgrh gS fd og rc rd jlksbZ ugha cuk,xh
tc rd jkew dh cgw ds flj ij fcYyh dh gR;k dk byt+ke jgsxkA
fo'ks"k % va/kfo'okl ds dkj.k fdl rjg ge vius thou dks ca/kuksa esa tdM+ nsrs gSa mlh dk fp=.k bu iafDr;ksa
esa gqvk gSA
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3- ^îf.Mr ijelq[k us iUus ds iUus myVs- ----------------------------fo/kkuA**
izlax % izLrqr iafDr;k¡ MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr Hkxorhpj.k oekZ dh
dgkuh îzk;f'pr* esa ls yh xbZ gSaA bu iafDr;ksa esa i.Mk&if.Mrksa ij fd, tkus okys va/kfo'okl dk
O;aX;iw.kZ fp=.k gqvk gSA
O;k[;k % jkew dh cgw us fcYyh dh gR;k dh gS blfy, mldh lkl if.Mr th dks cqyokrh gS rkfd cgw ds flj
ls iki dks mrkjk tk,A if.Mr th iwNus ij crkrs gSa fd vdsys fcYyh dh gR;k ls ujd dk uke ugha
cryk;k tk ldrk D;ksafd tc rd egwjr ekywe u gks rc rd ujd dk irk ugha yx ldrk gSA
feljkuh ds crkus ij fd lqcg lkr cts fcYyh dh gR;k gqbZ gS rks if.Mr us iUus ds iUus myVs vkSj
dqN lkspus yxs vkSj cMs+ xEHkhj Loj esa cksyus yxs fd izkr%dky czã eqgwrZ esa fcYyh dh gR;k ;s rks cgqr
cqjk gqvkA dqEHkh ikd ujd feysxkA
fo'ks"k % bu iafDr;ksa esa if.Mrksa ij fd, tkus okys va/kfo'okl dk fp=.k gSA
vkneh dk cPpk
1- yM+dh m/kj tkrh rks mu csgwns---------------tkus dkA
izlax % ;s iafDr;k¡ laiknd MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk lEikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr dgkuh ^vkneh
dk cPpk* ls yh xbZ gSaA
O;k[;k % vfHktkr&oxZ ds vUreZu esa QSys Mj dk fp=.k bu iafDr;ksa esa djrs gq, ys[kd us Li"V fd;k gS fd fdl
rjg felst+ cXxk ds eu esa Mj gS fd mudh csVh Mksyh ekyh ;k /kksch ds cPpksa ds lkFk [ksysxh rks fcxM+
tk,xh ijUrq f'k'kq eu bl vUrj dks ugha tkurk blhfy, Mksyh dk vkd"kZ.k ekyh ds ?kj tUesa u, cPps
dh rjQ gSA ek¡ dks ;g Mj gS fd yM+dh m/kj tk,xh rks mu csgwns cPpksa ds lkFk /kwy ls mBk&mBkdj
'kgrwr [kk,xhA lcls cM+k Mj mlds eu esa ;g Fkk fd mu cPpksa ds lkFk [ksysxh rks mldh vknrsa fcxM+
tk,axhA
fo'ks"k % xjhcksa ds cPpksa ds izfr vfHktkr&oxZ ds eu esa fdl&fdl rjg ds Mj iuirs gSa mlh dk fp=.k bu
iafDr;ksa esa gqvk gSA
2- thou ls lUrq"V gSa ijUrq-------------------fd, gSaA
izlax % izLrqr iafDr;k¡ MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk laikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr ;'kiky dh dgkuh
^vkneh dk cPpk* ls yh xbZ gSaA bu iafDr;ksa esa cXxk lkgc ds pfj= dks mn~/kkfVr fd;k x;k gSA
O;k[;k % cXxk lkgc dk pfj= vkn'kZ pfj= gS vkSj vius thou ls os iw.kZ :i ls larq"V gSa ysfdu vius drZO;
ls csijokg fcYdqy ugha gSaA mudh ,d gh csVh gS ftldk uke Mksyh gSA Mksyh ds ckn muds dksbZ lUrku
ugha gqqbZ A viuh bdykSrh lUrku ds izfr viuk iwjk dRrZO; fuHkkus ds dkj.k os iw.kZ #i ls larq"V gSa A
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cXxk lkgc ds thou esa larku ds izfr viuk dRrZO; fuHkkuk lcls mapk vkn'kZ gS A muds pfj= dh lcls
cM+h fo'ks"krk gS fd os Mksyh dks gh csVh vkjS csVk nksauksa ekudj larks"k fd, gq, gSa vFkZkr muds fy, csVh
vkSj csVs esa dksbZ varj ugha A
fo'ks"k % cXxk lkgc dh pfjf=d fo'ks"krkvksa dks izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa iw.kZ #i ls of.kZr fd;k gS A
nkjksx+k vehjpUn
1- eSa gt+kjk tsy esa u;k&u;k vk;k Fkk----------------eq>s fujk'k ugha gksuk iM+kA
izlax % izLrqr iafDr;k¡ laiknd MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk lEikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr vKs; dh
dgkuh ^nkjksx+k vehjpUn* esa ls yh xbZ gSaA vdkyh fl;kfl;ksa }kjk nkjksx+k vehjpUn ds ncncs dks [kRe
djus dh ?kVuk dk o.kZu dgkuh esa dbZ eksM+ksa ds :i esa izLrqr gSA
O;k[;k % ys[kd bu iafDr;ksa esa ch Dykl ds dSfn;ksa dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrk gSA gfjiqj gt+kjk tsy dk lh
Dykl dk dSnh viuh fLFkfr dks Li"V djrk gS fd og ykgkSj dh tsy esa ch Dykl dSnh FkkA ogk¡ lwus
thou ls og ek;wl FkkA tcfd ogk¡ lqfo/kk,a vf/kd FkhaA bl lwus okrkoj.k ds dkj.k gh mlus ml
tsy esa >xM+k fd;k Fkk rkfd ml ekgkSy ls fudy ldsA og vius bjkns esa dke;kc Hkh jgkA ogk¡
gt+kjk tsy esa rjg&rjg ds dSnh FksA dbZ rjg ds jax ml tsy esa mifLFkr Fks vFkkZr~ mls og lc fey
x;k Fkk tks og pkgrk FkkA
fo'ks"k % tsy ds dSfn;ksa ds thou dk fp=.k bu iafDr;ksa esa gqvk gS fd os Hkh thou esa vyx jaxksa dh ryk'k esa
jgrs gSaA
2- ^^rqe yksxksa dh nj[k+kLr ij---------------eksM+ fn;kA**
izlax % izLrqr iafDr;k¡ laiknd MkWñ n'kjFk vks>k }kjk lEikfnr iqLrd ^dgkuh ,dkn'kh* esa ladfyr vKs; dh
dgkuh ^nkjksx+k vehjpUn* esa ls yh xbZ gSaA nkjksx+k vehjpUn }kjk dSfn;ksa ds lkeus viuh ew¡Ns uhps djus
dh ?kVuk dk o.kZu gSA
O;k[;k % vdkfy;ksa ds }kjk viuh ekaxs euokus ij Hkh tc nkjksxk ugha ekurk rks os mlds ncncs dks dqpyus
ds fy, ,d pky pyrs gSa vkSj mlls dgrs gSa fd og muds lkeus viuh ew¡Ns uhph dj ys rks nkjksx+k
jkr&Hkj lksp ysus ds ckn vxys fnu lqcg gh cSjd esa vk tkrk gSA mu vdkfy;ksa dks le>krk gqvk
dgrk gS fd vkf[kj mUgsa lkFk&lkFk jguk gSA dHkh mudk iyM+k Hkkjh gks tkrk gS rks dHkh mldkA ;s
rks pyrk gh jgsxk fd dHkh vkius gesa nck fy;k dHkh geus vkidks] dHkh geus rqEgkjh xnZu uki yh]
dHkh geus rqEgkjs lkeus viuh ew¡Ns uhph dj yhaA bruk dgrs gh njksx+k us viuh ew¡Ns gkFk ls ely
dj uhps dj yhaA
fo'ks"k % nkjksxk dh gkL;kLin fLFkfr dk o.kZu bu iafDr;ksa esa gqvk gSA
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B.A. Semester-VI
Hindi Lesson 3
oSokfgd lEcU/kksa ds cnyrs ewY; vkSj ^vkidk caVh*

3-0 :ijs[ kk
3-1 mís' ;
3-2 çLrkouk
3-3 oSokfgd laca/kksa ds cnyrs ewY;
3-4 lkjka ' k
3-5 dfBu 'kCn
3-6 vH;klkFkZ ç'u
3-7 lUnHkZx zUFk@iqLrdsa
3-1 mís'; % çLrqr vkys[k ds v/;;uksijkUr vki
& ikfjokfjd folaxfr ds f'kdkj ifr iRuh ,oa iq= dk ysf[kdk us tks euksoSKkfud vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh fp=.k
fd;k gS mlls voxr gks ldsaxsA
& oSokfgd lac/kksa ds cnyrs ewY;ksa dks tku ldsaxsA
& Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj vk/kqfud cnyko ds }U} ls mRiUu çHkko dks tku ldsaxsA
3-2 çLrkouk
^vkidk caVh* miU;kl eUuw HkaMkjh dk LorU= :i ls fy[kk x;k miU;kl gSA bl miU;kl esa ikfjokfjd
folaxfr ds f'kdkj ifr&iRuh ds ,d ek= iq= caVh dks dsUnz cukdj mlds lewps ekufld lalkj dk euksoSKkfud
vkSj ;kFkkFkZoknh fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA lkekftd ifjos'k esa eEeh vkSj ikik ds lEcU/k mlds thou dks fdlh
vuk;kl ruko ls cqu nsrs gSaA
eeh vkSj ikik dk vyxko caVh ds fy, ,d xgjs nnZ dk dkj.k gSA ;g miU;kl vkt ds lkekftd vkSj
}U}kRed ifjos'k esa tgk¡ vk/kqfud ifr&iRuh] eeh&ikik gksdj Hkh vius LorU= vfLrRo vkSj vFkZoku gksus dh
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lkFkZdrk ds dkj.k] ,d vUrghu folaxfr esa ;kruk dk lkeuk djrs gSaA
^vkidk caVh* miU;kl viuh lexzrk esa Hkh] deksos'k nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gSa& ,d ifr&iRuh ds izse vkSj
fookg rFkk mlds mijkUr ^,MtLesaV* dh leL;kA nwljs muds ekrk&firk ds :i esa cPps dh muds i`Fkd~ gksus ds
dkj.k euksoSKkfud ^,MtLesaV* dh leL;kA bl leL;k dk dkj.k [kkstus ds fy, vk/kqfudrk vkSj ledkyhu
ifjos'k ds chp lrr fojks/k dh fLFkfr mÙkjnk;h gSA
3-3 oSokfgd lca/kksa ds cnyrs ewY; %
^vkidk caVh* esa eeh vkSj ikik viuh&viuh LorU=rk dh viuh&viuh vo/kkj.kk ds dkj.k ,d&nwljs
ls fuokZg ugha dj ikrsA ;g vuqHkoghu ikfjokfjd thou dh okLrfodrk vkSj vk/kqfud okrkoj.k esa iy jgh
ekufldrk ds dkj.k gqvk gSA fookg iwoZ dh mUeqä ekufldrk esa ukjh vkSj iq:"k nksuksa gh nkf;Roiw.kZ cU/ku dks
fuHkk ugha ikrsA iq:"k vkfne 'kfä esa fo'okl j[krs gq, e/;;qxhu laLdkjksa ls xzLr jgrk gS vkSj ukjh vk/kqfudrk
dks QS'ku ekudj mPNà[kyrk dh lhek rd pyh tkrh gSaA mldk n`f"Vdks.k vagoknh gS vkSj og Hkh ekufld :i
ls fdlh Hkh rjg vius ikfjokfjd thou esa ^,MtLVesaV* ugha dj ikrhA bl rjg fujUrj nksuksa esa ,d&nwljs dks
uhpk fn[kkus vkSj la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr cuh jgrh gSaA fdUrq tc os nksuksa ,d u;s ikfjokfjd thou esa layXu gksrs gSa
rks mldk og thou deksos'k fuokZg dh gn rd igq¡p tkrk gSA vt; dh u;h iRuh ehjk mlls ^,MtLV* djrh
gSA ogha 'kdqu Hkh MkWñ tks'kh ls ^,MtLesaV* djus yxrh gSA bl rjg ukjh dk dqN lhek rd >qduk vkSj lefiZr
gksuk miU;kldkj dks Hkh Lohdkj gSA fdUrq vt; vkSj 'kdqu dk ^,MtLV u dj ikuk gh miU;kl dh jpuk dk
dsUnzfcUnq gSA
oLrqr % e/;eoxhZ; cqf)thoh ifjokjksa dh folaxfr;ksa dks ysdj miU;kl dk dFkkud fufeZr gqvk gSA bu
ifjokjksa dk vk/kkj Hkkjrh; gksdj Hkh mudk :ikUrj.k if'peh gks pqdk gSA bl izdkj iqjkus ewY;ksa ds fo?kVu vkSj
u;s ewY;ksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k ,d tfVy fLFkfr fufeZr gks xbZ gSaA
budk csVk caVh] ikik ds vHkko vkSj eeh ds fo'ks"k vuqjkx ds chp laosnukRed =klnh Hkksxrk gSA caVh
lEiw.kZ HkkSfrd lq[kksa ds chp Hkh ekufld =klnh ls =Lr gSA og u rks u;s ikik dks Lohdkj dj ldrk gS vkSj
u u;h eeh dks] D;ksafd ;s ikik vkSj eeh mlds ugha gSA bl izdkj ifr&iRuh dk ikfjokfjd vUrfoZjks/k caVh ds
thou dh =klnh cu tkrk gSA bl =klnh dk igyw ;FkkFkZoknh gSA tgk¡ 'kdqu vkSj vt; ,d u;k ifjokj [kkst
ldrs gSa ogk¡ caVh blfy, ^,MtLV* ugha gks ldrk gS fd mldk O;fäRo foHkkftr gks tkrk gSA caVh ds izfr eeh
dk vuqjkx Hkh 'kdqu dks vt; dk ^psysat* Lohdkj djus ls ugha jksd ikrkA tc ,d iq:"k nwljh ukjh dks viuk
cukdj mls rykd ns ldrk gS rks ukjh Hkh ,slk D;ksa ugha dj ldrh\ bldk dkj.k ;gh gS fd tgk¡ if'pe esa
ekrk&firk ds vius lUrku ls lEcU/k vR;Ur ;kfU=d jgrs gSa ogk¡ Hkkjr esa ;g ugha gks ikrkA eeh vkSj ikik dk
,d ckyd ds izfr Hkh Lusg gS vkSj nwljh vksj os fons'kh laLd`fr dk vuqdj.k Hkh djrs gSaA
^caVh* vfrfjä laosnu'khy gksus ds dkj.k ^,c~ukeZy* gS vkSj okLro esa mldh leL;k gh izeq[k gSA
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miU;kldkj us nkEiR; folaxfr dks ek/;e ekudj bl ifjfLFkfr esa ckyd ds euksfoKku dks gh viuh jpuk dk
dsUnz cuk;k gSA
caVh] 'kdqu vkSj vt; dk iq= gSA 'kdqu vkSj vt; nks ,sls uke gSa tks bl rjg ds fdlh Hkh ukjh vkSj
iq#"k ds uke gks ldrs gSaA og caVh mudk iq= gS vkSj ge lcdk iq= Hkh gks ldrk gSA bl izdkj ;g leL;k
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa dh gh ugha] lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr dh ikfjokfjd folaxfr;ksa ls mRiUu cky&thou dh
leL;k gS tks ,sls ckydksa ds eeh vkSj ikik dh vis{kk mudh viuh gh leL;k vf/kd gSA
bu leL;k ds izeq[k :i esa nks i{k gSa& lkekftd ,oa euksoSKkfud] bl rjg ds lekt esa ;g leL;k
,d ûkeZy* #Vhu u jgdj euq"; dh jkxkRed psruk dk Li'kZ dj ysrh gS] D;ksafd ;g leL;k lkekftd gksrs
gq, Hkh euksoSKkfud vf/kd gSA ;g vko';d ugha fd lHkh cPps caVh dh rjg gksaA ij lc fL=;k¡ u 'kdqu gks
ldrh gS vkSj u lHkh iq:"k vt;A bl rjg caVh ^,cukWeZy* gS ;g iz'u izklafxd ugha gSA izklafxdrk dk
okLrfod lUnHkZ ;g gS fd ikfjokfjd folaxfr;k¡ gh oS;fäd fc[kjko dk vk/kkj curh gSaA rHkh rks MkWñ tks'kh ds
?kj esa vius lkFk fHkUu O;ogkj ds dkj.k caVh ,d xgjh osnuk ls xqtjrk gSA ûkeZy* ifjokjksa esa O;ogkj dh ;g
fHkUurk rks feyrh gS ij mldh psruk ds vHkko ds dkj.k vglkl dh bruh rhoz vfHkO;atuk ugha gks ikrhA
caVh vkRefuHkZj ugha gks ikrk vkSj mldh izo`fÙk foxrkoLFkk ls fpids jgus dh gks tkrh gSA caVh Hkh vius
fodkl ds lkFk ek¡ ij gh fuHkZj jgrk gSA miU;kl esa vusd ckj ik=ksa us mlds LorU= fodkl ds fy, ,d euq";
ds :i esa cMs+ gksus gsrq volj nsus dh fLFkfr dks Lohdkj fd;k gS ftuesa odhy pkpk izeq[k gSaA LoIu rks ^vkidk
caVh* miU;kl esa ,d O;kid rduhd ds :i esa iz;qä fd;k x;k gSA LoIu okLro esa nfer oklukvksa dh iwfrZ dk
gh ek/;e gSA lq"kqfIr dh voLFkk esa ;s nfer okluk,¡ viuk :i ifjorZu dj psru ds {ks= esa izos'k djus yxrh
gSaA caVh LoIu esa vusd ?kVukvksa dh dYiuk djrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd og LoIu rd ns[krk gSA bl izdkj ^vkidk
caVh* miU;kl dk caVh ikfjokfjd folaxfr ds chp iy jgs ,d ;krukxzLr ckyd ds vUreZu dh xgjkbZ rd tkus
dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
caVh ghurk&xzfUFk dk f'kdkj Hkh gSA oLrqr% ;g xzfUFk mlds eu esa MkWñ tks'kh ds ?kj fufeZr gksrh gS tgk¡
og cl ds ^D;w* esa [kM+k jgrk gS vkSj ifjokj ds nwljs cPps dkj esa Ldwy tkrs gSaA izfl) euksfo'ys"kd ;qx ds
vuqlkj euq"; nks izdkj dk gksrk gS& cfgeqZ[kh vkSj vUreqZ[khA oLrqr% caVh esa nksuksa izdkj dh Hkkouk,¡ gSaA ,d vksj
og vkUrfjd laosnuk ls xzLr gS vkSj og vlkekftd vf/kd n`f"Vxr gksrk gS] D;ksafd mldh izo`fÙk ,dkafrd gSA
ogha nwljh vksj og cfgeqZ[kh Hkh gS] D;ksafd og fLFkfr;ksa dks mlh :i esa Lohdkj u dj mlds izfr fonzksg Hkh djrk
gSA bl izdkj caVh tks miU;kl dk dsUnz gS] viuh leLr ewy izo`fÙk;ksa esa vius gh ,d dkYifud lalkj dh jpuk
djrk gSA
bl miU;kl dk ,d lkekftd i{k Hkh gSA D;k vius ckyd dks fo'ks"k ifjos'k nsus ds fy, mlds
ekrk&firk viuk ^,MtLVeSaV* djsa vkSj viuh ml Lok/khurk dks NksM+ nsa ftlds ncko esa os vyx gksus dks ckè;
gks jgs gSa\ rc Hkkjrh; thou esa rykd dh D;k izklafxdrk jg tkrh gSA ;fn rykd vizklafxd gS rks vk/kqfud
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cnys gq, thou esa lUrqyu dh LFkkiuk gj fLFkfr esa fdl izdkj lEHko gks ldrh gSA ;gh lkekftd izfrc)rk
dh vis{kk ukjh iq#"k dh ikfjokfjd O;oLFkk dk iz'u Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa esa ukjh dh iq#"k
esa lekurk O;kogkfjd :i esa vHkh Hkh ;FkkFkZ ugha gSa vkSj ge iqjkuh ijEijkvksa ,oa :f<+oknh vkn'kksZa ls fpids gq,
gSaA blfy, caVh dh leL;k lkekftd ifjos'k dh mruh ugha ftruh vk/kqfud ekufldrk dh leL;k gS] fdUrq
gekjh ekufldrk dk dkj.k D;k gekjk lkekftd ifjos'k ugha gS\ caVh dks ^gksLVy* esa Hkstus dk fu.kZ; D;k ;g
fl) ugha djrk fd vkt ds ekrk&firk vius cPpksa ds ikfjokfjd nkf;Ro ls cpuk pkgrs gSa\ ysfdu eqä lekt
dh vksj vxzlj ukjh&iq#"k bldk dksbZ lek/kku ugha [kkst ldrsA
vk/kqfud e/;eoxhZ; cqf)thoh ,dy ifjokjksa dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ek/;e ls caVh dks dsUnz cukdj izse vkSj
fookg ls vyx ,d u;h leL;k dh vksj tks ckydksa dh leL;k gS] ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl esa mHkkjk x;k gSA ;g
vk/kqfud thou dh ;FkkFkZoknh leL;k gS ftldk lkeuk djus ds vykok dksbZ fodYi ugha gSA lEiw.kZ miU;kl esa
,d ^QsaVslh* dk ruko cquk x;k gS tks Hkhrjh vf/kd yxrk gSA ij og vUr esa ckgjh cu tkrh gSA ftl lekt
esa lHkh Lok/khu gksdj ikjLifjdrk ds cU/ku dks lekIr dj pqds gksa vkSj viuh gh leL;k ls xzLr gksa ogk¡ ifjokj
dk f=Hkqt fc[kj tkrk gSA tc ifr&iRuh vius igys ifjos'k ls vyx ,d u;s ifjos'k esa gksa rks muds vius ifjokj
dk caVh] ifjokjghu gks tkrk gS vkSj og vdsys gh lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dk lkeuk djus dks vfHk'kIr gksrk gSA
^vkidk caVh* dh jpuk&izfØ;k esa os lHkh rRo lek x, gS tks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vkSj vk/kqfud cnyko ds
}U} ls mRiUu gq, gSaA miU;kldkj Hkh ,d ukjh gS vkSj okLro esa Hkkjrh; ifjos'k esa ckyd ds lkFk nwljh leL;k
ml ukjh dh gh gksrh gSA bl dkj.k caVh dh leL;k 'kdqu dh Hkh leL;k cu tkrh gSA 'kdqu ,d dkedkth efgyk
gS vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls LorU=A vkRefuHkZj ukjh gh vius O;fäxr vkSj vfLrRo ds izfr psru jg ldrh gSA 'kdqu
dk vfrfjä vgaokn blfy, eq[kj gqvk gS fd vt; Hkh mlls vf/kd vgaoknh gS ftls og izcq) vkSj dkedkth
gksus ds dkj.k lgu ugha djrhA 'kdqu MkWñ tks'kh ls blfy, ,MtLV jgrh gS fd MkWñ tks'kh dgha Hkh mlds
fØ;kdykiksa esa ukjh ds vgaokn dh Hkh ,d lhek gksrh gSA 'kk;n 'kdqu vkSj vt; mUeqä ukjh vkSj iq#"k ugha FksA
vt; dk vgaokn mls ,slh ukjh ds lkFk ,MtLV djk ldrk Fkk tks vf/kd izcq) vkSj dkedkth u gks vkSj bl
:i esa mls ehjk feyrh gSA 'kdqu ds fy, MkWñ tks'kh blfy, mi;qä gS fd og mls lafxuh Hkko ls xzg.k djrk
gS ftlesa lekurk dk vkaf'kdHkko rks fuf'pr gh gSA vt; caVh dks gksLVy Hkstrk gS vkSj bl lEcU/k esa vkfFkZd
vHkko dh ehjk dh fpUrk dh Hkh ijokg ugha djrkA og vius iq= ls ^vVsp* gS fdUrq mldk n`f"Vdks.k 'kdqu ls
fHkUu gSA 'kdqu dk ^vVspesaV* caVh dks O;fäRoghu cuk nsrk gSA tgk¡ caVh vius LorU= vfLrRo dh dYiuk Hkh ugha
dj ldrkA miU;kldkj us ukjh gksrs gq, Hkh bl rF; dks Lohdkj fd;k gS fd lkekftd n`f"V ls ukjh vkSj iq#"k
ds n`f"Vdks.k esa cqfu;knh vUrj gksrk gSA
3-4 lkjka ' k
bu lHkh vk;keksa esa ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl ,d ;FkkFkZoknh iz;ksx'khy jpuk gSA ysf[kdk us euksfoKku ;k
lekt'kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dk vuqdj.k ugha fd;k gS cfYd viuh l`tu'khy laosnuk ds ek/;e ls ikfjokfjd thou
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dh mu xgjkb;ksa rd ?kqliSB dh gS tgk¡ euksfoKku vkSj lekt'kkL= ugha tk ldrsA fgUnh miU;klksa esa ckyd
dks dsUnz cukdj ikfjokfjd ifjos'k esa mldh thou ;k=k ds fp=.k dh n`f"V ls ;g miU;kl vf}rh; LFkku j[krk
gSA vk/kqfud tks foKku dh fufeZfr gS] esa cnys gq, thou&lacU/kksa ds chp euq"; dh [kks[kyh jkxkRedrk vkSj mlesa
HkVdh ,d vfrfjä laosnuk bu lHkh izrhdksa ds chp ls ml caVh dk fcEc xqtjrk gS tks ,d ifjokj dk gksrs gq,
Hkh vkidk cu tkrk gSA
3-5 dfBu 'kCn
1½ folaxfr
2½ vfLrRo
3½ mPN`à[kyrk
4½ ;kfU=d
5½ vfHkO;atuk
6½ l`tu'khy
7½ jkxkRedrk
3-6 vH;klkFkZ ç'u
çñ1- ^vkidk caVh* esa oSokfgd laca/kksa ds cnyrs ewY;ksa ij çdk'k Mkysa\
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çñ2- caVh dks dsUæ cukdj mlds lewps ekufld lalkj dk tks euksoSKkfud vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh fp=.k ysf[kdk
us fd;k gS] bl ij vius fopkj O;Dr djsa\
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çñ3- vkidk caVh ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj vk/kqfud cnyko ds }U} ls mRiUu çHkko ij jks'kuh Mkysa\
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çñ4- eUuw HkaMkjh ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksa\
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3-7 lUnHkZxzUFk iqLrdsa
1½ eUuw HkaMkjh % vkidk caVh] jk/kkÑ".k çdk'kuA
2½ n'kjFk vks>k % dgkuh ,dkn'kh ¼dgkuh laxzg½] f'k{kk Hkkjrh] d'ehjh xsV] fnYyhA
3½ MkW- oa'kh/kj] MkW- jktsUæ feJ % eUuw HakMkjh dk Js"B ltZukRed lkfgR;] uVjkt ifCyf'kax gkml]
gfj;k.kkA
4½ ufUnuh feJk % eUuw HkaMkjh dk miU;kl lkfgR;A
5½ MkW- 'kf'k tsdc % efgyk miU;kldkjksa dh jpukvksa esa oSpkfjdrkA
6½ MkW- lq[kchj flag % fgUnh dgkuh % ledkyhu ifjn`'; % vfHkO;atuk çdk'kd] ubZ fnYyhA
7½ MkW- j?kqojn;ky ok".ksZ; % fgUnh dgkuh % cnyrs çfreku % ikaMqfyfi çdk'ku fnYyhA
8½ MkW- dkUrk esgnhjÙkk % fgUnh dgkuh dk ewY;kadu % jk/kkÑ".k çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
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B.A. Semester-VI
Hindi Lesson 4
^vkidk caVh* dh f'kYixr fo'ks"krk,a

4-0 :ijs[ kk
4-1 mís' ;
4-2 çLrkouk
4-3 ^vkidk caVh* dh f'kYixr fo'ks"krk,¡
4-4 lkjka ' k
4-5 dfBu 'kCn
4-6 vH;klkFkZ ç'u
4-1 mís'; % çLrqr vkys[k ds v/;;uksijkUr vki
& f'kYi dh tkudkjh çkIr dj ldsaxsA
& ^vkidk caVh* dh f'kYixr fo'ks"krk,¡ tku ldsaxsA
4-2 çLrkouk % ^f'kYi* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ fuekZ.k vFkok x<+u ds rRo gSA fgUnh esa f'kYi] f'kYi fof/k] f'kYi
foèkku vkfn 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx] lekukFkhZ :i esa ç;qDr gksrk gSA ^f'kYi* 'kCn vaxzsth ds ^Vsduhd* (Technique)
dk fgUnh i;kZ; gSA fdlh Hkh Ñfr esa f'kYi dk cM+k egRo gSA f'kYi fdlh jpuk ds dkS'kyiw.kZ fuekZ.k dh ,d
çfØ;k gSA f'kYi dh n`f"V ls fdlh Hkh Ñfr ds ewY;kadu ds fy, f'kYi ds varxZr N% fcUnqvksa dh ppkZ dh tkrh
gS tSls % dFkkoLrq] pfj= fp=.k] laokn] ns'kdky] Hkk"kk 'kSyh] mís';A fgUnh lkfgR; ds fofHkUu fo}kuksa us f'kYi dks
vius&vius n`f"Vdks.k ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS tSls tSusUæ dqekj ds vuqlkj ^Vsduhd <k¡ps ds fu;eksa dk uke gSA ij
<k¡ps dh mi;ksfxrk blh esa gS fd og ltho euq"; ds thou esa dke vk,A oSls gh Vsduhd lkfgR; l`tu esa ;ksx
ds fy, gSA MkW- y{ehukjk;.k yky ds vuqlkj ^^f'kYifof/k dyk ds fofHkUu rRoksa rFkk midj.k dh ;ksstuk dk og
fo/kku] og <ax gS ftlls dykdkj dh vuqHkwfr vewrZ ls ewrZ gks tk,A** bl çdkj fdlh jpuk dk f'kYifo/kku
lkfgR;dkj dh vuqHkwfr] çfrHkk ,oa l`tu'khy dYiuk dk ifj.kke gksrk gSA eUuw Hk.Mkjh Ñr ^vikdk caVh*
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euksfo'ys"k.koknh miU;kl gSA bldk f'kYi lgt ,oa likV gSA blesa dFkkud ?kVukvksa dh vis{kk fopkjksa esa pyrk
gSA
4-3 ^vkidk caVh* dh f'kYixr fo'ks"krk,¡
^vkidk caVh* miU;kl dk f'kYi lgt vkSj likV gSA mlesa fo'ys"k.k vkSj laokn nksuksa ek/;eksa ls dFkkud
dk fodkl fd;k x;k gSA miU;kldkj us vf/kdrj ,dkyki 'kSyh dk iz;ksx gh fd;k gS] ftlesa caVh viuh
euksxzfUFk;ksa ds Hkhrj vkUrfjd thou dh ;k=k ls xqtjrk gSA cgqr lkjh Hkkouk,¡ vkSj izfrfØ;k,¡ mlds vopsru
esa gh iuirh jgrh gSaA blh izdkj mldh eeh Hkh vdsys gh ;krukvksa dk Hkkj <ksrh gSaA
bl miU;kl dk f'kYi vf/kd izokg'khy ugha gS] D;ksafd dFkkud ?kVukvksa esa ugha] fopkjksa esa pyrk gSA
euksoSKkfud miU;klksa esa ;g LokHkkfod gh gSA ?kVuk,¡ rks fdlh euksfoKku dks mHkkjus ds fy, gh izlax dk dke
djrh gSa] tSls vt; vkSj 'kdqu dk rykd caVh dh ;kruk cu tkrk gS vkSj ;g izfrfØ;k ds :i esa 'kdqu dks MkWñ
tks'kh ls fookg dh izjs.kk nsrk gSA vkSj bl fookg ds izfr fonzksg gh caVh dks mldh eeh ls vyx dj nsrk gSA
;gk¡ rykd ,d lekftd leL;k blfy, ugha gS fd bldk lEcU/k ifr&iRuh ds vgaoknh O;fäRoksa ls vfèkd gSA
mudh dksf'k'k ,d lkFk jgus dh ugha] ,d nwljs dks >qdkdj j[kus dh dksf'k'k gSA os vkil esa ^,MtLV* ugha djrs
ij vius nwljs fookgksa esa ^,MtLV( dj ysrs gSaA
euksoSKkfud miU;kl ds vuqlkj gh blds f'kYi esa thou ds mu lUnHkksZa dks ^fj¶ysD'kUl* ds :i esa
fpf=r fd;k x;k gS tks miU;kl esa izR;{k :i ls rks ugha vk;s gS ij ftudk vkHkkl Hkj feyrk gSA tSls 'kdqu
vkSj vt; ds iwoZ lEcU/kA blh izdkj ik=ksa dh euksxzfUFk;ksa dks O;ä djus ds fy, vkRen`f"V vkReeFku dh
iz.kkfy;ksa dk lgkjk fy;k x;k gSA bl miU;kl esa lHkh ik=ksa esa fo'ks"k dj caVh vkSj eeh esa ,d Hkko'kfä gSA vkSj
dHkh&dHkh rks izlax esa vk;h ?kVukvksa dks Hkh fodkjksa ds ek/;e ls orZeku dk :i fn;k x;k gSA
blesa lewpk f'kYi ik=ksa dh ekufld fLFkfr;ksa dk ifjp; djkus ds fy, i;kZIr gSA miU;kldkj us oLrqr%
ekufld n`f"V ls ^dVcSd& iz.kkyh dk mruk iz;ksx ugha fd;k ftruk fd ^bUlkbM O;w( dkA caVh viuh ekufld
fØ;k esa] viuh vkUrfjdrk dk lnSo ifjp; nsrk gSA
miU;kl dks ,d gh yEch dgkuh dk :i ekuuk pkfg,A dsoy la[;k Øe ds e/;orhZ varxZr ls vokarj
fLFkfr;ksa dks gh vyx fd;k x;k gSA oLrqr% dFkkud dh vusd fLFkfr;k¡ tqM+dj ,d fcEc dh jpuk djrh gSaA
'kdqu vkSj vt; ds lEcU/k] caVh dk 'kdqu vkSj vt; ds chp foHkkftr O;fäRo] 'kdqu vkSj vt; dk nksgjk
lekftd thou] bu lcls feydj ikfjokfjd folaxfr ds chp foeqä ek¡&cki ds lUnHkZ ls dVk] caVh dk =kln
thou] ;g fp= mHkjrk gSA miU;kl ds f'kYi esa bruh lgtrk gS fd og Åij ls Fkksik gqvk ugha yxrkA
;g Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gS fd ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl dk f'kYi dqN gS gh ughaA ;g ,d f'kYifoghu jpuk
gSA bl Hkze dk dkj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd bl miU;kl dk f'kYi blds dFkkud ls gh mHkjk gS vkSj og lewps
dFkkud esa QSy x;k gSA miU;kldkj us ,d vuojr ekufld izokg dks vafdr djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA
31
miU;kl dh Hkk"kk likV vkSj lEizs"k.kh; gSA og eu ds vuqdwy] lkFkZd 'kCnksa ls fu;ksftr gSA mlesa fdlh
,d Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx dk vkxzg ugha gSA vaxzsth ds 'kCn Hkh vusd ckj vk;s gSaA bl rjg miU;kldkj us
vk/kqfud e/;eoxhZ; ckSf)d lekt dh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
dFkk ifjos'k esa ;g ,d ,dy vk/kqfud ifjokj dh dFkk gS] ftlesa ifr&iRuh viuh vf/kdkj Hkkouk vkSj
O;fäijd lkekftd psruk ds dkj.k ,d&nwljs ls i`Fkd~ jgrs gSaA bl ifjokj esa bu nksuksa dh ,d lUrku
gS tks eeh ds ikl jgdj eeh ls vuqjkx dh ,d euksxzfUFk dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA blesa ikik dk vHkko
mldh lkekftd ;kruk dk dkj.k curk gSA vk/kqfud ifjos'k esa ifr&iRuh ,d u, ifjokj dh ryk'k
dj ysrs gSaA iRuh ds u, ifjokj ds lkFk mldh lUrku dk ^,MtLVesaV* ugha gksrkA
^,MtLVesaV* dh ;g leL;k dsoy caVh rd gh lhfer ugha gSA blds vkuqoaf'kdh vkSj ifjos'kxr dkj.k
gSaA mlus firk ds xq.k oa'k ijEijk ls izkIr fd, gSa vkSj okrkoj.k eeh ds ifjos'k ls ys fy;k gS blfy,
og u okrkoj.k esa ^,MtLV* gksrk gS vkSj u LoHkko ls gh fdlh laxfr dk fuokZg dj ikrk gSA caVh
blfy, ûkeZy* ugha gS fd og ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cM+k gqvk gS os Hkh ûkeZy* ugha gSA blfy, mldk
vius ifjokj esa dksbZ LFkku ugha jg ikrkA vkSj vUr esa viuh lewph euksxzfUFk;ksa ds lkFk gksLVy pyk
tkrk gSA miU;kl euksoSKkfud gS blfy, ik= dsfUnzr gS] ?kVuk dsfUnzr ughaA ^^vkidk caVh** gh
dFkkud dh jh<+ gSA og caVh vkidk gh gSA bl vFkZ esa 'kh"kZd lkfHkizk; gS] D;ksafd ;g dgkuh ,d fo'ks"k
ckyd dh gksdj Hkh vkt ds vusd ckydksa dh gSA miU;kl dh ik= jpuk mrkj&p<+ko iw.kZ ugha gSA la?k"kZ
vkSj vUrfojks/k dh lery lrg dh rjg ik= ^bfUMohtqvy* de gS] ^Vkbi* vf/kd gSaA
4-4 lkjka'k % miU;kl dk f'kYi ^^dkEisDV** gS] D;ksafd og dFkkud ls gh mHkjk gSA mlesa ,dkyki
vf/kd gSA lEokn vkSj fo'ys"k.k nksuksa ek/;eksa dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k x;k gSA miU;kl dh Hkk"kk vk/kqfud lekt dh
Hkk"kk gS vkSj blhfy, mldh lEizs"k.kh;rk dk nk;jk O;kid gSA dFkkud la;kstu] ik=&jpuk vksj f'kYi&xBu esa
miU;kldkj us ;FkkFkZ&oknh n`f"V dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
4-5 dfBu 'kCn
1½ fo'ys"k.k 2½ fodkj 3½ vkuqoaf'kdh 4½ ,dkyki
5½ lEçs"k.k 6½ euksxzfUFk 7½ la;kstu
4-6 vH;klkFkZ ç'u
çñ1- f'kYi dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, mlds Lo:i ij çdk'k Mkysa\
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çñ2- ^vkidk caVh* dh f'kYixr fo'ks"krkvksa ij çdk'k Mkysa\
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4-7 lUnHkZxzUFk @ iqLrdsa
gfj;k.kkA
33
B.A. Semester-VI
Hindi Lesson 5
eUuw HkaMkjh dk lkfgfR;d ifjp;
5-0 :ijs[ kk
5-1 mís ’ ;
5-2 çLrkouk
5-3 eUuw HkaMkjh dk O;fDrRo
5-4 eUuw Hka Mkjh dk lkfgR;d ifjp;
5-5 lkjka ’ k
5-6 dfBu ‘kCn
5-7 vH;klkFkZ ç’u
5-8 lUnHkZ xzUFk@iqL rdsa
5-1 mís ' ;
çLrqr v/;k; ds v/;;uksijkUr vki êUuq HkaMkjh ds lkfgfR;d ifjp;* ds vUrZxr %&
1- eUuw HkaMkjh ds O;fDrRo vkSj
2- lkfgR;d ifjp; ds fo”k; esa tkudkjh çkIr dj ldsaxsA
3- eUuw HkaMkjh ds lkfgR; dh fo’ks”krkvksa dks tku ik,xsaA
4- eUuw HkaMkjh ds lkfgR; dks dsUæ esa j[kdj vkt ds le; ds cnyrs ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh igpku vkSj
5- ikfjokfjd fo?kVu dh leL;k ds dkj.kksa dks tku ldsaxsA
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5-2 çLrkouk
çR;sd lkfgR;dkj lelkef;d jpuk/kfeZrk dk fuokZg futh Lrj ij djrk gS] O;fDr dk O;fDrRo
ifjos’k ls curk gS tks vius lkFk lkekftd fo”kerkvksa vkSj ekuoh; laosnukvksa dk ,d iwjk lalkj fy, jgrk
gSA ifjos’k ls tqM+dj fy[kuk gh lPpk ys[ku gSA fgUnh lkfgR; esa Hkh ns’k dh LorU=rk ds i’pkr ,sls
lkfgR;dkj vk, ftUgksaus vius lkekftd ifjos’k dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa vius lkfgR; esa mrkjkA ,sls gh
lkfgR;dkjksa esa çfrHkklEiUu lkfgR;dkj eUuw HkaMkjh dk LFkku fof’k”V gS] lkfgR; dh fofHkUu fo/kkvksa esa
ys[kuh pyk dj fgUnh lkfgR; dks le`) djus esa budh vge Hkwfedk jgh gSA mUgksaus lkfgR; esa vkt ds
thou dh ifjorZu’khyrk vkSj ukjh thou ds fofo/k igyqvksa dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k fd;k gSA L=h&iq:”k laca/kks a]
çse ds fofoèk i{kksa ,oa ifjokj dh ifjofrZr O;oLFkk dks Hkh ekfeZdrk vkSj lgtrk ds lkFk lkfgR; esa fpf=r
fd;k gSA fgUnh lkfgR; txr esa fojkV lkfgR; dh jpuk dj eUuw HkaMkjh us fgUnh lkfgR;dkjksa esa vxz.kh
LFkku cuk;k gSA
5-3 eUuw HkaMkjh dk O;fDrRo %
1- tUe % eUuw HkaMkjh th dk tUe 3 vçSy 1931 dks e/;çns’k ds ^Hkkuiqjk* uked ,d NksVs xkao esa
gqvkA eUuw th viuh ekrk&firk dh lUrkuksa esa lcls NksVh jgh gSa vkSj ykMyh HkhA mudk vlyh uke
egsUædqekjh gSA ysfdu ifjokj okys I;kj ls mUgsa eUuw cqykrs Fks vkSj ogh uke vkxs tkdj çpfyr gqvkA
2- ekrk&firk % eUuq th ds firk Jh lq[klairjk; HkaMkjh th vaxzsth&fgUnh 'kCndks'k ds fuekZrk Fks]
ftldk uke ^VoskafV,Fk lsapqjh bafXy'k fgUnh fMD'kujh* gSA os vius le; ds çfl) dkaxzslh dk;ZdrkZ FksA
mudh ekrk dk uke vuwi dqekjh gSA og vui<+ FkhA mUgksaus viuk lkjk thou vius ifjokj dh lsok esa yxk
fn;k FkkA
3- HkkbZ&cgu % nks HkkbZ vkSj nks cguksa dk Lusg cpiu ls ysdj mUgsa feyrk jgk gSA cM+s HkkbZ dk uke
çlUu dqekj vkSj nwljk olar dqekj gSA cguksa esa cM+h dk uke Lusgyrk vkSj NksVh lq'khyk gSA
4- f'k{kk % eUuw th dk tUe e/;çns'k esa gqvk fdUrq mudh f'k{kk vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij gqbZA
çkjfEHkd f'k{kk ds fy, mudk vtesj ds lkfo=h Ldwy esa nkf[kyk djok;k x;kA vtesj esa gh mUgksaus ^bVaj
ehfM;V* rd f'k{kk çkIr dhA blds ckn tc eUuw th dkWyst esa vk;h rks mudk ifjp; fgUnh dh çk/;kfidk
'khyk vxzoky ls gqvkA ml le; Hkkjr dks vkt+kn djokus ds fy, dbZ LorU=rk laxzke pyk;s tk jgs FksA
eUuw th Hkh vius dkWyst esa tqywl fudyokrh] vaxzsth ljdkj ds fo:) vius lgikfB;ksa dks vkUnksyuksa es a
Hkkx ysus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrh jgrh FkhA blds i'pkr os viuh cgu lq'khyk ds ikl dydÙkk x;h vkSj
ogk¡ cukjl fo'ofo|ky; ls fgUnh fo"k; esa ,e-,- fd;kA
5- v/;kiu dk;Z % ,e-,- ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ gksus ds rqjar ckn gh mUgksaus dydÙkk ds gh ,d fo|ky;
^ckyhxat* f'k{kk lnu esa v/;kiu dk dk;Z vkjaHk dj fn;kA ;gk¡ ukS o"kZ dke djus ds ckn rhu o"kZ dydÙkk
35
ds ,d vU; dkWyst ^fczMyk dkWyst* esa v/;kiu dk;Z fd;kA blds i'pkr 1963 esa og fnYyh vkbZ vkSj
fnYyh ds ^fejkaMk gkml* dkWyst esa çk/;kfidk cu xbZA ^fejkaMk gkml* dkyst ls lu~ 1991 esa lsokfuo`fÙk
gksdj 1994 rd mUgksau mTtSu ds çsepan fo|kihB ds funsZf'kdk ds :i esa dke fd;k ckn esa LokLFk; fcxM+
tkus ds dkj.k vc ?kj ij gh ys[ku dk;Z dj jgh gSaA
6- fookg ,oa ifjokj % ftl le; eUuw th ys[ku ds {ks= esa mrj jgh Fkh mudk ifjp; jktsUæ ;kno
ls gqvkA ;kno th ml le; fgUnh lkfgR; txr esa çfrf"Br gks pqds FksA ys[ku ds ek/;e ls gqvk ;g ifjp;
dkykarj esa ?kfu"Brk esa cny x;kA ckn esa ;g fe=rk fookg esa ifj.kr gqbZA jktsUæ ;kno th ls fookg gksus
ds i'pkr~ eUuw th dk ys[ku rFkk v/;kiu vkSj vf/kd fu[kj x;kA lu 1961 esa eUuw th us ,d iq=h dks
tUe fn;k ftldk uke jktsUæ ;kno vkSj eUuw th us ^jpuk* j[kkA vius ys[ku dk;Z ds dkj.k eUuw th us
fgUnh lkfgR; esa viuh igpku cukbZ gSA mUgksaus fgUnh lkfgR; dh çR;sd fo|k esa viuh dye pykbZA muds
lkfgR; dk ifjp; fuEu gSA
5-4 eUuw Hk.Mkjh dk lkfgR;d ifjp; %& eUuw Hk.Mkjh th dk jpuk lalkj dgkuh] miU;kl]
ukVd vkfn :iksa esa O;kIr gS] tks bl çdkj gSA
1½ dgkuh laxzg %&
1- eSa gkj xbZ 1957 % blesa 12 dgkfu;k¡ ladfyr gSaA eSa gkj xbZ] 'e'kku] vfHkusrk] if.Mr
xtkèkj 'kkL=h] nks dykdkj] ,d detksj yM+dh dh dgkuh] nhokj cPps vkSj cjlkr] dfy vkSj dld] bZlk
ds ?kj bUlku xhr dk pqacu] thrh ckth dh gkj] l;kuh cgq vkfnA
2½ ;gh lp gS ¼1966 bZ- ½ %& blesa vkB dgkfu;ka gSa& ^{k;] rhljk vkneh] ^lt+k*] ûdyh ghjs*]
û'kk*] ^bUde VSDl vkSj uhan*] ^jkuh ek¡ dk pcwrjk*] ^;gh lp gS*A
3½ ,d IysV lsy kc ¼1968 bZ- ½ %& blesa nl dgkfu;ka gSa%& ckagks dk ?ksjk] la[;k ds ikj] ^dejs]
dejk vkSj dejs* ,d IysV lSykc] Nr cukus okys] ,d ckj vkSj] cUn njktksa dk lkFk] Å¡pkbZ] ubZ ukSdjh]
njkj Hkjus dh njkj vkfnA
4½ rhu fuxkgksa dh ,d rLohj ¼1968 bZ- ½ %& bl laxzg esa ukS dgkfu;ka gSa rhu fuxkgksa dh ,d
rLohj] vdsyh] vupkgh xgjkb;k¡] [kksVs flDds] ?kqVu] p'esa] gkj] etcwjh] vdqa'k vkfnA
5½ f='kadq ¼1978 bZ-½ %& ;g eUuw HkaMkjh dk vfUre dgkuh laxzg gSA bl laxzg esa Hkh ukS dgkfu;k¡
ladfyr gSaA vkrs&tkrs ;k;koj] njkj Hkjus dh njkj] L=h lqcksf/kuh] 'kk;n] f='kadq] jsr dh nhokj] rhljk
fgLlk] vyxko] ,¡[kkus vkdk'k ukbZA bl ladyu dh f='kadq dgkuh ij VsyhfQYe cuh gS tcfd ^,¡[kkus
vkdk'k ukbZ* ij ^thuk ;gka* uke ls Qhpj fQYe cuh gSA
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miU;kl lkfgR; %
1½ ^,d bap eqLdku* %& ¼1963 bZ-½ ;g eUuw HkaMkjh dk çFke miU;kl gS ftls jktsUæ ;kno vkSj eUuw
th us feydj fy[kkA bl miU;kl ds iq:"k ik=ksa ls lacaf/kr [kaMksa dk ys[ku jktsUæ ;kno us fd;k vkSj ukjh
ik=ksa ls lacaf/kr [kaM+ksa dk ys[ku eUuw th us fd;k gSA ;g miU;kl ,d laosnu'khy vkSj çfrHkk liUu
jpukdkj vej dh dgkuh gS tks iRuh vkSj çsfedk ds e/; var}ZU} lss xzLr gksdj ,dkdh thou thus dks
ck/; gks tkrk gSA
vkidk caV h ¼1971 bZ- ½ %& eUuw HkaMkjh dk çFke Lora= miU;kl ekuk tkrk gSA bl miU;kl esa ysf[kdk
us caVh uked ,d ckyd dk eeZLi'khZ fp=.k djrs gq, vk/kqfud O;fDr psruk liUu ukjh dh leL;k dh vksj
ladsr fd;k gSA ;g miU;kl vk/kqfud ukjh dh curh fcxM+rh ikfjokfjd fLFkfr ,oa cky euksfoKku dk fp=
fy, gS tks vius ifr ls vyx nwljs vkneh ds lkFk thou O;rhr djrh gSA ijUrq bu lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
mldk csVk ^caVh* ekufld ihM+k ls xzLr jgrk gSA ;g miU;kl cnyrs ifjos'k ds dkj.k VwVrs ifjokj vkSj
O;fDr dks fpf=r djrk gSA
egkHkkst ¼1979 bZ-½ %& bl miU;kl dk dFkkud lkekftd gh gS fdUrq ifjos'k jktuhfrd gksus ds dkj.k
bls jktuSfrd miU;kl dguk vf/kd mfpr gSA bl miU;kl esa ysf[kdk us xkaoksa esa O;kIr lkaerh lH;rk dk
lkezkT; vkSj mlds }kjk fdlku etnwj oxZ ij fd, tkus okys vR;kpkj rFkk rRdkyhu 'kklu O;oLFkk esa
O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj dk fp=.k fd;k gSA
ukVd lkfgR; %&
1- fcuk nhojksa ds ?kj 2- egkHkkst
egkHkkst miU;kl ij vk/kkfjr ukVd êgkHkkst* dh jpuk eUuw th us dh gSA
vU; Ñfr;k¡ %& eUuw th dh jpuk,a dsoy fgUnh lkfgR; txr esa gh lhfer ugha gSa cfYd vU; Hkkjrh;
vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh bldk vuqokn gks pqdk gSA iatkch esa mudh chl dgkfu;ksa dk vuqokn dj mldk
,d ladyu fudkyk x;k gSA xqtjkrh esa ^[kksVs flDds* dgkuh dk vuqokn gqvk gSA rfey] xqtjkrh] ejkBh
vkfn Hkk"kkvksa esa ^vki dk caVh* miU;kl dk vuqokn gks pqdk gSA ^vki dk caVh* vkSj êgkHkkst* dk Ýsa p] teZu]
vaxzsth vkSj tkikuh esa vuqokn fudy x;k gSA rfey Hkk"kk esa ^vki dk caVh* miU;kl ^dqeqne* uked if=dk
esa lhfj;y ds :i esa vk;k FkkA
bruk gh ugha eUuw Hk.Mkjh ds ukVdksa dk lQy eapu Hkh gqvk gS vkSj dqN dgkfu;ksa dk fQYekadu
Hkh gqvk gSA ^fcuk nhokjksa ds ?kj* ukVd dk eapu fnYyh] Hkksiky] Xokfy;j esa gks pqdk gSA ^;gh lp gS * dgkuh
ij ^jtuhxa/kk*] uke ls Qhpj fQYe cu pqdh gS] blds lkFk gh lkfgR;dkj ds :i esa eUuw HkaMkjh dbZ ckj
lEekfur gks pqdh gSA tSls egkHkkst ds fy, ^jkedqekj HkqokYdk* iqjLdkj] HkkjrsUnq gjh'kpUæ iqjLdkj]
egkjk"Vª jkT; fgUnh lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj] fgUnh vdkneh fnYyh 'kykdk lEeku vkfnA
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5-5 lkjka'k %& vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd eUuw HkaMkjh dh reke jpuk,a] mudh ekU;rkvksa dh cgl
djrh jgrh gSA mudks lkfgR; esa L=h pfj=ksa dh çeq[krk çkIr gqbZ gSA muesa L=h dk ,d u;k gh :i mHkjdj
lkeus vk;k gSA lkekftdrk ds lkFk&lkFk mudh jpukvksa esa fookg vkSj thou laca/kh tfVyrkvksa dks ysdj
mudk viuk n`f"Vdks.k ys[kdh; bZekunkjh ds lkFk O;Dr gqvk gSA
5-6 dfBu 'kCn %
1- lelkef;d 2- fo"kerk 3- ;FkkFkZ
4- lsokfuo`fÙk 5- var}ZU} 6- fof'k"V
7- fuokZg 8- çksRlkgu
5-7 vH;klkFkZ ç'u %
d½ nh?kZ mÙkjkis{ kh ç'u %
1- eUuw HkaMkjh ds O;fDrRo ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, muds miU;klksa dh ppkZ djsa\
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2- eUuw HkaMkjh ds lEiw.kZ l`tukRed lkfgR; ij fopkj çLrqr djsa\
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[k½ y?kq mÙkjkis{ kh ç'u %
1- eUuw HkaMkjh ds ^f='kadq* dgkuh laxzg esa ladfyr dgkfu;ksa ds uke crk,¡\
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2- eUuw HkaMkjh dk miU;kl êgkHkkst* fdl leL;k ij dsfUær gS ml ij vius fopkj O;Dr djsa\
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x½ oLrqf u"B ç'u %
1- eUuw HkaMkjh dk tUe dc vkSj dgk¡ gqvk\
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2- ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl dk çdk'ku o"kZ D;k gS\
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3- ^;gh lp gS* dgkuh laxzg esa ladfyr fdUgha 4 dgkfu;ksa dk uke fy[ksa\
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4- eUuw HkaMkjh dk fookg fdl çfl) lkfgR;dkj ls gqvkA\
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5- eUuw HkaMkjh ds fdlh ,d ukVd dk uke fy[ksa \
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6- ^;gh lp gS* dgkuh ij dkSu lh fgUnh Qhpj fQYe cuh gSA
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7- eUuw HkaMkjh dk okfLrod uke D;k gS\
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5-8 lUnHkZ xzUFk@iqL rdsa
1- fd'kksj fxjMdj( eUuw HkaMkjh dFkk l`tu dh var;kZ=k( fodkl çdk'ku( dkuiqjA
2- MkW- calh/kj] MkW- jktsUæ feJ( eUuw HkaMkjh dk Js"B l`tukRed lkfgR;( uVjkt ifCyf'kax gkml(
gfj;k.kkA
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3- MkW- Hkheflax jkBksM( eUuw HkaMkjh O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo( ok³~e; cqDl] vyhx<+A
4- MkW- Hkwfedk iVsy % eUuw HkaMkjh dk dFkk lkfgR; % laosnuk ,oa f'kYi( fou; çdk'ku( dkuiqjA
5- MkW- lq[kchj flag( fgUnh dgkuh] cnyrs çfreku( vfHkO;atuk çdk'ku( ubZ fnYyhA
40
B.A. Semester-VI
Hindi Lesson 6
cky euksfoKku dh n`f”V ls ^vkidk caVh*

6-0 :ijs[ kk
6-1 mís';
6-2 çLrkouk
6-3 cky euksfoKku
6-4 cky euksfoKku dh n`f"V ls ^vkidk caVh*
6-5 lkjka 'k
6-6 dfBu 'kCn
6-7 vH;klkFkZ ç'u
6-8 lUnHkZxzUFk@iqLrdsa
6-1 mís'; %& çLrqr vkys[k ds v/;;uksijkUr vki
& cky euksfoKku ds vUrxZr cky euksHkkoksa dk v/;;u dj ldsaxsA
& cky euksfoKku dh n`f"V ls ^vkidk caVh* dk ewY;kadu dj ldsaxsA
& cky lekt dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa esa cnyrh leL;kvksa ls voxr gks ldsaxsA
6-2 çLrkouk
thou dk izFke pj.k ‘kS’ko dky gksrk gS ftlds v/;;u rFkk lkfgfR;d vfHkO;fDr dk fof’k”V egŸo gSA
euksHkko ewyr% lgt lkekU; rFkk O;fDrxr vFkok vlkekU; gksrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr izfrfØ;ktU;] Li”Vhdj.k]
rqyukRed rFkk ifjofrZr euksHkko Hkh blh lUnHkZ esa mfYyf[kr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA cPpkas dh fofo/k vk;q esa ekufld]
Hkk”kktU;] ‘kkjhfjd] laosxkRed] lkekftd rFkk [ksy izo`fŸk;ksa dk Hkh v/;;u djuk visf{kr gSA cky izof̀Ÿk;ksa dk
lE;d~ v/;;u djus ds fy, mldh vkuqoaf’kdrk ,oa lkekftd i;kZoj.k dk v/;;u vko’;d gksrk gSA vkuqoaf’kdrk
esa ekrk&firk ds }kjk izkIr laLdkj rFkk lkekftd i;kZoj.k esa ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k] iM+ksl rFkk fe= eaMyh ,oa
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fo|ky;h nh{kk vkrs gSaA bu lHkh dk cPps dh euksHkkokRed izo`fŸk ij izHkko iM+rk gSA cky&lekt ,d foLr̀r ,oa
o`gn lekt gSA mldh Hkh viuh fof’k”V leL;k,¡ gSaA izR;sd voLFkk esa mudh leL;k,¡ fofHkUu vkSj fof’k”V gqvk
djrh gSaA mudk Hk;] dYiuk] dgkuh] [ksy bR;kfn lHkh viuh voLFkk ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr gqvk djrs gSaA mUgsa lq[kh
ns[kus ds fy, muds [ksy] dgkuh] Hk; bR;kfn dk i;Zos{k.k cM+ksa ds }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,] vU;Fkk muds lgt
euksHkko fod`r Lo:i xzg.k dj ysrs gSaA cky euksfoKku ij vusd ns’kh rFkk fons’kh euksoSKkfudksa us vuqlU/kkuiw.kZ
ys[k ,oa xzUFk fy[ks gSa] fdUrq cky euksHkkoksa dk v/;;u ugha fd;k x;k gSA vr% cky txr ds fo”k; esa v/;;u viw.kZ
gh jgk gSA
lkfgR; lekt dk izfr:i gksrk gSA vr% mlesa lkekftdksa dk ekul n’kZu Hkyh&Hkk¡fr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA bl mís’; ls miU;kl&lkfgR; vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ fo/kk gS ftlesa ys[kd ds O;fDrxr thou ds vkl ikl ds
pfj=ksa dk fp=.k feyrk gSA fo’ks”k :i ls euksoSKkfud ,oa ;FkkFkZoknh miU;kl ds ik=ksa dh lgtrk ,oa thou
ls vR;f/kd fudV O;kogkfjd :i esa fp=.k bl n`f”V ls v/;;u djus esa lgk;d fl) gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds
vè;;u ds fy, cky ekul dks tkudj gh cky f’k{kk ,oa fodkl izfØ;k gks ldrh gSA mudh voLFkk tfur
leL;kvksa ,oa euksHkkoksa dk Kku dj bl v/;;u dks muds fy, mi;ksxh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA euksoSKkfudksa dk
fopkj gS fd yxHkx nl izfr’kr ,sls ckyd gksrs gSa ftudh euksHkkoukvksa dk vuknj vFkok mis{kk gksus ij fod`r
izo`fŸk ,oa vlkekU; LoHkko okys ckyd cu tkrs gSaA vr,o ;fn cPpksa ds laosxkRed ,oa HkkoukRed fodkl ij
iwjk /;ku fn;k tk; rks os Hkfo”;&thou esa fuf’pr :i ls lQy ekuo cu ldsaxsA
6-3 cky euksfoKku
cky euksHkkoksa dk v/;;u laiw.kZ ekuo lekt dh euksHkkoukvkas ds v/;;u dh izFke lh<+h gS ftlds vkèkkj
ij fd’kksj] ;qod] izkS<+ ,oa o`)ksa ds fofHkUu euksHkkoksa ds v/;;u esa lgk;rk feyrh gS] D;ksafd cM+ksa dk ekufld
fodkl ckydksa ds ekufld fodkl ds vk/kkj ij gh gksrk gSA cky euksHkkoksa ds v/;;u ls lkekU; O;fDr ds Hkh fopkj
rFkk laosxkas ,oa euksHkkoukvksa dks Hkyh izdkj le>k tk ldrk gSA bls bl izdkj Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd cky euksHkkoksa
ds v/;;u ls gesa mlh izdkj dh miyfC/k gksrh gS ftl izdkj fdlh fo”k; dh mRifŸk rFkk bfrgkl dks tku dj
gksrh gSA
f’k’kq ds izR;sd O;ogkj ls mldk f'k'kq dh voLFkk gksrk gSA mlesa iwoZ n`f”V ,oa fu.kZ;kRed ‘kfDr ugha
gksrhA og Lo;a fØ;k’khy gksrk gSA mlesa dkj.k ds izfr vrkfdZdrk gksrh gSA mlesa rksrs dh Hkk¡fr Lej.k ‘kfä
gksrh gSA og cM+ksa ds }kjk crk;s x;s vFkZ dks le>us&vuqdj.k djus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA vr% f’k’kq vFkok ckyd
ds O;ogkj dks O;Ld ds ekul ls ifjrqyu ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vr% f’k’kq vFkok ckyd ds O;ogkj rFkk
euksHkko dh leh{kk ds fy, fof’k”V n`f”V rFkk ekunaM LFkkfir djus gksaxsA ‘kS’kodky leL;kvksa dk vkxkj gksrk
gSA dksbZ Hkh f’k’kq ,slk ugha gksrk tks dqN le; ds fy, Hkh leL;k ugha curkA og ekrk&firk] vius
v/;kid vFkok oxZ ds lnL;ksa ds fy,] tgk¡ og fuokl djrk gS] dgha u dgha leL;k ds :i esa iz’ufpg~u cu
dj mifLFkr gksrk gSA f’k’kq vFkok ckyd viuh izkÑfrd vfHkpsruk dks lgt :i esa izdV djuk pkgrk gS ftls
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lekt }kjk Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk vFkok mldh ewy Hkkouk dks lekt rn~uq:i xzg.k ugha dj ikrkA dqN
le; iwoZ cky thou dks lkekU;r% ifjokjksa esa leL;k ds :i eas vf/kd xzg.k ugha fd;k tkrk FkkA lkekU;r%
vkt Hkh ifjokjksa esa ckyd dh izkd`frd vfHkpsruk dks ekrk&firk rFkk cM+s ifjokj ds O;Ld lnL;ksa ds O;Lr
thou esa egŸo ugha fn;k tkrkA ,d vksj izkÑfrd vfHkpsruk ds igpku dh ps”Vk rFkk nwljh vksj O;Ld lnL;ksa
dh mnklhurk ds dkj.k lgt Hkkouk,¡ izfrfØ;k ds :i esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSaA vR;f/kd papyrk vFkok
d”Vnk;d izo`fŸk;k¡ Hkh O;Lr ek¡ dks lpsr ugha djrhaA fdUrq vkt vc ifjokj NksVk gksrk gSA nks&rhu cPps gksrs
gSaA bl fLFkfr esa ek¡ vkSj cPps dk lEcU/k vR;Ur gh fudVrj gksrk gSA tks igys ?kVuk,¡ ,oa fØ;k,¡ ifjokj
dh l?kurk ds dkj.k vuns[kh gks tkrh Fkha os vkt Hkyh izdkj ns[kh vkSj lquh tkrh gSaA ,slh gjdrsa ns[kh vkSj
lquh tkus ij vizlUurk dk dkj.k curh gaS ftudh O;k[;k ekrk&firk ,d leL;k ds :i esa djrs gSa rFkk muds
lek/kku ,oa vkSfpR; dh vksj lpsr gksrs gSaA tc cPps dks vYiO;Ld eku fy;k tkrk gS] rks O;Ld dh n`f”V ls
U;k; djus esa Hkwy gks gh tkrh gSA ,sls okrkoj.k esa cPps dh lgtrk Hkax gks tkrh gS] tcfd gksuk ;g pkfg,
fd mldh vk;q lhek dks lnk /;ku esa j[kk tk;A cPpk tUe ls gh viuh fof’k”V izfrHkk rFkk O;fDrRo ysdj
vkrk gSA mldh bPNkvksa] Hkkoukvksa rFkk O;ogkj esa tqM+os cPpksa dks NksM+ dj ,d nwljs ls fHkUurk fuf’pr :i
esa gksrh gSA ftl izdkj izR;sd cPps dk ‘kkjhfjd fodkl fHkUu :i esa gksrk gS] mlh izdkj mldk ekufld fodkl
Hkh fHkUu :i esa gksrk gS] ,slk ekudj pyuk pkfg,A fdlh oa’k esa oa’kkuqxr fof’k”Vrkvksa ds dkj.k rFkk dqN
va’k esa lkekftd i;kZoj.k ds dkj.k ;g fLFkfr okLrfod Hkh gSA ;gk¡ rd fd ,d gh ifjokj] ,d gh okrkoj.k
esa iys cPpksa esa mudh vfHk#fp;ksa] vkdka{kkvksa rFkk euksHkkoukvksa esa fHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gSA
cPPkksa dh ekufld xfrfof/k;ksa ds çfr mnklhu jgus ij mudh {kerk dks xyr eksM+ fey ldrk gSA lkFk
gh ;fn mudh LoPNan o`fÙk;ksa ij ncko Mkyk x;k rks mudh lgt ço`fÙk;k¡ Hkz"V gks ldrh gSA blls cPps ds fodkl
esa ck/kk mRiUu gksus ds lkFk mldh mfpr ;ksX;rk dk vuqeku Hkh ugha fd;k tk ldrkA cPpksa ds dk;Z esa /khekiu
vFkok çf'k{k.k ds vHkko ds dkj.k ifjokj ds O;Ld lnL; mUgsa v;ksX; tku dj volj u nsdj Lo;a djus yxrs
gSaA blls mudh {kerk rFkk vUrl~ dh Hkkoukvksa dks ckgj vkus dk volj ugh feyrkA
izR;sd ckyd&ckfydk dks funsZ’ku dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA og izlUu rHkh gksrk gS tc mldh v{kerk
,oa Hkwyksa dks lgt :i esa Lohdkj djrs gq, mldh lgt izo`fŸk;ksa rFkk euksHkkoukvksa dks Lohdkj djrs gq, lg”kZ
funsZ’ku feysA lkFk gh ftUgsa cPpksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa rFkk mudh vfHk#fp;ksa dks igpkuus dh {kerk gS rFkk ftuesa
cPpksa dh O;ogkjtU; =qfV;ksa dks lq/kkjus dh vkUrfjd bPNk gSA ;g voLFkk thou ds lHkh voljksa ls vf/kd
egŸoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd bldh vk/kkjf’kyk ij gh O;fDr dk thou&Hkou [kM+k gksrk gS ftlesa og viuk vkJ; xzg.k
djrk gSA
cPpksa rFkk O;Ldksa dh vk;qxr Hkkoukvksa esa vR;f/kd vUrj gSA vr% ckydksa dh Hkkouk,¡ vR;Ur vYi vofèk
dh gksrh gSaA muds vUnj Hkkouk,¡ mRiUu gksrs gh ‘kkjhfjd izfØ;kvksa dks vkUnksfyr djrh gqbZ ok;q ds ,d >ksads dh
Hkk¡fr vkrha vkSj pyh tkrh gS] tSls dqN gqvk gh u gksA Bhd blds foijhr O;Ld O;fDr esa euksHkkoukvksa ds fu;a=.k
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dh {kerk gksus ds dkj.k vUnj gh vUnj lUrqfyr euksHkkoukvksa ds :i esa O;Dr gksrh gSA cPpksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks
dHkh&dHkh eksM+k tk ldrk gSA mudh vkarfjd laosnuk bruh yphyh rFkk vLFkk;h gksrh gS fd fdlh Hkh vksj mls
eksM+ fn;k tk ldrk gSA ckY;koLFkk dh Le`fr vR;Ur {kf.kd ,oa y?kqrj gksrh gSA ;qod dh Hkk¡fr mlesa LFkkf;Ro ugha
gksrk] vr% fdlh Hkh dBksj vuqHko dks cPpk vfoyac Hkwy tkrk gS rFkk mls dqN {k.k iwoZ dh nq%[kn vuqHkwfr nsj rd
lrkrh ugha gSA vr% cky euksHkko] papy] {kf.kd ,oa LFkkukUrfjd gksus dk LoHkko j[krs gSaA ,d euksHkko ij nwljk
euksHkko lgt :i esa tknw dh Hkk¡fr vf/kdkj dj ysrk gS] tSls jksrk gqvk ckyd vuqdwy fiz; oLrq vFkok ukV~; ns[kdj
g¡lus yxrk gS tcfd mlds xky ij yq<+ds gq, vk¡lw dh cw¡n lw[krh Hkh ugha gSA ckyd dk eu lgt :i esa fo’okl
dj ysus okyk gksrk gSA og fcuk fdlh ladksp ds fdlh Hkh ckr dks fu’Ny :i ls nwljs ds le{k O;Dr dj nsrk
gSA mlds LoHkko esa ljyrk vfèkd gksrh gSA fdlh ds Hkh ln~O;ogkj ls og ‘kh?kz izHkkfor gks tkrk gS rFkk mlls izsj.kk
ysdj Lo;a oSlk gh dk;Z djus yxrk gSA lgt ,oa LoPNUn mYykl ckY;koLFkk dh ljyrk dk izrhd gSA lkekU;r%
LoLFk ckydksa esa mYykl ,oa vkuUn dk Lo:i fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftd laLdkjksa ds vk/kkj ij vkdka{kkvksa dk Lo:i ,oa ifj”dkj fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA cky
eu lgt :i eas fo’oklh gksrk gSA mlesa ljyrk vk;qxr izo`fŸk gksrh gS ftlds dkj.k fdlh Hkh fLFkfr] O;fDr vFkok
izfØ;k ifj.kke ij fo’okl dj ysrk gSA bl voLFkk esa O;kogkfjdrk ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vkxr ifj.kke ds izfr
vufHkK gksus ds dkj.k fdlh O;fDr vFkok fLFkfr ds izfr fo’okl dj ysus dh foo’krk Hkh gksrh gSA lgt] fufoZdkj
,oa eqDr mYykl dh Hkkouk ckY;koLFkk dh igpku gSA gkFk&iSj pyus ;ksX; gksus ds ckn ckyd&ckfydk esa bl izo`fŸk
dks fodkl gksrk gSA fo”ke ifjfLFkfr;k¡] bl Hkkouk ds dkj.k fo”ke ugha yxrhaA muds eu esa uSlfxZd vkuUn dh
vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA ftl ifjek.k esa os th Hkj dj jksrs gSa] mlh ifjek.k esa th [kksy dj g¡lrs Hkh gSAa
dYiuk ds lgkjs ckyd&ckfydk,¡ viuh uohu l`f”V dh jpuk djrs gSaA vleFkZ ,oa v’kDr vk;q izkIr gksus
ds dkj.k izkIr Kku dks ewrZ :i nsus ds fy, [kafMr miyfC/k;ksa dks ;ksfxr djds rqf”V izkIr djus dh ps”Vk djrs gSaA
ckyeu cM+ksa ds vkpj.k ,oa ckg~; Kku dk vuqdj.k djus dh vkdka{kk dks dYiuktU; euksHkkoksa ds ek/;e ls iwjk
djrk gSA mldk dYiukpkjh nSfud thou jpuk vkSj fouk’k esa O;rhr gksrk gSA oLrqfLFkfr dh vYiKrk ds dkj.k
ckyd dks uohu jgL;kRed oLrqvksa dks ns[kdj lUnsg mRiUu gksrk gSA dqrwgy fefJr Hk; tSls uohu Hkko dh l`f”V
gksrh gSA vk;q o`f) ds lkFk uohu oLrq dh lafnX/krk lekIr gksrh tkrh gSA ifjdYiuk ‘kfDr esa o`f) gksus ds dkj.k
fLFkfr] LoHkko ,oa izHkko ds lUnHkZ esa Li”V Kku gks tkus ij dqrwgy lekIr gks tkrk gS rFkk dqrwgy fefJr Hk; yqIr
gks tkrk gSA
vius vfLrRo dh vlqj{kk dk vuqHko djus ij ckyd esa ghu Hkkouk dk mn; gksrk gSA og iz;kl djus
ij vlQyrk izkIr djrk gSA cPpksa esa fuNy Hkkouk gksus ds dkj.k cM+ksa dks vknj nsus rFkk mudh lsok djus
dh eukso`fr tkxzr gksrh gSA ekrk&firk rFkk ifjokj ds fiz; lnL;ksa dks fdlh izdkj ds d”V rFkk #X.krk vFkok
vleFkZrk ij mlds eu esa viuh O;fDrxr le> ds vk/kkj ij lsok Hkkouk dk mn; gks ldrk gS] ;g lhfer
euksHkko foLrkj ysdj lekt ds vU; {ks=ksa esa Hkh ckyd&ckfydk dks lgkuqHkwfr dh Hkkouk ls xjhc vFkok vleFkZ
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O;fDr dh lsok djrs ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ‘kkjhfjd rFkk ckSf)d v{kerk ds dkj.k cPpk vius dk;Z {ks= esa
dHkh&dHkh foo’krk dk vuqHko djrk gSA nwljs lkfFk;ksa dks [ksyrs&dwnrs ns[kdj muds eu esa Hkh mlh izd kj
mUeq[k nkSM+&/kwi] xkus] ukpus] dwnus dh bPNk mRiUu gksrh gS fdUrq ‘kkjhfjd v{kerk ds dkj.k oSlk u dj ikus
ds dkj.k foo’krk dk d#.kkiw.kZ euksHkko O;Dr gksrk gSA vuqHko ls ijs vusd jgL;ksa ds mn~?kkVu djus dh Hkh
foo’krk cPps dks ,glkl gks tkrh gSA cPps esa Lusg izkIr djus dh vR;f/kd Hkw[k cuh jgrh gSA og {k.k izfr
{k.k vius ekrk&firk rFkk ifjokj ds vU; lnL;ksa ls Lusg dh vkdka{kk djrk gSA mldh lgt e/kqjrk ds o’khHkwr
gksdj ifjokj ds lnL; mls vfèkd ls vf/kd Lusg Hkh iznku djrs gSaA fdUrq tc vk;q o`f) vFkok vU; uohu
lnL; ds vkxeu ds dkj.k Lusg Hkh foHkkftr gks tkrk gSA vFkok Lusgh O;fDr O;Lr jgrk gS rks cPpk mis{kk
dk vuqHko djrk gS ftlds QyLo:i mlds eu esa rhoz izfrfØ;k gksrh gSA foHkkftr Lusg ds dkj.k mls bZ”;kZ
gksus yxrh gSA
fofHkUu euksHkko HkkoukRed l?kurk ds dkj.k O;Dr ugha gks ikrsA og ;k rks naM ds Hk; vFkok lkekftd
vLohd`fr ds dkj.k vO;Dr jg tkrs gSaA cPps ds vUnj vO;Dr euksosxkas esa fofHkUu izdkj dh izfrfØ;k,¡ gksrh gSa
ftuesa mnklh] pqIih] :Buk] eq[k ij vizlUurk dk Hkko O;Dr djuk vkfn gaSA buds }kjk mlds vUnj dh ?kqVrh
gqbZ izfrfØ;k dh Hkkouk O;Dr gksrh gSA ckY;koLFkk ds izeq[k euksHkko] Hk;] yTtk] bZ”;kZ] vkg~ykn] eeRo] ftKklk
vkfn gSa ftuds vfHkKku ds fy, f’k’kqdky vFkok ckY;dky dh fofHkUu izo`fŸk;ksa dks tkuuk furkUr vko’;d gS]
rHkh euksHkkoksa ds Lo:i dk mfpr fo’ys”k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA Øks/k ckY;koLFkk dk fof’k”V euksHkko gS fdUrq og
O;fDrxr euksfodkj ds :i eas xzg.k fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd f’k’kq vFkok ckyd&ckfydk dk thou O;Ldksa ds e/
; fodflr gksrk gSA ;fn ckyd dks vius euksuqdwy dk;Z djus dk volj izkIr gksrk gS rks mls izlUurk gksrh
gSA fdUrq ;fn eu ds foijhr volj feyk rks vizlUurk gksrh gS] mls Øks/k vkrk gSA Hkkstu ds fy,] ckgj [ksyus
ds fy, vFkok ek¡ dh vuqifLFkfr esa fcLrj ij lksus dh fLFkfr esa mls vizlUurk gks ldrh gSA cM+ksa }kjk fdlh
dk;Z dks djus dh vuqefr u feyus ij vFkok bPNkuqdwy ifjfLFkfr izkIr u gksus ij Øks/k ds euksHkko O;Dr djrk
gSA tSls&tSls mldh vk;q esa o`f) gksrh tkrh gS] oSls&oSls og bl eukso`fŸk dks fu;af=r djrk tkrk gSA lekt
Hkh euksHkkoksa dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, izsfjr djrk gSA fQj Hkh Øks/k djus ij fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkafxek,¡ iznf’kZr
djrk gSA NksVk cPpk Øksèk esa fdlh dks iSj ls ekjrk gS] iSjksa dks ckj&ckj iVdrk gS] tehu ij ysVrk gS] fdlh
oLrq dks mBk dj Qsadrk gS] dkVrk gS] ukprk gS vkSj tksjksa ls ph[krk gSA bl izdkj dh fofHkUu dk;Zfof/k mlds
}kjk blfy, viuk;h tkrh gS fd mldh bPNkvksa rFkk vkØks’k dh vksj cM+ksa }kjk /;ku fn;k tk; rFkk mldh
ckf/kr bPNk dks iwjk fd;k tk;A lkekU;r% ckyd esa bPNkiwfrZ mís’; dk Øks/k O;Dr djus dk gksrk gS fdUrq
tSls&tSls og fodkl izkIr djrk tkrk gS] oSls&oSls viuh bPNkiwfrZ ds fy, ncko dh izo`fŸk curh tkrh gS rFkk
cM+ksa ,oa ekrk&firk ds Lusg dk vuqfpr ykHk] Øks/k fn[kk dj mBkrk gSA ;g mldh izo`fŸk cu tkrh gSA tSls&tSls
cPpk vk;qxr fodkl ,oa vuqHko izkIr djrk jgrk gS] oSls&oSls Hk;tU; euksHkko frjksfgr gksrs tkrs gSaA ftUgssa
ns[kdj og Hk;Hkhr gksrk jgk] mUgsa vc Hkyh izdkj fLFkfrKku ds dkj.k laosxkRed lq/kkj djrk tkrk gSA ckyd
esa bPNk ‘kfDr vR;Ur rhoz gksrh gSA og cM+kas ds e/; jgrk gqvk vuqdj.k dh izo`fŸk ds dkj.k viuh vk;q o`f)
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dh vksj lpsr gks tkrk gS rFkk viuh dk;Zfofèk eas lq/kkj ykrk tkrk gSA vYiK vkSj vleFkZ le>us okys cM+ksa
ds e/; viuh lqfoKrk ,oa dq’kyrk dk izn’kZu djus dh rhoz bPNk tkx`r gks tkrh gSA cM+s&cM+s vk;q dks ns[krs
gq, dHkh&dHkkj bl izdkj dh Hkkouk O;Dr dj nsrs gSa fd ^vHkh cPpk gS*A ml le; cPps ds vge~ dks viuh
vk;qxr vleFkZrk dk vkHkkl gksus ij Bsl igq¡prh gS ftlds dkj.k og viuh cqf) izn’kZu dh Hkkouk ls
fofHkUu&euksHkko O;Dr djrk gSA
cky euksHkkoksa ds lS)kfUrd lUnHkZ ds foospu esa ;g Åij Li”V fd;k tk pqdk gS fd blds vUrxZr
loZizFke lgt ;k lkekU; euksHkko mYys[kuh; gSaA ;s euksHkko ekuo ân; esa vk/kkjHkwr :i esa fo|eku jgrs gSaA buesa
eq[;r% ekr`&fir` izse] eksg&eeRo] vkdka{kk] fo’okl] mYykl] papyrk] ftKklk] dYiuk vkfn izeq[k gSaA bueas dqN
ds miHksn Hkh miyC/k gksrs gSa ftuesa ls eeRo] Lusg] euqgkj] vk’p;Z euksHkko vkfn gSaA
6-4 cky euksfoKku dh n`f"V ls ^vkidk caVh*
^vkidk caVh* miU;kl esa ik= caVh dh euksHkkouk blh izdkj dh izdV gqbZ gSA og NqfV~V;ksa esa csdkj
bèkj&mèkj ?kwerk gSA mls djus ds fy, dksbZ dke ugha gSA ,d ckj cxhps dk pDdj yxkrk gS % ßogk¡ eksaxjs [kwc
egds gq, FksA ,d&,d ikS/ks dks mlus [kwc I;kj ls NqvkA fQj fxudj ns[kk fdruh ubZ dfy;k¡ f[kyh gSaA gj ,d
ikS/ks dh Qwy&ifŸk;ksa dk fglkc mlds ikl gSAÞ caVh vkuUn ls >we mBrk gSA vius }kjk yxk;s ,oa iksf”kr eksaxjs dks
>werk ns[kdjA ;g mldk eksaxjs ds izfr eksgtU; euksHkko gS] ftlus mldh ifŸk;ksa dks /kksdj lkQ djus dsfy,
izsfjr fd;k rFkk gok esa >wyus ds fy, izfjr fd;k gSA caVh dh vkdka{kk ns[kus ;ksX; gS D;ksafd ckyd lgt Lusg dk
bPNqd gksrk gSA mls Ñf=e Lusg rFkk lgt Lusg esa Li”V vUrj vuqHko gksrk gSA dkyst ds fy, rS;kj eEeh dk
eqLdqjkuk] caVh dks fpidkuk d`f=e Lusg lk yxrk gS] D;ksafd mls ;g vuqHko gksrk gS fd mldk ;g d`R; viuRo
ls Hkjk gqvk ugha gS ek= vkSipkfjdrk gSA caVh dks ekr` Lusg dh vkdka{kk gSA mls foHkkftr Lusg ds dkj.k ekufld
izfrfØ;k dk vk?kkr lgu djuk iM+rk gSA mldks Lusg dh deh nwljksa ds izfr vkdf”kZr djrh gSA ekyh dks vk;k
ns[kdj mldk izse mHkj vkrk gSA mNy dj mlds ikl igq¡prk gS vkSj iwNrk gS % ßekyh nknk] dSlk gS esjk cxhpk\
rqe Bhd ls ikuh rks nsrs gks uk\Þ bl izdkj foHkkftr Lusg dh iwfrZ og ouLifr ds isM+&ikSèkksa ij LusgyqVk dj djrk
gSA caVh eeh dh mis{kk ls {kqC/k gksdj ikik ds ikl Hkys gh vk tk, fdUrq og vkt Hkh eeh ds Lusg dk Hkw[kk gSA
ßikik mls ?kqek jgs gSaA dydŸks ds ckjs es crk jgs gSaA ij caVh dqN lqu gh ugha jgkA og lksp jgk gS]lksp gh ugha
jgk] ns[k jgk gS & eeh mlds iyax ij cSBh jks&jksdj dg jgh gS êr tk caVh] er tkA eSa rsjs fcuk jg ugha ldw¡xhA
ek¡ ckyd dh la jf{kdk gh ugha gksr h vfirq mYykl ds {k.kks a esa mldh fe= Hkh gks r h gSA
fdUrq ,slk lg;ksx u feyus ij ek¡ dh mis{kk vFkok :”Vrk dks lgu ugha dj ikrkA ckyd caVh] ek¡ dh mnklh
ls vR;f/kd fpfUrr gSA mlds }kjk fcuk cksys caVh dks lqykuk] u vius iyax ij cqyk;k u mlls lkjs fnu ds fo”k;
esa dksbZ lwpuk izkIr dhA ikik ds ikl ls okil ykSVus ij caVh dks vuqHko gks jgk gS fd tSls mlus dksbZxyrh dj
nh gSA Lo;a ls dgrk gS ûgha Hkstuk Fkk rks eeh euk dj nsrhA bruk ukjkt+ gksus dh D;k t:jr Fkh\* og gj bPNk
dh iwfrZ ds fy, rS;kj gS] ysfdu eEeh dh mis{kk ugha lgu dj ldrkA*
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cPps lgt :i esa fo’oklh gksrs gSaA mlds eu dh ljyrk vk/kkj gSA og dksjk dkxt gS ftl ij
dqN Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gSA mldh izd`fr ds Lo:i fuekZ.k dh voLFkk gksrh gSA ckY;koLFkk ftKklk dh
voLFkk gSA caVh Hkh blls la=Lr gSA og vius ikik ds vkus ds jgL; dks mn~?kkfVr djuk pkgrk gSA odhy
pkpk ds vkus ij ikik ds fo”k; esa tkuus dh rhoz bPNk mRiUu gksrh gS D;ksafd og tkurk gS fd ikik ds
}kjk mlds fy, vusd oLrq,¡ odhy pkpk gh ykrs gSaA eEeh ls iwNrk gS ßeEeh] ikik ge yksxksa ds lkFk D;ksa
ugha jgrsAÞ eEeh ls mfpr lekèkku u ikus ij] mldh ikik ds fo”k; esa tkuus dh bPNk vkSj Hkh rhozrk izk Ir
dj ysrh gSA ikik ds fo”k; esa eEeh rFkk odhy pkpk dh okrkZ dks cM+h prqjrk ls lqurk gS fdUrq iw.kZ :is.k
jgL;ksn~?kkVu u gksus ds dkj.k vUrr% og eEeh ls gh iwNrk gS ßpkpk D;k dgrs Fks eEeh\Þ eEeh us ,slh
pqHkrh utjksa ls mls ns[kk fd og Hkhrj rd lge x;k vkSj [kV ls mlus viuh vk¡[ksa can dj yhaA ij cUn
vk¡[kksa ls Hkh og ml pqHku dks eglwl djrk jgkA
ckY;koLFkk esa fudVLFk O;kogkfjd vuqHko dh U;wurk ds dkj.k dYiuk dk vk/kkj vf/kd xzg.k djuk iM+rk
gSA og fdlh Hkh fLFkfr dks vius euksuqdwy dYiuk txr esa izkIr djus rFkk ns[kus dh ps”Vk djrk gSA dYiuk yksd
esa fopj.k djus dh izo`fŸk ckydksa esa vR;f/kd gksrh gS fo’ks”k :i ls peRdkj ,oa vk’p;Z esa Mky nsuokys
s d`R; rFkk
vLokHkkfod fLFkfr;ksa ds izfr og vR;f/kd #fp ysrk gSA caVh Hkh bu izo`fŸk;ksa ls vNwrk ugha gSA QwQhds }kjk Luku
djus ds fy, dgus ij ftn djrk gS fd og Luku rHkh djsxk tc mlls lksuy jkuh dh dgkuh lqu ysxkA QwQh
ds fojks/k djus ij og iqu% ftn djrk gS] ßugha] eSa vHkh lqu¡wxkA dksbZ dke&oke ughaAÞ
ckyd esa rhu o”kZ ds i’pkr~ lqj{kkRed vuqHkwfr gksus yxrh gSA fdUrq lkgfld izo`fŸk gksus ds dkj.k mlds
eu esa vkuUn izkIr djus dk mRlkg ml Hk; dks vf/kd egŸo ugha nsrkA caVh Hkh ,sls euksHkko izdV djrk gSA lkeus
ls nks yM+ds lkbfdy ij ckrsa djrs gq, xqtj tkrs gaSA rks lksprk gS ßFkksM+k vkSj cM+k gks tk;sxk rksog Hkh nks ifg,
dh lkbfdy [kjhnsxkAÞ vk;q o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk ckyd vius prqfnZd izkIr vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij cM+ksa dh Hkk¡fr
vuqdj.k djrk gSA leo;Ldksa ds lkFk viuh lq;ksX;rk izdV djrk gqvk cqf) izn’kZu djrk gS rFkk cM+ksa dschp vius
vuqHko ,oa vfHk#fp;ksa ds ifj”dkj dk izn’kZu djrk gqvk viuh cqf)erk iznf’kZr djus dh lgt izo`fŸk cuk ysrk gSA
caVh LFkku&LFkku ij vius euksHkko O;Dr djrk gSA u;s l= esa caVh izFke fnol ij Ldwy ls fdrkcsa ykrk gSA fdrkcsa
ns[kdj mldh QwQh dgrh gS fd ^^,Yyks] bŸkk Hkkjh cLrkA ;s tc rqe bŸkk cks> <ks&<ksdj ys vk;k djksxs\Þ caVh
vius cqf) fodkl dh vksj bafxr djus gq, lUrks”k vkSj xoZ Hkjh eqLdku ls dgrk gS] ßjkst ys tkuk iM+sxAk vHkh rks
;s ckgj vkSj iM+h gSaA pkSFkh Dykl dh i<+kbZ D;k ;ksa gh gks tkrh gS\ cgqr fdrkcsa i<+uh i<+rh gSaAÞ
ckY;koLFkk esa laosnu’khyrk vR;Ur rhoz ,oa {kf.kd gksrh gSA mlesa izse] eeRo] n;k] lgkuqHkwfr vkfn
Hkkoukvksa ls mn~cq) lsok Hkkouk Hkh tkxzr gksrh gSA ‘kS’ko dky esa tks cPpk vius ek¡&cki ls lsok djokrk gS ogh
ckY;oLFkk esa vkdj ek¡&cki dks d”V esa ns[kdj muds izfr lgkuqHkwfr O;Dr djrk gS rFkk lq[kh vkSj izluU djus dh
vkdka{kk ls mudh lgk;rk vFkok lsok djrk gSA ;g cky dky dh vlkekU; izo`fŸk gSA eka ds izfr csVs dk eeRo
fofHkUu izdkj ls O;Dr gksrk gSA mls nq[kh ns[kdj vius fofHkUu okrkZvksa] piyrkvksa ,oa fØ;kvkas ds ek/;e ls pSrU;
djuk pkgrk gSA miU;kl dk ckyd caVh tc ek¡ dks Fkdh&gkjh ns[krk gS rks og O;kdqy gks mBrk gSA mlus ns[kk
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fd eEeh viuk flj /kksdj vk;h gSaA fdlh izdkj dh ckr u djds pqipki iyax ij tkdj ysV x;h gSaA og
nkSM+k&nkSM+k x;k] LVwy ij p<+dj phuh mrkjh] uhacw dkVk] FkeZl esa ls cQZ fudkykA
ßeEehAÞ lkjh feBkl ?kksy dj mlus /khjs ls iqdkjkA
ßeEeh] ;g f’kdath ys yksA eSa cuk dj yk;k gw¡AÞ
cky eu laosnu’khy gksrk gSA og lEcU/kksa ls Lusg] nqykj vkSj I;kj dh vis{kk djrk gSA vk;q ds lkFk viuh
vksj vkdf”kZr djus dh bPNk xzfUFk ds :i esa fodflr gksrh gSA ckyd tSls&tSls nSfud dk;ksZa esa vkRefuHkZj gksrk
tkrk gS oSls&oSls ifjokj ds vU; lnL; fuf’apr gksrs tkrs gSaA mlds vuUrj Lusg izkIr djus dh izfØ;k è;kukd”kZ.k
dh voLFkk dks fdlh :i eas NksM+uk ugha pkgrkA og mis{kk eglwl djus yxrk gSA caVh viuh eEeh ds }kjk MkDVj
tks’kh dh vksj >qdko dks ns[kdj mlds eu esa eEeh ds }kjk dh tkus okyh mldh mis{kk [kyrh gSA og vuqHok djrk
gS ß,d eEeh gh rks Fkha ij os Hkh mUgha yksxksa esa tkdj fey x;haAÞ
ckyd esa rkfdZdrk dh deh gksus ds dkj.k dHkh&dHkh viuh lkekU; vkSj lgt fLFkfr R;kx dj
vlkekU; gks mBrk gSA og vkØks’k ls ;qDr gksus ij rHkh ‘kkUr gksrk gS tc og visf{kr vkiwfrZ dj ysrk gSA
euksokafNr Qy u feyus ij ekuo LoHkko gS fd eu esa Øks/k] Hk;] fujk’kk vkfn fodkj mRiUu gksrs gSaA ca Vh
[ksyrs gq, vius fe= VhVw ls ekjihV dj ysrk gS rFkk ,d nwljs dh phtksa dh okilh ds fy, ‘kUuks vkrh
gS rks dgrh gS] ßcaVh] VhVw dh lkjh phtsa ns nks] og vc rqels dHkh ugha cksysxkAÞ caVh dh izfrfØ;k nsf[k,
ßgekjh Hkh iDdh dqV~Vh gSA mlls dgks] igys gekjh phtsa ns tk;sxk] fQj viuh ys tk;sxkA gesa ugha pkfg,
lM+h&lM+h phtsaAÞ
ckyd dh ftKklk tc ‘kkar ugha gksrh rks mlds ru eu esa fofHkUu izdkj dh ‘kkjhfjd izfrfØ;k gksus yxrh
gSaA og vius dks ,dkdh ,oa misf{kr vuqHko dj ldrk gSA miU;kl dk ik= caVh tc eEeh rFkk QwQh ls misf{kr
gksrk gS rks mls Øks/k vkrk gSA QwQh }kjk uk’rs ds fy, nw/k&nfy;k est ij j[ks tkus ij ns[krs gh caVh HkHkd mBrk
gS ßfQj ogh nfy;kA eSa ugha [kkrk jkst&jkst lM+k nfy;kAÞ
6-5 lkjka 'k
vr% cky euksfoKku dk iwjk fp=.k ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl esa gqvk gSA cky euksHkkoksa dh n`f”V ls caVh ds
euksHkkoksa dks Li”V vfHkO;fDr miU;kl esa feyh gSA cky eu dh Hkkouk,¡ fdl rjg ikfjokfjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izHkkfor
gksrh gSa bldk fp=.k djus esa miU;kl ysf[kdk lQy gqbZ gSA
6-6 dfBu 'kCn
1½ laosxkRed 2½ vuqokaf'kdrk 3½ i;Zos{k.k 4½ mn~Hkkflr
5½ vfHkKku 6½ fufoZdkj 7½ uSlfxZd 8½ v'kDr
9½ frjksfgr 10½ ifj"dkj
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6-7 vH;klkFkZ ç'u %&
çñ1- cky euksfoKku ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\
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çñ2- cky ço`fÙk;ksa ds lE;d v/;;u esa vkuqokaf'kdrk ,oa lkekftd i;kZoj.k D;ksa egRoiw.kZ gS Li"V djsa\
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çñ3- cky euksfoKku dh n`f"V ls ^vkidk caVh* miU;kl dk ewY;kadu djsa\
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6-8 lUnHkZxUFk@iqLrdsa
4- MkW- lq[kchj flag % fgUnh dgkuh % ledkyhu ifjn`';] vfHkO;atuk çdk'kd] ubZ
fnYyhA
5- MkW- j?kqojn;ky ok".ksZ; % fgUnh dgkuh % cnyrs çferku] ikaMqfyfi çdk'ku] fnYyhA
6- MkW- dkUrk esgnhjÙkk % fgUnh dgkuh dk ewY;kadu] jk/kkÑ".k çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
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B.A. Semester-VI
Hindi Lesson 7
fgUnh dgkuh dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl

7-0 :ijs[ kk
7-1 mís' ;
7-2 çLrkouk
7-3 fgUnh dgkuh dk mn~Hko
7-4 fgUnh dgkuh dk fodkl
7-4-1 çkjfEHkd dky vFkok iwoZ çsepUn dky
7-4-2 fodkldky vFkok çsepUn dky
7-4-3 le`f)dky vFkok çsepUnksÙkj dky
7-4-4 LorU=rk ijorhZ dky dh fgUnh dgkuh
7-5 lkjka ' k
7-6 dfBu 'kCn
7-7 vH;klkFkZ & ç'u
7-1 mís' ;
çLrqr vkys[k ds v/;;uksijkUr vki
& fgUnh dgkuh ds mn~Hko ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh çkIr djsaxsA
& fgUnh dgkuh ds fodkl ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dh tkudkjh çkIr dj ldsaxsA
7-2 çLrkouk
ßunh tSls ty L=ksr dh /kkjk gS] euq”; oSls gh dgkuh dk izokgÞ & johUnzukFk VSxksj dh bl ifjHkk”kk
50
ds vuqlkj ;g thou vkSj txr Lo;a gh ,d dgkuh gS A tc ls euq”; bl l`f”V esa vk;k] rc ls mlesa dgkuh
dgus rFkk lquus dh izo`fÙk Hkh vkbZ A ‘kS’ko esa nknh] ukuh] ek¡ ;k vk;k ds eqag dh dgkfu;k¡] o`)ksa ds ikSjkf.kd
vk[;ku] l[kh lgsfy;ksa ls lquh xbZ lkgl vFkok izokl dh dFkk,¡] Ldwyksa dkystksa esa i<+h xbZ izse&dFkk,a]
tokuh dh tklwlh] frfyLeh vkSj ,s¸;kjh dh dgkfu;ka vkSj ugha rks de ls de rV] uko] pkSiky vkfn ij cSB s
eux<+Ur fdLls lquuk&lqukuk ;s lHkh bl ckr dh lwpuk nsrs gSa fd dgkfu;ka vuUr dky ls dgh tk jgh
gSa] dgh tk,axh A
7-3 fgUnh dgkuh dk mn~Hko
dgkuh lkfgR; dh lokZf/kd yksdfiz; fo/kk gS A blds orZeku Lo:i dk tks fodkl gqvk gS] mldh i`”BHkwfe
esa lqnh?kZ ijEijk,a vkSj {ks=h, izHkko gSa A izkphu Hkkjrh; dFkk lkfgR; esa oSfnd lkfgR;] iqjk.k lkfgR;] egkHkkjr]
jkek;.k] tkrd dFkk,¡] iaprU=] fgrksins’k] c`gRdFkk] dFkk lfjr&lkxj vkfn fo’ks”k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSa A buesa
fo|eku dFkk lw=ksa vkSj dFkkRed rÙoksa ls ;qDr jpukvksa dks dFkk] vk[;ku] vk[;kf;dk] [kaMdFkk] xYi vkfn
‘kh”kZdksa ds vUrxZr mfYyf[kr fd;k tkrk gS A buesa ls dgkuh vkSj dFkk izk;% lekukFkZd gSa A vk/kqfud ;qx ds
iwoZ viHkza’kdkyhu ohjxkFkkvksa] e/;;qxhu izsek[;kuksa] jhfr;qxhu ohj xkFkkvksa rFkk fgUnh x| dh vkfoHkkZodkyhu
jpukvksa ds :i esa ;g dFkk ijEijk fodkl’khy jgh A
fgUnh x| dk fof/kor fodkl yYywyky] lny feJ] lnk lq[kyky ,oa ba’kk vYyk [kk¡ dh jpukvksa ls ekuk
tkrk gS A vk/kqfud vFkZ esa fgUnh dgkuh dk tUe dky Hkh blh le; ls ekuk tk ldrk gS A b'kka vYyk [kka —
r ^jkuh dsrdh dh dgkuh* vFkok ^mn;eku pfjr* dgkfu;k¡ gh gSa A dqN vkykspdksa us ^jkuh dsrdh dh dgkuh*
dks fgUnh dh loZizFke dgkuh ekuk gS A blesa ys[kd us ,d dkYifud izse dFkk izLrqr dh gS A dgkuh esa
peRdkfjd rRoksa dh cgqyrk gS A fdUrq lp ;g gS fd blesa vk/kqfud dgkuh ds y{k.k Bhd ugha cSBrs vkSj u gh
blls dgkuh dh fdlh vfofNUu ijEijk dk izoÙkZu gqvk A blds vuUrj jktk f’ko izlkn flag flrkjs fgUnh dh
mins’kkRed dgkuh ^jktk Hkkst dk liuk* vkSj HkkjrsUnq gfj’pUnz dh gkL; jl iz/kku dgkuh ^,d vn~Hkqr viwoZ
LoIu* n`f”Vxkspj gksrh gS A
vk/kqfud <ax dh dgkfu;ksa dk vkjEHk vkpk;Z jkepUnz ‘kqDy us lu~ 1900 esa iz;kx ls ^ljLorh* if=dk ds
izdk’ku dky ls ekuk gS A bUgksaus vkjfEHkd dgkfu;ksa dk fooj.k bl izdkj fn;k gS &
1- bUnqerh&fd’kksjh yky xksLokeh ¼1900 bZ0½
2- xqycgkj&fd’kksjh yky xksLokeh ¼1902 bZ0½
3- Iysx dh pqM+Sy&ekLVj Hkxoku nkl ¼1902 bZ0½
4- X;kjg o”kZ dk le; & jkepUnz ‘kqDy ¼1903 bZ0½
5- iafMr vkSj iafMrkuh&fxfjtknÙk oktis;h ¼1903 bZ0½
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6- nqykbZ okyh&caxefgyk ¼1907 bZ0½]
;s lHkh dgkfu;k¡ ^ljLorh* if=dk esa izdkf’kr gqbZ Fkha A fgUnh ds dqN fo}kuksa us fd’kksjhyky xksLokeh
dh ^bUnqerh* dks fgUnh dh loZizF ke ekSfyd dgkuh Lohdkj fd;k A ckn esa ns[kk x;k fd bl dgkuh ij
‘ksDlih;j ds ^VsEisLV* ukVd dh Li”V Nki gS A vr% bls fgUnh dh loZizFke ekSfyd dgkuh dguk mfpr
ugha tku iM+rk A Åij fyf[kr izkjfEHkd dgkuhdkjksa ds vuUrj fgUnh esa vusd mPpdksfV ds ys[kdksa&t;’ka dj
izlkn] eaq’kh izsepUn] pUnz/ kj ‘kekZ xqy sjh] fo’oEHkjukFk ‘kekZ dkSf’kd] oàn kou yky oekZ] vkpk;Z prqjlsu
‘kkL=h vkfn dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk 1909 bZ0 esa oànkou yky oekZ us ^jk[khcUn HkkbZ* fy[kdj ,sfrgkfld
dgkfu;ksa dh ijEijk dks tUe fn;k A 1909 bZ0 esa gh dk’kh ls ^bUnq* if=dk dk izdk’ku gqvk] ftlesa izl kn
dh izFke dgkuh ^xzke* izdkf’kr gqbZ vkSj ckn esa HkkokRed dgkfu;ksa dk ^Nk;k* laxzg izd kf’kr gqvk A blds
vfrfjDr pUnz/kj ‘kekZ xqysjh dh dgkuh ^mlus dgk Fkk* 1915 bZ0 esa ^ljLorh* esa izdkf’kr gqbZ A izFke
fo’o;q) dh i`” BHkwf e dks ysdj fy[kh xbZ ;g dgkuh jpuk f’kYi dh n`f ”V ls vius le; dh fof’k”V jpuk
gSA çfrf"Br mi;qZDr foospu ls Li”V gS fd bZ0 1900 ds yxHkx vk/kqfud fgUnh dgkuh dk tUe gqvk vkSj 1912
ls 1918 bZ0 ds chp og iw.kZr% izfrf”Br gks xbZ vkSj bldk ekSfyd :i fu[kjk A
7-4 fgUnh dgkuh dk fodkl
oLrqr% fgUnh dgkuh ds fodkl dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS &
1- izkjfEHkd dky vFkok iwoZ izsepUn dky & ¼lu~ 1900&1915½]
2- fodkldky vFkok izsepUn dky & ¼lu~ 1915&1936½]
3- le`f)dky vFkok izepUnksÙkj dky & ¼lu~ 1936&1950½]
4- LorU=rk ijoÙkhZ dky dh fgUnh dgkuh & ¼lu~ 1950 ls pyh vk jgh fgUnh dgkuh½
7-4-1 izkjfEHkd dky vFkok iwoZ izsepUn dky ¼lu~ 1900&1915½
HkkjrsUnq dky ls fgUnh dgkuh ds bfrgkl dk izFke fodkl dky vkjEHk gksrk gS A izkphu uhfr lkfgR;]
yksd lkfgR; o tkrd lkfgR; vkfn dh i`”BHkwfe ij fgUnh dgkuh lkfgR; dh jpuk vkjEHk gqbZ A HkkjrsUnq
gfj’pUnz] jk/kkpj.k xksLokeh] fd’kksjh yky xksLokeh] jkepUnz ‘kqDy] ds’ko izlkn flag] fxfjtk nÙk oktis;h]
dkfrZd izlkn [k=h] ikoZrh uUnu] ;’kksnk uUnu v[kkSjh] egsUnz yky xxZ] lw;Z ukjk;.k nhf{kr] cax efgyk] mn;
ukjk;.k oktis;h] y{eh/kj oktis;h] f’ko ukjk;.k ‘kqDy] xaxk izlkn vfXugks=h tSls dgkuhdkjksa us bl uohu
lkfgfR;d fo/kk ds {ks= esa viuh jpukRed izfrHkk dk ifjp; fn;k A ^ljLorh*] ^banq o ^fgUnh xYi ekyk* tSlh
i=&if=dkvksa esa Hkh vusd dgkfu;k Niha vkSj muls fgUnh dgkuh ds fodkl dks fn’kk feyh A bl ;qx esa fy[kh
xbZ vf/kdka’k dgkfu;ka dYiukRed rÙo dk vk/kkj cudj fy[kh xbZ gSa] mudh dFkk izo`fÙk lkekftd gS A fgUnq
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lekt esa O;kIr o.kZ O;oLFkk dk fojks/k] vkfFkZd vFkZ foHkktu dh vO;kogkfjdrk] izkphu ijEijkvksa dh
vuqi;ksfxrk] /keZ Hkkouk dk [kks[kykiu] lkeUrokn dk rFkk vk/kqfud f’k{kk ds izpkj] izlkj vkSj xq.k nks”k ls
lEcfU/kr vusd leL;k,¡ bl ;qx dh dgkfu;ksa esa feyrh gS A ukjh lekt esa gksus okyh tkx`fr vkSj lq/kkj dh
vksj Hkh bl ;qx dh dgkuh esa ladsr feyrs gSa A lkekftd izo`fÙk ds vfrfjDr tklwlh izo`fÙk ls lacaf/kr
dgkfu;k¡ Hkh bl ;qx esa fy[kh xbZa A fgUnh dgkuh ds izFke ;qx esa tks fo”k; foLrkj feyrk gS] mlds iz Hkko
Lo:i vkxkeh ;qx esa dgkuh lkfgR; dk foLrkj gqvk rFkk mlesa dykRed ifjiw.kZrk ds lkFk&lkFk n`f”Vdks.k
dh izks<+rk Hkh vk;h A
7-4-2 fodkldky vFkok izsepUn dky ¼lu~ 1915&1936½
fgUnh dgkuh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa f}rh; fodkl dky izsepUn ;qx dks dgk tk ldrk gS A fgUnh ds
loZJs”B dgkuhdkj izsepUn dk vkfoHkkZo blh ;qx esa gqvk] ftUgksaus viuh dgkfu;ksa ls ,d uohu Økafr mRiUu
dj nhA lu~ 1916 esa izsepUn dh lqizfl) dgkuh îap ijes’oj* izdkf’kr gqbZ] blls iwoZ mudh gh ^lkSr*]
^’ka[kukn* vkfn dgkfu;ka 1915 esa izdkf’kr gks pqdh Fkha A izsepUn us fgUnh dgkuh dks ,d u;k {ks=] u;h thou
lEcU/kh ‘kSyh] f’kYi vkSj Hkk”kk iznku dh A izsepUn us yxHkx 290 dgkfu;ka fy[kha ftuesa Hkkjrh; ijEijkxr
vkn’kksZa dk leFkZu vkSj ijEijkxr dqjhfr;ksa dk R;kx djus dh izsj.kk nh gS A ik’pkR; lH;rk vkSj laL—fr
ds vU/kkuqdj.k dks izsepUn us Js;Ldj ugha crk;k gS A iwathifr;ksa ds ‘kks”k.k dk fojks/k djrs gq, iz sepUn us
lekt esa lcls ihfM+r oxZ e/;oxZ dks ekuk gS tks feF;kMEcj o vnwjnf’kZrk ds dkj.k ladV ls f?kjk jgrk
gS A izsepUn us fuEu oxZ dh eq[; leL;k vf’k{kk dks gh ekuk gS A chl o”kZ dh yEch dFkk ;k=k esa izsepUn
us dbZ eksM+ xzg.k fd,] fdUrq îwl dh jkr*] ^Bkdqj dk dqavk* o ^dQ+u* esa mudh dyk mUufr ds pje f’k[kj
ij igqap xbZ A ;gha ls fgUnh dh ubZ dgkuh us viuh izsj.kk [kksth A mijfyf[kr rhuksa dgkfu;ksa us fgUnh dgkuh
dks ;FkkFkZ dh lqn`<+ Hkwfe iznku dh A
bl dky ds nwljs izeq[k dgkuhdkj gSa & t;’kadj izlkn A ;|fi mudh igyh dgkuh ^xzke* lu~ 1911 esa
gh ^bUnq* esa Ni pqdh Fkh] rFkkfi muds egÙoiw.kZ] dgkuh laxzg îzfr/ofu* ^vkdk’knhi*] ^vka/kh*] ^bUnztky* vkfn
bl dky esa izdkf’kr gq, A izlkn :ekuh LoHkko ds O;fDr Fks A mudh dgkfu;ksa esa izse vkSj d#.kk dk] R;kx vkSj
cfynku dk] nk’kZfudrk vkSj dkO;kRedrk dk] Hkkoqdrk vkSj fp=kRedrk dk izk/kkU; gS A bl ;qx ds vU; dgkuhdkjksa
esa fo’oaHkj ukFk ‘kekZ ^dkSf’kd*] pUnz/kj ‘kekZ] ^xqysjh*] prqjlsu ‘kkL=h] jk/kk —”.knkl] fouksn ‘kadj O;kl dk uke fy;k
tk ldrk gS ftUgksaus ^rkbZ*] îxyh*] ^gkj dh thr*] ^dfo dh L=h*] ^vacikfydk*] ^gYnh?kkVh esa*] ^vUr%iqj dk vkjEHk*]
^fo/kkrk* o ^vijk/k* tSls dgkfu;ksa dk l`tu fd;k A bu dgkfu;ksa dh fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd budk l`tu ,sfrgkfld]
;FkkFkZ] euksoSKkfud n`f”Vdks.k o vkn’kZoknh n`f”Vdks.k dks vk/kkj cukdj fd;k x;k gS A ,slh gh dgkfu;ka vkus okys
;qx dh dgkuh jpuk dk vk/kkj cu xbZ A
7-4-3 le`f)dky vFkok izsepUnksÙkj dky ¼lu~ 1936 & 1950½
fgUnh dgkuh ds bfrgkl dk r`rh; fodkl dky izsepUnksÙkj dky dks dgk tk ldrk gS A bl ;qx esa
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lkekftd] jktuhfrd rFkk euksoSKkfud fo”k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk ,sfrgkfld rFkk lkaL—frd fo”k;ksa ij Hkh dgkuh
fy[kh xbZ A bl dky ds dgkuhdkjksa esa tSusUnz] ikaMs;] cspu ‘kekZ ^mxz*] vKs;] bykpUnz tks’kh] Hkxorhpj.k oekZ]
fo”.kq izHkkdj o ;’kiky vkfn dk uke izeq[k gS A
izsepUn ds ckn fgUnh dgkuh dks uohu vk;ke nsus okyksa esa tSusUnz izeq[k gSa A mUgksaus dgkuh dks ?kVuk ds Lrj
ls mBk dj pfj= vkSj euksoSKkfud lR; ij ykus dk iz;kl fd;k gS A ^gR;k*] îk¡t+sc*] ^viuk&viuk HkkX;* tSlh
dgkfu;ksa esa tSusUnz us O;fDreu dh ‘kadkvksa] iz’uksa rFkk xqfRFk;ksa dk vadu fd;k A Hkkjrh; lekt dh :f<+fiz;rk]
‘kks”k.k rFkk O;fDreu dh xzafFk;ksa dk lw{e fo’ys”k.k vKs; dh ^jkst* o ^dfM+;ka* dgkfu;ksa esa feyrk gS A euksoSKkfud
dgkuhdkjksa ds lanHkZ esa bykpUnz tks’kh dk uke fy;k tk ldrk gS A tks’kh th us dgkfu;ksa esa euksoSKkfud
dsefgLVªh fijks;h gS blhfy, mudh dgkfu;k¡ uhjl o vlaosnuh; yxrh gSa A misUnzukFk ^v’d* dh dgkfu;ksa dh
fo”k; oLrq vkSj f’kYi esa oSfo/; gS ij euksfo’ys”k.k o izrhd vkfn ds vk/kkj ij fy[kh xbZ dgkfu;ksa esa QkewZykc)rk
gS A
bl dky dh dgkuh izxfroknh o O;fDroknh izo`fÙk;ksa ls izH kkfor FkhA bl /kkjk ds izf rfufèk
dgkuhdkj ;’kiky gSa A ;’kiky us ekDlZo kn ds vuq: i /ku dh fo”kerk ij izgkj djrs gq, HkkSfrdoknh
uSf rd ewY ;ksa dk leFkZu fd;kA ;’kiky ij Ýk;M dk xgjk izH kko Fkk vr,o ;kSu&psruk ds [kqy s fp=
mudh dgkfu;ksa esa feyrs gSaA ^HkLrko`r*] ^fiat js dh mM+ ku*] ^mÙkeh dh eka* vkfn ;’kiky ds mYys[kuh;
dgkuh laxzg gSaA ;’kiky dgkuh dks n`”Vkar :i esa xzg.k djrs gSa A oxZa la ?k”kZ] euksfo’ys”k.k] iSu k O;aX;
mudh dgkfu;ksa dh vuU; fo’ks”krk,¡ gSa A os lkekftd o uSf rd :f<+;ksa ij izgkj djrs gq, ikBdksa ds :<+
laLdkjksa ij xgjk vk?kkr djrs gSaA blh dky esa lkekftd ‘kks” k.k] vukpkj o dqizFkkvksa ds izf r vkØks’ k
ds rsoj fy, lkeus vk;h ^mxz* dh dgkfu;k¡ A ^fpaxkfj;k¡* o ^pkdysV* laxzgksa esa izd kf’kr mxz dh
dgkfu;k¡ fo’kq) lektnzk sgh gSa A bl dky dh ukjh ysf [kdkvksa esa lqH knzk dqe kjh pkSgku] f’kojkuh izse pUn
o m”kk nsoh fe=k dk uke fy;k tk ldrk gSA bu ysf[kdkvksa us lkekftd] ikfjokfjd o O;kogkfjd thou
ls lEcfU/kr dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gSa A budh dgkfu;sa esa Hkkjrh; ukjh dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ] leL;kvksa rFkk
Hkkoukvksa dk ltx fp=.k feyrk gSA lqH knzk dqekjh pkSgku dh îkih isV* ‘kh”kZd ls izdkf’kr izfl) jk”Vªh;
dgkuh blh dky dh jpuk gSA
7-4-4 LorU=rk ijoÙkhZ dky dh fgUnh dgkuh ¼lu~ 1950 ls pyh vk jgh fgUnh dgkuh½
fgUnh dgkuh dk prqFkZ fodkl dky og gS tc 1950 ds yxHkx fgUnh dgkuh dF; o f’kYi nksuksa
n`f”V;ksa ls vius esa vusd uohurk,¡ ysdj ,d fcYdqy u, eksM+ ij vk [kM+h gqbZA yEcs la?k”kZ ds ckn 1947
esa ns’k ds LorU= gksus ij fgUnh dgkuh esa u, mYykl vkSj uohu vkdka{ kkvksa dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ vkSj bl
dgkuh dks û;h dgkuh* dh laKk izk Ir gqbZA u;h dgkuh dks izLFkkfir djus dk Js; deys’oj] jktsUnz
;kno vkSj eksgu jkds’k dh =;h dks fn;k tkrk gSA buds vfrfjDr ekdZ.Ms;] m”kk fiz;aonk] fueZy oekZ] Hkh”e
lkguh] f’ko izlkn flag] Q.kh’oj ukFk js.kq] eUuw HkaMkjh] —”.kk lkscrh vkfn vusd dgkuhdkj bl le;
54
rsth ls mHkj dj lkeus vk,A fdUrq lu~ 1961&65 dh vof/k esa vkSj mlds ckn Hkh fgUnh dgkuh dh tM+rk
dks rksM+us ds fy, u,&u, vkanksyu mB [kM+s gq,] tSls&v dgkuh ¼xaxk izlkn foey½] lpsru dgkuh ¼eghi
flag½] lekUrj dgkuh ¼deys’oj½] lfØ; dgkuh ¼jkds’k JhoRl½A okLrfodrk ;g gS fd vkanksyu O;fDr
ds cnys gq, ;FkkFkZ dks l’kDr :i ls ok.kh nsus ds iz;Ru FksA vkanksyu fo’ks”k ds uke ls lewph LokrU=;ksÙkj
;qx ds dgkuh ds Hkko vkSj f’kYi dh fdlh fof’k”Vrk dk cks/k ugha gksrk vr% vyx&vyx ukeksa ds ctk,
bls LokrkU=;ksÙkj dky dh dgkuh dguk vf/kd lehphu jgsxkA ^vkapfyd dgkuh* dk izpyu Hkh blh
dky esa gqvkA xzkekapyksa ds dgkuhdkjksa esa f’ko izlkn flag] ekdZ.Ms;] Q.kh’ojukFk js.kq] ‘kSys’k efV;kuh dk
uke fy;k tk ldrk gSA
izsepUn ds iwoZ dgkuh esa dYiuk] frfyLe vkSj jksekuh izo`fÙk dk vkf/kD; FkkA og ^,d Fkk jktk* okyh dgkuh
FkhA izsepUn us bl ijEijk dks rksM+ fn;k vkSj dgkuh dks ^,d vkneh gS* gh cuk fn;kA izsepUn dh ;g Økafrdkjh
Hkwfedk gSA blh thou lw= dks ysdj lu~ 1950 ds ckn fodflr gksus okyh dgkuh us thou ds vR;Ur foLr`r
/kjkry dk vadu fd;kA vc ls igys dgkuh thou dk izfrfcEc Fkh] fdUrq vc ;g Lo;a thou dk ,d vuqHko
[kaM] thou dk gh ,d fgLlk cu xbZA blls ,d cM+k ykHk ;g gqvk fd vc dgkuh ek= euksjatu dh fo/kk ugha]
vfirq euq”; ds fpUru vkSj lksp dh okfgdk fo/kk cu xbZ gSA dgkuhdkjksa ds vuqlkj og vkt Hkz”V O;oLFkk ls yM+us
dk l’kDr gfFk;kj cu xbZ gSA
ifjos’k ds uohure cks/k ds dkj.k bl dky dh dgkuh us ;qx] /keZ] thou] lekt vkSj la?k”kZdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa
ls viuk lh/kk laca/k LFkkfir fd;k gSA blesa [kafMr O;fDrRo dh rFkk O;fDrRo dh vyx&vyx [kafMr va’kksa dh
vfHkO;fDr ij cy fn;k gSA ifjos’k ls VwVs vlgk; O;fDr dh NViVkgV] fujk’kk] mijkerk oLrqr% vfLrRo ds
fy, la?k”kZ’khy ekul dh fofo/k izo`fRr;k¡ gSaA blhfy, ekfDZLV] euksoSKkfud] lekt’kkL=h; rFkk ewY;ijd n`f”V;ka
vc vkjksfir u jg dj dgkuh dh ekufldrk dk vax cu pqdh gSaA euq”; dh jksth jksVh dh fnDdr] ukSdjh dh
leL;k] ‘kklu ra= vkSj jktusrkvksa esa O;kIr Hkz”Vkpkj] jk’ku dh yEch&yEch drkjksa esa flj [kikrh ftUnxh dh
fofo/krkiw.kZ rLohj cM+h izkekf.kdrk ls dgkuh esa izkIr gksrh gSaA nhfIr [kaMsyoky dh ^tehu*] eksgu&jkds’k dh
^lqgkfxusa*] esg:fUulk ijost dh ^R;kSgkj*] lqn’kZu pksiM+k dh ^dNq, dk [kksy*] ^fxfjjkt fd’kksj dh êa=hin*]
xksfoUn feJ dh ^/kkalw* vkfn dgkfu;k¡ bUgha lanHkksZa dks js[kkafdr djrh gSaA jksth&jksVh dh ryk’k esa xkaoksa dh cgqr
cM+h tula[;k uxj esa vk clh] uxj esa vk clus ij Hkh ;s yksx viuh okLrfod ftUnxh dks ugha HkwysA egkuxj
vkSj uxj esa vkdj Hkh buds fnyks&fnekx ij tks xkao Nk;k jgk] mlds nnZ dh ekfeZd vfHkO;fDr deys’oj dh
o jkenj’k feJ dh dgkfu;ksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSa A
vFkZ iz/kku thou dk egÙoiw.kZ o jkspd i{k dgkuh esa ;g lkeus vk;k gS fd fdlh izdkj vFkZO;oLFkk us
ekuoh; fj’rksa o laca/kksa dh e/kqfjek lekIr dj nh gS A laca/kksa dh cnyh gqbZ Hkwfedk ds lanHkZ esa lq/kk vjksM+k] egs’oj
o Kkujatu dh dgkfu;ka mYys[kuh; gSa A budh dgkfu;ksa esa fpf=r iz.k; laca/k HkkSfrd ,oa ;kaf=d lH;rk ls
=Lr ekuo ds laca/k gSa tks {k.k&{k.k u, :iksa dks izkIr djrs gSa A vkt dh dgkuh esa lsDl ds ctk, lsD l
euksfoKku izLrqr gqvk gS A ?kqVu] dqaBk] vukLFkk] vkØks’k] csclh] vuxZyrk dk Loj vkt dh dgkuh esa fo’ks”k :i
ls mHkjk gS A 55
Hkkxrs gq, {k.k dk vFkZ xzg.k djus okyh dgkuh us ukjh eu dh xkFkk pkgs ukSdjhis’kk gS ;k xSj ukSdjh is’kk]
e/;oxZ dh gS ;k mPp oxZ dh] mldh leL;kvksa dk lQy fu:i.k fd;k gS A dgkuh ckyeu dh lw{e lksp dk
fp=.k djrh gS vkSj fuEu] e/; o mPp oxZ dh mu lHkh leL;kvksa dk C;kSjk nsrh gS tks oS;fDrd o lkekftd
:i ls vkgr djrh gSa] D;ksafd dgkuhdkj rhuksa oxksZa ls lacaf/kr gSa A
7-5 lkjka ' k
fgUnh dgkuh ds lexz fodkl dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dgk tk ldrk gS fd vk/kqfud dky ds lkfgR; dh
dsUnzh; fo/kk jgh gS A dgkuhdkj us ltx o tkx:d jg dj le; vkSj fLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i dgkuh ds fodkl
dh vksj ix c<+k, gSa A ‘kk;n gh thou dk dksbZ igyw gS ftl ij dgkuh ugha fy[kh xbZ A
7-6 dfBu 'kCn
1½ ekSfyd
2½ vkfoHkkZo
3½ :ekuh
4½ euksoSKkfud
5½ fo'kq)
6½ lekphu
7½ mijke
8½ e/kqfjek
9½ fu:i.k
10½ vuxZyrk
7-7 vH;klkFkZ ç'u
1- fgUnh dgkuh dk mn~Hko fdl dky esa gqvk \ vius ‘kCnksa esa fy[ksa \
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2- fgUnh dgkuh ds mn~Hko ij ,d laf{kIr ys[k fy[ksa \
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3- fgUnh dgkuh ds fodkl&Øe ij vius fopkj izdV djsa A
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4- fgUnh dgkuh ds mn~Hko vkSj fodkl ij izdk’k Mkfy, A
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gfj;k.kkA
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B.A. Semester-VI
Hindi Lesson 8
*mlus dgk Fkk* *bZn dk R;ksgkj* vkSj *NksVk tknwxj*

dgkfu;ksa dh rkfRod leh{kk
8-0 :ijs[ kk
8-1 mís';
8-2 çLrkouk
8-3 ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh dh rkfRod leh{kk
8-3-1 dFkkud ;k dFkkoLrq
8-3-2 pfj=&fp=.k
8-3-3 laokn
8-3-4 ns'kdky vkSj okrkoj.k
8-3-5 Hkk"kk & 'kSyh
8-3-6 mís';
8-4 ^bZn dk R;ksgkj* dgkuh dh rkfRod leh{kk
8-4-2 pfj.k&fp=.k
8-4-3 lao kn
8-4-5 Hkk"kk & 'kSyh
8-4-6 mís';
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8-5 ^NksVk tknwxj* dgkuh dh rkfRod leh{kk
8-5-2 pfj= & fp=.k
8-5-3 laokn
8-5-5 Hkk"kk 'kSyh
8-5-6 mís';
8-1 mís'; %& çLrqr ikB ds v/;;uksijkUr vki ^mlus dgk Fkk* ^bZn dk R;kSgkj* vkSj ^NksVk tknwxj* dgkfu;ksa
dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk dj ldsaxsA
8-2 çLrkouk % dgkuh lkfgR; dh lokZf/kd yksdfç; fo/kk gSA lalkj ds lHkh çkphu lkfgR;ksa esa dgkfu;ksa dh
o`gr ijEijk feyrh gSA dgkuh esa thou ds fdlh ,d vax dks çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS ogha] miU;kl esa
thou dks lexzrk ls çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA çsepUn ds 'kCnksa esa dgkuh esa cgqr fo'ys"k.k dh vko';drk
;k xqatkb'k ugha gksrh] ;gk¡ gekjk mís'; euq"; dks fpf=r djuk ugha oju mlds pfj= dk ,d va'k
fn[kkuk gSA
8-3 ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh dh rkfRod leh{kk
dgkuh ds N% rRo ekus x, gaS & 1- dFkkud ;k dFkkoLrq 2- pfj=&fp=.k 3- laokn 4- ns’kdky vkSj
okrkoj.k 5- Hkk”kk&’kSyh 6- mís’;A bu rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij dgkuh dh leh{kk fuEufyf[kr gSa &
8-3-1- dFkkud ;k dFkkoLrq & dgkuh dh dFkkoLrq laf{kIr gksrh gS vkSj rhoz xfr ls vius y{; dh vksj c<+rh
gSA dFkkud ds fodkl dh pkj fLFkfr;k¡ gksrh gSa & ¼d½ izkjEHk ¼[k½ fodkl ¼x½ dkSrwgy vkSj ¼?k½ pje lhekA pUnèkj
‘kekZ xqysjh us la;ksxksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ds lgkjs ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh ds dFkkud dh l`f”V dh gSA bldk dFkkud
rRdkyhu izFke egk;q) ls lEcfU/kr gSA ckyd ygukflag ve`rlj ds cktkj esa vpkud ,d ckfydk dks rk¡xs ds
uhps vk tkus ls cpk ysrk gSA ;gha ls nksuksa dk ifjp; vkjEHk gksrk gSA nksuksa ds eu esa ,d nwljs dsizfr vuqjkx mRiUu
gks tkrk gSA dqN le; ckn nksuksa vyx gks tkrs gSa vkSj ,d nwljs dks Hkwy tkrs gSaA fQj nksuksa dk la;ksxo’k 25 o”kZ
ckn vpkud feyu gksrk gS tc ygukflag ua- 77 jkbQy gksdj vaxzstksa dh vksj ls Ýkal ds j.k{ks= esa yM+usds fy,
tk jgk gS vkSj vius lwcsnkj dks feyus mlds ?kj vkrk gSA lwcsnkjuh dks ns[kdj mls irk pyrk gS og dksbZ vkSj
ugha cfYd ogh Hkksyh&Hkkyh yM+dh gS tks js’ke ls d<+k lkyw fn[kkdj Hkkx xbZ FkhA lwcsnkjuh ygukflag dks vius
ikl cqykdj dgrh gS fd ftl rjg cpiu esa rqeus rkaxs ds uhps vk tkus ls esjh tku cpkbZ Fkh] mlh rjg vc rqe
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;q)LFky esa esjs ifr vkSj esjs iq= nksuksa dh j{kk djukA Ýkal vkSj csfYt;e ds eSnku eas og lwcsnkj gtkjkflag vkSj
muds jksxxzLr iq= cks/kkflag ds izk.kksa dh j{kk djrk gqvk gh Lo;a ?kk;y gks tkrk gS vkSj vius lkFkhothjkflag dh
xksn esa vius izk.k R;kx nsrk gSA mls ejrs gq, ;g larks”k gS fd mlus viuh izfrKk dk ikyu iw.kZ:i ls dj fy;k
gSA dFkkud ml vfMx fo’okl ij vk/kkfjr gS] ftlds cy ij lwcsnkjuh fuLladksp ygukflag ls mlds thou dks
ek¡x ysrh gSA
bl dgkuh ds dFkkud esa vkjEHk] vkjksgh] pjefLFkfr] vojksg vkSj vUrj uked ik¡pksa fLFkfr;ksa dk fp=.k
Hkh cM+h lthork ds lkFk gqvk gSA bl dgkuh dk ^vkjEHk* Hkh Hkwfedk ls gqvk gS vkSj ml Hkwfedk esa ver̀lj ds cktkj
dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k dFkkud dks ltho cuk nsrk gSA ^rsjh dqM+ekbZ gks xbZ* vkSj ^/kr~* tSls ‘kCnksa us dFkkud dks vkjEHk
ls gh ekfeZd cuk fn;k gSA rnqijkUr Ýkal&csfYt;e ds eSnku esa [kand ds vanj flD[k jsthesaV ds igq¡pus ,oa ogk¡
xhr xkdj euksfouksn djus rd bl dFkkud dk ^vkjksg* gSA rRi’pkr~ diVh yiVu lkgc ds vkus ij dFkkud
^pjefLFkfr* ij igq¡p tkrk gS vkSj ygukflag dh dq’kyrk ,oa lko/kkuh ds dkj.k lwcsnkj gtkjkflag rFkk jksx ls
ihfM+r muds iq= cks/kkflag dh j{kk dk ^vojksg* vkjEHk gks tkrk gSA blds vuarj ys[kd us ygukflag teknkj dh
Le`fr dks tkxzr djds iqjkuh ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, ygukflag dh e`R;q ds lkFk dFkkud dk d#.kkiw.kZ ^vUr*
fd;k gSA dFkkud ds vUr esa ys[kd us ;FkkFkZrk dk iqV nsus ds fy, fy[kk gS & ßdqN fnu ihNs yksxksa usv[kckjksa
esa i<+k & Ýkal vkSj csfYt;e & 68 oha lwph&eSnkuksa esa ?kkoksa ls ejk & ua- 77 fl[k jk;QYl teknkj ygukflagAÞ
brus foLr`r ,oa fo’kky fp=i`“B ij lEiw.kZ dFkkud dks lUrqfyr <ax ls izLrqr djuk vkSj b/kj&m/kj fc[kjh
gqbZ dfM+;ksa dks tksM+dj vUr esa mUgsa Øec) dj nsuk xqysjh th ds dykRed fo/kku dh egŸkk dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA
xqysjh th us fo/kku dh n`f”V ls dFkkud ds vfUre Hkkx dks brus dykRed <ax ls latks;k gS fd dgkuh dh laosnuk
pjekoLFkk ds mijkUr Hkh fLFkj cuh jgrh gSA bl rjg ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh dk lqxfBr dFkkud vizR;kf’kr eksM+ksa
,oa dkSrwgy izo`fŸk ls ifjiw.kZ gksdj thou&rF;ksa ds mn~?kkVu esa iw.kZ l’kDr ,oa l{ke gSA
8-3-2 pfj=&fp=.k & ßmlus dgk Fkk* ,d pfj=&iz/kku dgkuh gSA blesa ,d vksj ygukflag teknkj ds viwoZ
R;kx] cfynku vkSj fo’kq) izse dk fu:i.k gqvk gS] rks nwljh vksj lwcsnkjuh ds mnkŸk ,oa xaHkhj I;kj Frkk vfMx
fo’okl dks Hkh fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ys[kd us pfj=&fp=.k ds fy, ladsrkRed ,oa dFkksidFkukRed i)fr;ksa dk gh
iz;ksx fd;k gSA
ygukflag ds pfj= dk Øfed fodkl fn[kkrs gq, ys[kd us loZizFke ,d Hkksys&Hkkys fd’kksj ckyd ds :i
esa fpf=r fd;k gS] tks ve`rlj ds cktkj eas pkSd dh ,d nqdku ij yM+dh ls feyrk gSA mlds cky&pfj= dh nwljh
fo’ks”krk dh vksj ys[kd us ladsr vkxs pydj lwcsnkjuh ds eq[k ls fd;k gS fd mlus ,d fnu tc fdlh rk¡xokys s
dk ?kksM+k ngh okys dh nqdku ij fcxM+ x;k Fkk] rc ml yM+dh dh tku cpkbZ FkhA yguk ds cM+s gksrs gh QkSt essa
teknkj gks tkus ij mlds pfj= dh fdruh gh vlk/kkj.k fo’ks”krkvksa dk fp=.k bl dgkuh esa gqvk gSA og vR;Ur
60
vuq’kklufiz; ,o cM+ksa dk lEeku djus okyk lSfud gSA og g¡leq[k lSfud gSA j.k{ks= esa [kUnd ds vUnj iM+s gq,
lSfudksa ds lkFk gkL;&fouksn esa Hkkx ysrk gSA og ,d ,slk dŸkZO;fu”B lSfud gS] tks vkn’kZ ds fy, loZLo viZ.k djus
dh {kerk j[krk gSA
bl dgkuh esa nwljk pfj= lwcsnkjuh dk gS tks vR;Ur ekfeZd ,oa egŸoiw.kZ gSA ys[kd us mls vYgM+ ckfydk]
ifrijk;.kk iRuh ,oa okRlY;e;h tuuh dh mRd`“V Hkwfedk esa vafdr djds ukjh ds ikou ,oa mTToy pfj= dh efgek
ls eafMr fd;k gSA cpiu dk yguk flag ds lkFk ml ckfydk dk vkd”kZ.k u rks dke&Hkkouk ls izsfjr gS vkSju blesa
LokFkZ ,oa vuSfrdrk dh xa/k vkrh gSA
ml ckfydk dks lwcsnkjuh ds :i esa fpf=r dj ys[kd us ukjh pfj= dks fn[kk;k gSA og vius ifr vkSj
iq= dh eaxydkeuk djrh gS D;ksafd nksuksa ;q) ij tk jgs gSaA og vius cpiu ds igpku okys fe= ygukflag ls
;q) esa mudh j{kk djus ds fy, dgrh gS] ßvc nksuksa tkrs gSaA esjs Hkkx! rqEgsa ;kn gS] ,d fnu rk¡xs okys dk ?kksM+k
ngh okys dh nqdku ds ikl fcxM+ x;k FkkA rqeus ml fnu esjs izk.k cpk;s FksA ------- ,sls gh bu nksuksa dks cpkuk] ;g
esjh fHk{kk gSAÞ
xqysjh th us lwcsnkjuh dks vUr esa ,d mnkŸk ,oa iquhr izse dh izfrek ds :i esa fpf=r djds mls Hkkjrh;
e;kZnk dk ikyu djus okyh vkn’kZ iRuh ,oa vkn’kZ tuuh dh Hkwfedk esa gh vafdr ugha fd;k gS] vfirq vfMx
fo’okl ,oa lqn`<+ fu”Bk esa lEiUu ,d ,slh vkn’kZ izsfedk ds :i esa Hkh vafdr fd;k gS] tks ygukflag ds thou
dh /kkjk dks gh eksM+ nsrh gSA mls R;kx ,oa cfynku dh vksj mUeq[k dj nsrh gSA
8-3-3 laokn & dgkuh esa laoknksa dh ;kstuk ds nks izeq[k mís’; gksrs gSa & ,d rks ik=ksa dh pkfjf=d fo’ks”krkvksa
dk mn~?kkVu djuk vkSj nwljs dFkkud dks vxzlj djus eaas lgk;rk ysukA ys[kd us bu nksuksa mís’;ksa dh iwfrZ cM+h
dq’kyrk ,oa rRijrk ds lkFk dh gSA lkFk gh dgkuh dks jkspd] vkd”kZd ,oa euksjatd cukus ds fy, Hkh laoknksa
dk lgkjk fy;k x;k gSA vkids bu laoknksa esa lcls igyh fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd os ikBdksa dh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus ,d
ltho fp=&lk izLrqr dj nsrs gSa( tSls & ckyd yguk vkSj vkB o”khZ; ckfydk dk ;g laokn lqfu;s] tks fp=ksierk
ds lkSan;Z ls vksrizksr gS &
ßrsjs ?kj dgk¡ gS\Þ
ßexjs esa( & vkSj rsjs\Þ
ßek¡>s esa( & ;gk¡ dgk¡ jgrh gS\Þ
ßvarj flag dh cSBd esa] os esjs ekek gksrs gSaAÞ
dqN nwj tkdj yM+ds us eqLdjkdj iwNk &
ßrsjh dqM+ekbZ gks xbZ\Þ
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bl ij yM+dh dqN vk¡[ksa p<+kdj ^/kr~* dgdj nkSM+ xbZ vkSj yM+dk eq¡g ns[krk jg x;kA
laokn laf{kIr gSa D;ksafd Xkqysjh th ys eq[;r% laf{kIr okD;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA tSls ygukflag vkSjcksèkkflag
dk laokn lqfu;s %&
ßvPNk] esjh tjlh igu yksAÞ
ßvkSj rqe\Þ
ßesjs ikl flxM+h gS] eq>s xehZ yxrh gS( ilhuk vk jgk gSAÞ
dgkuh ds laokn vR;Ur ekfeZd gSaA buesa ok.kh ds dkS’ky ds lkFk&lkFk vFkZ xkEHkh;Z ,oa mfDroSfp«;
fo|eku gSA tSls] ygukflag dk diVh yiVu lkgc ds lkFk gksus okyk laokn lqfu;s %&
ßD;ksa lkgc] ge yksx fgUnqLrku dc tk;asxs\
ßyM+kbZ [kRe gksus ijA D;ksa] D;k ns’k ilUn ugha gS\Þ
LFkkuh; okrkoj.k dh iw.kZ >k¡dh dgkuh eas vafdr gSA ys[kd us vius laoknksa esa izk;% ,sls ‘kCnksa] okD;ksa ,oa
Hkkoksa dk lekos’k fd;k gS] tks LFkkuh; okrkoj.k dh >k¡dh izLrqr djrs gq, laoknksa dks ;FkkFkZrk ,oaokLrfodrk iznku
djrs gSaA othjkflag vkSj ygukflag ds euksfouksniw.kZ bl okrkZyki esa LFkkuh; okrkoj.k dh >k¡dh nsf[k,A tc [kUnd
esa ls xUnk ikuh Qsadrk gqvk othjkflag dgrk gS %&
ßeSa ik/kk cu x;k gw¡A djks teZu ds ckn’kkg dk riZ.kAÞ
laoknksa esa O;ogkfjdrk gksuh pkfg,A mueasa ekuo&lqyHk O;kogkfjdrk gS vkSj ,d ik= nwljs ik= ls ogh
dgrk gS tks ml ifjfLFkfr esa laHko gSA tSls] yM+kbZ [kRe gksus ij tc yguk dks NksM+dj lwcsnkj [kand ls tkus
dks rS;kj ugha gq,] rc yguk dgrk gS &
ßrqEgsa cks/kk dh dle gS vkSj lwcsnkjuh th dh lkSxa/k gS tks bl xkM+h esa u pys tkvksAÞ
ßvkSj rqe\Þ
ßesjs fy, ogk¡ igq¡pdj xkM+h Hkst nsukA vkSj teZu eqnksZa ds fy, Hkh xkfM+;ka vkrh gksaxhA esjk gkycqjk ugha
gSA ns[krs ugha eSa [kM+k gw¡AÞ
laoknksa dh fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd buesa Hkkoqdrk] ljlrk] dkseyrk] f’k”Vrk vkSj ljyrk ds lkFk&lkFk
ekuoh; laosnuk dh dk#f.kd O;atuk Hkh gksuh pkfg,A yguk flag ls lwcsnkjuh us tks dqN dgk gS] mlesa ekfeZd
Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds lkFk gh ekuoh; laosnuk dh xgjh d#.k Nki fo|eku gSA lwcsnkjuh ygukflag ls dg
jgh gS %&
62
ßeSaus rsjs dks vkrs gh igpku fy;kA ,d dke dgrh gw¡A esjs rks Hkkx QwV x;sA ljdkj us cgknqj dk f[krkc
fn;k gS] yk;yiqj esa t+ehu nhA vkt uedgykyh dk ekSdk vk;k gSA ij ljdkj us ge rhfe;ksa dh
?k?kfj;k iyVu D;ksa u cuk nh tks eSa Hkh lwcsnkjth ds lkFk pyh tkrh\ ,d csVk gSAÞ
bl izdkj xqysjhth us laf{kIr] LokHkkfod] ljl] ltho] ekfeZd] euksjatd] f’k”Vrk lEiUu] O;kogkfjd]
okd~pkrqjh ;qä rFkk vFkZ&xkaHkh;Z ls Hkjs gq, laoknksa dh ;kstuk djds dgkuh dks ukVdh;rk ds mŸke xq.kksa esa lq’kksfHkr
gh ugha fd;k gS] vfirq ik=ksa dh ekufld Ågkiksg ls ifjiw.kZ pkfjf=d fo’ks”krkvksa dk mn~?kkVuk djrs gq, dgkuh
dks je.kh;rk] pk#rk ,oa lthork iznku dh gS rFkk mls thoUr :i iznku djrs gq, furkUrj LokHkkfod ,oa
okLrfod cukus dk LrqR; iz;kl fd;k gSA
8-3-4 ns’kdky vkSj okrkoj.k & dgkuh dks izHkko dh n`f”V ls jkspd] vkd”kZd ,oa LokHkkfod cukus ds fy,
mlesa okrkoj.k dh l`f”V djuk vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gSA dgkuh dkYifud gksrs gq, Hkh ;FkkFkZ dh i`“BHkwfe
ij rHkh izfrf”Br gksrh gS] tc mlesa okrkoj.k dh ;kstuk vR;Ur izHkko’kkyh <ax ls dh tkrh gSA okrkoj.k dh
lQy ,oa ltho ;kstuk ds fy, rhu rŸoksa dh vko’;drk iM+rh gS & ¼1½ ns’k] ¼2½ dky vkSj ;qxkuqdwy ifjfLFkfrA
blesa ns’k ls rkRi;Z ml LFkku&fo’ks”k] ’kgj] xk¡o vFkok HkwHkkx ls gS] tgk¡ dgkuh dh ?kVuk;sa ?kfVr gksrh gSaA dky
ls rkRi;Z o”kZ] ekl] fnu] izgj] ?kM+h] _rq vFkok le;&fo’ks”k ls gS] ftl le; ?kVuk;sa ?kfVr gksrh gqbZ dgkuh ds
dFkkud dks fdlh dky&[kaM ls lEc) dj nsrh gSaA blds lkFk gh ;qxkuqdwy ifjfLFkfr ls rkRi;Z fdlh ;qx&fo’ks”k
dh mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls gS] ftuesa ?kVuk;sa tUe ysdj lEiw.kZ dgkuh dks vkPNkfnr dj nsrh gSaA
xqysjh th dh bl vej dgkuh ^mlus dgk Fkk* esa okrkoj.k lEcU/kh igyh fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd blesa ns’kxr
okrkoj.k dk fp= vR;Ur lthork] ekfeZdrk ,oa ;FkkFkZrk ds lkFk vafdr gqvk gS vkSj blus dgkuh esa tku Mky
nh gS] D;ksafd ;gk¡ ys[kd us ve`rlj ds cktkj dk tks ;FkkFkZ okrkoj.k vafdr fd;k gS] og dgkuh dh i`“BHkwfe gh
ugha oju~ es#naM gS vkSj mlus dgkuh dks izHkko dh xfjek ls vksrizksr dj fn;k gSA tSls] ^cM+s&cM+s ‘kgjksa ds
bDds&xkM+h okyksa dh tcku ds dksM+ksa ls ftudh ihB fNy xbZ gS vkSj dku id x, gSa] muls gekjh izkFkZuk gS fd
ve`rlj ds cEcwdkVZ okyksa dh cksyh dk ejge yxkosaA tc cM+s&cM+s ‘kgjksa dh pkSM+h lM+dksa ij ?kksM+s dh ihB dks
pkcqd ls /kqurs gq, bDds okys dHkh ?kksM+s dh ukuh ls viuk fudV lEcU/k fLFkj djrs gSa] dHkh jkg pyrs iSnyksa dh
vk¡[kksa ds gksus ij rjl [kkrs gSa] dHkh muds iSjksa dh vaxqfy;ksa ds iksjksa dks phFkdj vius dks lrk;k gqvk crkrs gSa
vkSj lalkj Hkj dh Xykfu] fujk’kk vkSj {kksHk ds vorkj cus ukd dh lh/k pys tkrs gSa] rc ve`rlj esa muds fcjknjh
dks] rax pDdjnkj xfy;ksa esa gj ,d yM~<h okys ds fy, Bgj dj lcz dk leqnz meM+kdj] cpks [kkylk th*] g^ Vks
HkkbZ th*] Bgjuk ekbZ*] ^vkus nks ykyk th*] ^gVks ckNk* dgrs gq, lQsn QsVksa] [kPpjksa vkSj cr[kksa] xUus vkSj [kkseps
vkSj Hkkjs okyksa ds taxy esa lg jkg [ksrs gSaA D;k etky gS fd ^th* vkSj ^lkgc* fcuk lqus fdlh dks gVuk iM+sA
;g ckr ugha fd mudh thHk pyrh gh ugha( pyrh gS] ij ehBh Nqjh dh rjg eghu ekj djrh gSA ;fn dksbZ cqf<+;k
ckj&ckj fprkSuh nsus ij Hkh yhd ls ugha gVrh rks mudh opukoyh ds ;s uewus gSa & ^gVtk th.ks tksfx,( gV tk
djekokfy,* gV tk iqŸkka I;kfj,* cp tk yEchokfy,AÞ
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bl dgkuh dk nwljk LFky gS & Ýkal&csfYt;e ds ;q) dh HkwfeA ys[kd us ml j.k{ks= dk ltho
fp=.k djrs gq, ikBdksa dh vk¡[kksa ds lEeq[k j.kHkwfe dk thrk&tkxrk ;FkkFkZ fp= izLrqr dj fn;k gSA tSls]
^jke] jke];g Hkh dksbZ yM+kbZ gSA fnu&jkr [kUndkasa esa cSBs gfM~M;k¡ vdM+ xbZaA yqf/k;kus ls nl xqu k tkM+k
vkSj esag vkSj cjQ Åij lsA fiaMfy;ksa rd dhp esa] /k¡ls gq, gSaA xuhe dgha fn[krk ugha( & ?kaVs&nks ?kaVs
esa ijns QkM+us okys /kekds ds lkFk lkjh [kUnd fgy tkrh gS vkSj lkS&lkS xt /kjrh mNy iM+rh gSA bu
cSjh xksys ls cps rks dksbZ yM+sA uxjdksV dk t+yt+yk lquk Fkk] ;gk¡ fnu esa iPphl t+yt+ys gkssrs gSa A tks
dgha [kUnd ls ckgj lkQk ;k dqguh fudy xbZ rks pVkd~ ls xksyh yxrh gS ekywe csbZeku feÍh esa ysVs gq, gSa
;k ?kkl dh ifŸk;ksa esa fNis jgrs gSaAÞ
okrkoj.k lEcU/kh nwljh fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd bl dgkuh esa dky dh fo’ks”k bdkbZ ls bldk lEcU/k LFkkfir
djds ?kVukvksa dks okLrfodrk ,oa ;FkkFkZrk dk iqV fn;k x;k gSA tSls Ýk¡l&csfYt;e ds eSnku esa yqf/k;kuk ls nl
xquk tw>uk iM+rk vkSj fujarj cjQ iM+uk fn[kk;k x;k gSA ogk¡ tkM+k bruk iM+ jgk gS fd gfM~M;ksa esa Hkh BaM /
k¡l xbZ gSA lw;Z ogk¡ fudyrk ugha vkSj [kkbZ esa nksuksa rjQ ls pEcs dh ckofy;ksa ds&ls lksrs >jrs jgrs gSaA dEcyksa
,oa flxM+h ds lgkjs tSls&rSls jkr dVrh gSA tkM+k D;k gS] ekSr gSA Hkjrh; lSfudksa esa ls dbZ fueksfu;k¡ds f’kdkj
gks x;s gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd cks/kkflag Hkh BaM dk f’kdkj gks x;k gSA mldh d¡iuh NwV jgh gSA jkse&jkse esa rkj nkSM+
jgs gSa vkSj mlds nk¡r ct jgs gSaA ,sls esa ygukflag mls lw[kh ydM+h ds r[rksa ij lqykrk gSA vius lkFk dEcy
mls m<+krk gSA viuh xje tjlh Hkh mls igukrk gS] Lo;a flxM+h ds lgkjs tkM+ksa dh jkrsa dkVrk gS vkSj vius xje
ojku dksV rd ls mldks <¡d nsrk gSA bl izdkj ;wjksi ds eSnkuh Hkw&Hkkx esa fLFkr tkM+s dh _rq ds lkFk&lkFk ogk¡
ds dky fo’ks”k lEcU/kh okrkoj.k dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k djds ys[kd us dgkuh dks izHkkoiw.kZ cukus dk ltho iz;kl fd;k
gSA ys[kd us rRdkyhu _rq dk fp=.k djrs gq, fy[kk Hkh gS fd ^yM+kbZ ds le; pk¡n fudy vk;k FkkA ,slk pk¡n
ftlds izdk’k ls laLd`r&dfo;ksa dk fn;k gqvk ^{k;h* uke lkFkZd gksrk gS vkSj gok ,slh py jgh Fkha tSlh fd ck.kHkÍ
dh Hkk”kk esa ^nUroh.kksins’kkpk;Z* dgykrhAÞ
okrkoj.k lEcU/kh rhljh fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd ys[kd us ;gk¡ ;qxkuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fp=.k djds
dgkuh esa pkj pk¡n yxk fn;s gSaA ;qxkuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vUrxZr rRdkyhu jktuhfrd] lkekftd]
lkaLd`frd vkfn ifjfLFkfr;ka vkrh gSa] tks fdlh ns’k] lekt ;k tkfr ds vkpkj&fopkj] mldh lH;rk ,oa
laLd`fr] ykSfdd ekU;rkvksa vkfn dh |ksrd gksrh gSaSA xqysjhth us bl vej dgkuh esa rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dk fp=.k cM+h rRijrk ,oa ltxrk ds lkFk fd;k gSA bl dgkuh dh ewyk/kkj f}rh; fo’o;q) dh
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSaA ml le; Hkkjr eas vaxzsth ‘kklu Fkk vkSj vaxzstksa dh vksj ls Hkkjr dh fl[k jsthesa V Qzkal
&csfYt;e ds eSnku esa teZuh ds fo#) yM+us ds fy, xbZ FkhA yM+kbZ ds eSnku dk ltho ,oa LokHkkfod
fp=.k djus ds fy, gh ;gk¡ ys[kd u Hkkjrh; fl[k lSfudksa dks [kUnd ds vUnj ekspkZ yxk;s gq, fn[kk;k
gS] ftl ij teZuksa ds rhl&rhl eu ds xksys fxjrs gaS] ftudh Hk;adj vkokt ls dkuksa ds Hkh ijns QVus
dk Mj jgrk gS vkSj tks lkjh [kUnd dks fgyk nsrs gSaA [kUndksa esa izk;% lkr fnuksa rd ,d VqdM+h j[kh tkrh
gS vkSj lkr fnu ckn ^fjyhQ* vk tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; lSfudksa dks [kq’k j[kus ds fy, vaxzsth efgyk;sa mu ij
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Qy vkSj nw/k dh o”kkZ djrh gSa] muds fy, Åuh tjfl;k¡ cqu&cqudj Hkstrh gSa vkSj mUgsa flxjsV fiykrh gSaA
ijUrq fl[k rks flxjsV ihrs ughaA vr% fl[kksa ds flxjsV u ihus ij os ;g le>rh gSa fd jktk cqjk eku x;k
gS vkSj gekjs eqYd ds fy, ugha yM+sxkA vr% os lHkh rjg ls Hkkjrh; lSfudksa dk Lokxr&lRdkj djrh gSA
;g Hkh dHkh&dHkh gksrk gS fd [kUndksa esa dksbZ teZu vQlj vaxzsth vQlj vaxzsth vQlj dk diV&os’k
/kkj.k djds mUgsa /kks[kk nsus ,oa mudh VqdfM+;ksa dk lQk;k djus vk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ yiVu lkgc dh ?kVuk
blh dkj.k lPph ,oa LokHkkfod&lh yxrh gS vkSj mlus vkdj [kUnd dks rhu xksys yxkdj mM+kus dk tks
iz;kl fd;k gS] og Hkh LokHkkfod gSA ijUrq og tSls gh ygukflag uked fl&teknkj dks flxjsV ihus ds
fy, nsrk gS oSls gh mldh iksy [kqy tkrh gS vkSj mldh ;kstuk vlQy gks tkrh gSA [kUndksa ij
teZu&lSfudksa ds vkØe.k gksuk] fl[kksa dk eqdkcyk djuk vkSj ml eqBHksM+ esa lSfudksa dk ejuk vFkok ?kk;y
gksuk Hkh rRdkyhu ;q) dh ifjfLFkfr dk thrk&tkxrk fp= izLrqr djrk gSA
bl dgkuh esa lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd okrkoj.k dh Hkh l`f”V gqbZ gSA blhfy, ;gk¡ verlj ds cEcwdkVZ
okyksa dh eukso`fŸk ,oa mudh opukoyh dk thrk&tkxrk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkh LokHkfod gh gS fd fl[kksa
ds ckydksa ds ds’k gksrs gSa vkSj os <hys lqFkus igurs gSaA vius ds’k /kksus ds fy, os ngh dk iz;ksxdjrs gSa vkSj Hkkstu
esa cfM+;k¡ vf/kd idkrs gSaA fl[kksa esa dqM+ekbZ dh jle tYnh gh gks tkrh gSA ;g Hkh lR; gS fd fl[k rEckdw ugha
ihrs vkSj u flxjsV dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA lkFk gh ;g Hkh LokHkkfod ,oa euksoSKkfud gS fd tc fl[k&lSfudeuksjatu
djrs gSa rks xUns&xUns xkus Hkh xkrs gSa] D;ksafd muls muesa fQj rkt+xh vk tkrh gSA ;g Hkh lR; gh gS fd f}rh;
fo’o;q) ds nkSjku] iatkc eas ,sls dbZ rqjdh ekSyoh xk¡o&xk¡o esa tkdj teZuh okyksa dh iz’kalk djrs gq, muds fy,
Hkkjr esa i`“BHkwfe rS;kj djus ds fy, mudk izpkj djrs FksA os x.Mk&rkcht nsdj yksxks esa fo’okl iSnk djrs Fks vkSj
crk;k djrs Fks fd ßteZuh okys cM+s iafMr gSaA osn i<+&i<+dj mlesa ls foeku pykus dh fo|k tku x;s gSAa xkS dks
ugha ekjrs vkSj fgUnqLrku esa vk tk;saxs rks xkS&gR;k cUn dj nsaxsAÞ os yksx eaMh ds O;kikfj;ksa dksHkh cgdkrs Fks fd
Mkd[kkus ls #i;k fudky yks] D;ksafd vaxzsth ljdkj dk rks vc jkt tkus okyk gS vkfn&vkfnA ;g Hkh fl[kksa dh
lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr ds vUrxZr vkrk gS fd os tc dHkh vius ls cM+s vQlj ;k vU; O;fä;ksa ds ?kj tkrs gSvkS a j
mudh ifRu;ksa ls HksaV djrs gSa] tc igys mUgsa êRFkk Vsduk* dgrs gSa vkSj os fL=;k¡ vlhl nsrh gSaA;g Hkh LokHkkfod
gS fd lwcsnkjuh tSlh efgyk dk ifr vkSj iq= nksuksa gh tc yke ij tk jgs gSa] rks mlds ân; esa cspSuh,oa O;xzrk
gksrh gS vkSj vius ,d lqifjfpr ,oa cpiu ds j{kd ds lkeus vk¡py QSykdj vius ifr ,oa iq= dh j{kk ds fy,
Hkh[k ek¡xrh gSA
blds lkFk gh rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr dks LokHkkfod ,oa ;FkkFkZ :i ds fy, ys[kd us tks vUr esa v[kckjksa
dk lgkjk fy;k gS] og vR;Ur ltho ,oa lkFkZd gS vkSj dgkuh ds okrkoj.k dh lPpkbZ esa tku Mky nsrk gSA ys[kd
us fy[kk gS & ßdqN fnu ihNs yksxksa us v[kckjksa esa i<+k & Ýkal vkSj csfYt;e & 68 oha lwph&eSnku esa?kkoksa ls ejk &
ua- 77 fl[k jk;QYl teknkj ygukflagAÞ bl izdkj bl dgkuh esa LokHkkfodrk ,oa ;FkkFkZrk ykus ds fy, ys[kd
us lHkh izdkj ls ltho okrkoj.k dh l`f”V dh gSA bls i<+dj dHkh ikBd jgL; ds vkuUn foHkksj dj nsus okys
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okrkoj.k esa igq¡p tkrk gS] dHkh vk’p;Z ,oa dkSrwgy ls pfdr gks mBrk gS] dHkh d#.kk ls nzfor gksus yxrk gS vkSj
dHkh dYiuk ds lrjaxh okrkoj.k esa foLe;&foeqX/k gksdj jl&n’kk dks izkIr gks tkrk gSA
8-3-5- Hkk”kk&’kSy h & dgkuh ds jpuk&f’kYi dk lEcU/k dgkuh dh jpuk&’kSyh vkSj dgkuh dh
Hkk”kk&’kSyh ls gksrk gSA tgk¡ rd dgkuh dh jpuk&’kSyh dk lEcU/k gS] dgkfu;ksa ds fy, fofo/k ‘kSfy;k¡ izpfyr
gSaA tSls] dqN dgkfu;k¡ dFkkRed ’kSyh esa fy[kh tkrh gSa] rks dqN vkRepfjr ‘kSyh esa( dqN i=kRed ‘kS yh esa
fy[kh tkrh gSa vkSj dqN Mk;jh ‘kSyh esa( dqN ukVdh; ‘kSyh esa fy[kh tkrh gSa] rks dqN vkRedFkkRed ‘kSyh
esaA lkFk gh dfri; dgkfu;ksa dh jpuk fefJr ‘kSyh esa Hkh gksrh gS] ftuesa ,d ls vf/kd ‘kSfy;ksa dk lfEeJ.k
fd;k tkrk gSA ‘kSyh ds fofo/k Hksnksa esa ls xqysjh th us ^mlus dgk Fkk* dh jpuk dFkkRed vFkok ,sfrgkfld
‘kSyh esa dh gSA blh dkj.k ;gk¡ ys[kd ,d bfrgkldkj dh Hkk¡fr o.kZukRed i)fr ds vUrxZr ?kVukvksa]
ifjfLFkfr;ksa] jgu&lgu] yksd&O;ogkj] jhfr&fjokt] vkpkj&fopkj vkfn dk fooj.k izLrqr djrk gqvk dgkuh
dh jpuk djrk gSA ;|fi dgkuh ds vfUre Hkkx esa vkRedFkk dk iqV fn;k x;k gS vkSj ygukflag vius thou
dh HkwriwoZ ?kVukvksa dk Lej.k djrk gqvk mUgsa othjkflag ds lkeus izLrqr djrk gS] rFkkfi lEiw.kZ dgkuh esa
eq[;rk o.kZukRed ;k dFkkRed i)fr gh viukbZ xbZ gSA bruk vo’; gS fd iwoZLe`fr ds fp=.k ls vFkok
iwoZnhfIr ¼¶yS’kcSd½ dh i)fr ds viukus ls dgkuh ds jpuk&f’kYi esa pk#rk ,oa je.kh;rk vk xbZ gS vkSj
dgkuh f’kYi dh n`f”V ls Hkh mŸke cu xbZ gSA blds lkFk gh ys[kd us vkjEHk esa Hkwfedk dk iz;ksx djrs gq,
ve`rlj ds cktkj dk tks thrk&tkxrk fp= izLrqr fd;k gS og iw.kZr;k dykRed gS vkSj dgkuh dh laosnuk
ls iw.kZr;k c) gSA blls dgkuh ds vkjEHk esa gh ns’k] dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr dk vkaf’kd gks x;k gS vkSj ikBdksa
ds ân; esa ftKklk ,oa dkSrwgy dk Jhx.ks’k gks x;k gSA bl dgkuh ds vkjEHk esa ys[kd us tgk¡ la;ksx dk
lgkjk fy;k gS] oghaa blds fodkl esa Hkh la;ksx vkSj ?kVukvksa us fo’ks”k ;ksx fn;k gSA fodkl dh n`f”V ls ;g
dgkuh rRdkyhu lHkh dgkfu;ksa esa Js”B gS] D;ksafd ;gk¡ fofo/k o.kZuksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ds ek/;e ls dk;Z&O;kikj
dh ;kstuk dh xbZ gS vkSj o`fr&fp=ksa ds }kjk dgkuh dk iw.kZ fodkl fn[kk;k x;k gSA dgkuh dk milagkj
vR;fèkd fpŸkkd”kZd ,oa izHkkoksRiknd gSA ;gk¡ dgkuh dh pje lhek ds mijkUr milagkj dks tksM+us dk
iz;kl ugha gqvk gS] fQj Hkh v[kckjksa dh [kcj dk fooj.k nsdj bl dgkuh dk tks milagkj fd;k x;k gS og
dgkuh ds izHkko ls o`f) esa vR;f/kd lgk;d fl) gqvk gS vkSj ys[kd dh dykRed pkrqjh dk |ksrd gSA
bl izdkj jpuk&’kSyh dh n`f”V ls ;gk¡ vkfn] e/; vkSj vUr rhuksa dh ;kstuk vR;Ur dykRed <ax ls gqbZ
gS vkSj milagkj ds fdafpr~ Li’kZ ek= ls gh dgkuh dh LokHkkfodrk ,oa ;FkkFkZrk ds lkFk&lkFk mldh
izHkfo”.kqrk esa Hkh o`f) dh gSA
xqysjhth dh bl vej dgkuh dh Hkk”kk&’kSyh Hkh vR;Ur LokHkkfod] ltho ,oa ik=kuqdwy gSA fofo/k Hkk”kkvkas
ds iafMr gksus ds dkj.k xqysjhth us viuh bl dgkuh esa ‘kq) [kM+hcksyh fgUnh ds lkFk&lkFk izknsf’kd kHk”kk & iatkch
dk iqV nsdj mlesa je.kh;rk ,oa lthork dh o`f) dh gS] D;ksafd ^cpks [kkylkth*] ^gVks HkkbZ th*] ^Bgjuk ekbZ*]
^vkus nks ykykth*] ds lkFk&lkFk ^gV tk th.ks tksfx, % ^gV tk djekokfy,( gV tk iqŸkka I;kfj,( tk yEchokfy,*
vkfn okD;ksa ds iz;ksx us Hkk”kk&’kSyh dks ljl ,oa lq”Bq cuk fn;k gSA blds lkFk gh chp&chp esa ûxjs*] êka>s*] ^cwVs*]
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^lqFkuk*] ^>Vdk*] êatk*] ^csM+s*] ^vkscjh*] ^gkM+*] ^dqM+ekbZ*] ^lkyw*] îk/kk*] ^ykM+h gksjka*] êqjCcs*] ^cqysy dh [kM~M*] ôkg~
xq:th nh Qrg*] ôkg~ xq:th nk [kkylk*] ^lŸk Jhvdky iq#[k* vkfn iatkch Hkk”kk ds ‘kCnksa ,oa iz;ksxa ksus bl dgkuh
dh Hkk”kk&’kSyh dks vkSj Hkh thoUr :i ns fn;k gSA
xqysjh th us viuh Hkk”kk dks LokHkkfod ,oa cksypky ds utnhd cukus ds fy, vjch&Qkjlh ds
yksd&izpfyr ‘kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh [kqydj fd;k gSA blh dkj.k ;gk¡ t+cku] ejg~e] fcjknjh] lc] et+ky] [kksepk]
fQjaxh] [kUnd] euhe] xS+ch] t+yt+yk] csbZeku] e[k+ey] eqYd] ulhc] t+ehu] ‘kje] eqYd] xqt+j] r[+rk] eqjccs] ekSt]
t+cjnLrh] lyke] ft+;kng] toku] gqDe] b’kkjk] gqTtr] dS+nh] [k+Re] f’kdkj] [kksrk] fetkt] cs’kd] ikth] d+;ker]
onhZ] lkSg~jk] fu’kku] oä] eqgkuk] ryk’kh] gokys] y+¶t] [kkulkek] ekSyoh] eqYyk] rkcht] eqnkZ] Qrg] dejcan] pk¡n]
dkxt+kr] ut+nhd] lkQ] lCth] eqd+nek] iSjoh] njokt+k] uedgykyh] f[k+rkc] v[kckj vkfn vjch&Qkjlh ds ‘kCn
i;kZIr ek=k esa vk;s gSa] ijUrq buds dkj.k u rks Hkk”kk ds izokg esa dgha ck/kk iM+h vkSj u Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fä esa gh
tfVyrk fn[kkbZ nh gS] vfirq buds iz;ksx Hkk”kk dks vR;Ur ljl] ljy ,oa lqcks/k cuk fn;k gSA
xqysjhth us vaxzsth] teZuh vkfn ;ksjksih; Hkk”kkvksa ds Hkh ‘kCnksa ,oa okD;ksa dk iz;ksx djds viuh
Hkk”kk&’kSyh dks yksd&izpfyr ,oa ik=kuqdwy cukus dk lqUnj iz;kl fd;k gSA Hkkjr esa vkt rd izk;% QkSt h
vQlj ls ysdj lSfud viuh cksypky esa vaxzsth ds ‘kCnksa dk O;ogkj fuR;izfr fd;k djrs gSaA blh rF; dks
/;ku esa j[kdj ys[kd us vaxzsth ds fdrus gh yksd&izpfyr lsuk esa izpfyr ‘kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA tSls]
cEcwdkVZ] fjyhQ] ekpZ] tujy deku] flxjsV] fueksfu;k¡] fcLdqV] Vhu] cjkudksV] jsftesaV] eSl] Mk;jh] fiLrkSy]
gSujh ekfVZu] Qk;j] VsyhQksu] cwV] MkDVj] QhYM vLirky] jkbQy DokVZj] iyVu] Vk¡xk vkfn ;wjksih; Hkk”kk ds
‘kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] ,d geZu&vQlj ds eq¡g ls ^vk[k! ehu xkSÍ* ¼gk;] esjs jke½ dgyok;k teZu h
Hkk”kk dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
xqysjhth us Xykfu] fujk’kk] {kksHk] vorkj] lef”V] ;ksX;] HkkX;] mŸke lEHkkouk] fo#)] oS”.koh] mikf/k] lw;Z]
riZ.k] jktk] jkse&jkse] xq:] efUnj] fu’p;] lUnsg] izdk’k] laLd`r&dfo] {k;h] ^nUroh.kksins’kkpk;Z*] izk.k] Le`fr] e`R;q]
?kVuk] Øks/k] fHk{kk] tUe] fo|k] foeku vkfn dfri; ‘kq) rRle ‘kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] rks buls dgha vfèkd ,sls
rn~Hko ‘kCnksa dks viuk;k gS] tks jkr&fnu cksypky dh Hkk”kk eas iz;qDr gksrs gSa vkSj tks fgUnh dh viuh /kjksgj gksus
ds dkj.k Hkk”kk&’kSyh ds lkSan;Z ,oa ek/kq;Z dh vfHko`f) esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA tSls dks ]ihB]dku] vk¡[k] fprkSuh] ukd]
taxy] jkg] cqf<+;k] ifg;k] ngh] ?kj] nw/k] eksjh] iRFkj] xksHkh] gM~Mh] dhap] eRFkk] pDdj] ckM+h] [kkn] xcquk] vksB]
flxM+h] eafnj] ekSr] gkFk] vke] v¡/ksjk] ilhuk] [ksr] eq¡g] ekFkk] iŸkk] fpŸk] xk¡o] lUukVk] iqV~Bs] cPps] tk¡?k] dqŸkk] ekal]
ygw] vkx] /kqa/k] vkB] vlhl] Hkkx] vk¡py] vk¡lw vkfn fdrus gh ,sls rn~Hko ,oa cksypky ds ‘kCnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gS]
ftuds dkj.k Hkk”kk&’kSyh jkspd ,oa ekfeZd cu xbZ gSA
xqysjhth us viuh Hkk”kk&’kSyh dks vR;f/kd ekfeZd] yk{kf.kd ,oa O;atukRed cukus ds fy, mls eqgkojksa
ls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ltk;k gSA tSls] ßtcku ds dksM+kas ls ihB fNyuk*] ^cksyh dk ejge yxkuk*] ûkuh ls fudV lEcUèk
fLFkj djuk*] ^rjl [kkuk*] ûkd dh lh/k pys tkuk*] ^lcz dk leqnz meM+uk*] ^taxy esa ls jkg [ksuk*] ^tcku dk
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ehBh Nqjh dh rjg eghuekj djuk*] ^va/ks dh mikf/.k nsuk*] ^Qy vkSj nw/k dh o”kkZ djuk*] ^pkj fnu rd iyd u
>saiuk*] ^fcuk Qsjs dk fcxM+uk*] ^laxhu ns[kr gh eq¡g QkM+ nsuk*] ^nwj dh lkspuk*] ^gfM~M;ksa esa tkM+s dk /k¡l tkuk*]
^mnklh ds ckny QV tkuk*] ^flikfg;ksa dk rktk gks tkuk*] ^lUukVk Nk tkuk*] ^jkse&jkse esa rkj nkSM+uk*] êkFkk
Buduk*] ^d;ker gksuk*] ^vk¡[ksa yxus nsuk*] îŸkk rd u [kM+duk*] ^,d&,d vdkfy;k fl[k lok yD[k ds cjkcj
gksuk*] ^pdek nsus ds fy, pkj vk¡[ksa gksuk*] ^xk¡o esa iSj j[kuk*( yM+dk gvk dqŸkk vkuk*] ^nks pDdh ds ikVksa ds chp
esa vk tkuk*] ^Le`fr dk lkQ gksuk* ^tUe Hkj dh ?kVukvksa dk ,d&,d djds lkeus vkuk*] ^lkjs n`’;ksa dk lkQ
gks tkuk*] ^le; dh /kqa/k dk gV tkuk*] ^Hkkx QwV tkuk*] ^vkxs vk¡py ilkjuk* vkfn eqgkojksa us bl dgkuh dh
Hkk”kk&’kSyh dks lqUnj] ljl] tho ,oa lkS”Bo&lEiUu cuk fn;k gSA
xqysjh th us viuh Hkk”kk&’kSyh dks ljy] LokHkkfod ,oa yksdizpfyr cksypky dh Hkk”kk ls lqlfTtr
djus ds vfrfjä gkL;&O;aX; dk Hkh iqV fn;k gS] ftlls mlesa euksjatdrk ,oa lthork ds lkFk&lkFk
euksoSKkfudrk dk Hkh lapkj gqvk gS( mnkgj.k ds fy,( vkjEHk eas cEcwdkVZ okys dh opukoyh & ßgVk tk th.ks
tksfx,( gV tk djekokfy,* & vkfn esa gkL;&O;aX; Hkjk gqvk gSA lkFk gh rsjh dqM+ekbZ gks xbZ* rFkk ^/kr~* tSls
opuksa esa Hkh ltho gkL; ds n’kZu gksrs gSaA iYVu ds fonw”kd othjkflag ds okD;ksa esa Hkh lqUnj gkL;&O;aX;
fo|eku gSA tSls] og [kkbZ dk x¡nyk ikuh ckgj Qsadrk gqvk dgrk gS & ßeSa ik/kk cu x;k gw¡A djks teZu ds
ckn’kkg dk riZ.kA* lkFk gh ygukflag dh okD;koyh Hkh mTToy gkL; ls ifjiw.kZ gS] tc og othjkflag ls
dgrk gS & ^ykM+h gksjka dks Hkh ;gk¡ cqyk yksxs ;k ogh nw/k fiykus okyh fQjaxh eseAÞ bruk gh ugha] fl[k lSfud
dk xkuk Hkh gkL;&jl ds lapkj esa vR;f/kd lgk;d fl) gqvk gS( lkFk gh ygukflag tc udyh yiVu lkgc
dk jgL; tkuus ds fy, mlls ckrsa djrk gS] muesa fdruk lqUnj] ltho ,oa f’k”V gkL;&O;aX; ds n’kZu gksrs
gSaA ygukflag mldh vlfy;r dk irk yxkus ds fy, bl rjg mYVh&lh/kh ckrsa djrk gS fd txk/kjh ds taxy
esa uhyxk;sa FkhaA uhyxk;ksa ds cM+s&cM+s nks&QqV pkj bap ds lhax FksA lkgc [kksrs ij lokj FksA [kkulkek vCnqYyk
jkLrs esa ,d eafnj esa ty p<+kus jg x;k FkkA rHkh rks ygukflag g¡ldj ml diVh iyVu lkgc ls dgrk gS&
ßD;ksa yiVu lkgc] fetkt dSlk gS\ vkt eSaus cgqr ckrsa lh[khaA ;g lh[kk fd fl[k flxjsV ihrs gSaA ;g lh[kk
fd txk/kjh ds ftys esa uhyxk;sa gksrh gSa vkSj muds nks QqV pkj bap ds lhax gksrs gSaA ;g lh[kk fd eqlyeku
[kkulkek ewfrZ;ksa ij ty p<+krs gSa vkSj yiVu lkgc [kksrs ij p<+rs gSaAÞ ;s lHkh ckrsa f’k”V gkL;&O;aX; ds
lkFk&lkFk Hkk”kk&’kSyh dh lthork ,oa ekfeZdrk dh |ksrd gSa] ftuls dgkuh us thoUr :i /kkj.k dj fy;k
gSA
blds lkFk gh xqysjh th us vUr eas ^mlus dgk Fkk* okD; dk ckj&ckj iz;ksx djds iwoZnhfIr ds ek/;e ls
ygukflag ds Le`fr&fp=ksa dk fu:i.k fd;k gS] og Hkk”kk&’kSyh dk cstksM+ mnkgj.k gSA blls Hkk”kk&’kSyh esa jkspdrk]
lthork] e/kqjrk ,oa ljlrk dk lapkj gqvk gS vkSj ikBdksa ds ân; ij mldk tks LFkk;h izHkko iM+rk gS ,slk rRdkyhu
dgkfu;ksa dh fdlh Hkh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh esa n`f”Vxkspj ugha gksrkA
bl izdkj xqysjhth us ik=] ifjfLFkfr ,oa dk;Z&O;kikj ds loZFkk vuqlkj Hkk”kk&’kSyh dk iz;ksx djds
vius jpuk&f’kYi dks ekfeZd ,oa euksjatd cuk;kA NksVs&NksVs okD;ksa esa ljl ,oa LokHkkfod ‘kCnkoyh dk
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iz;ksx djds dFkk&izokg dks foy{k.k xfr iznku dh gS] peRdkjiw.kZ jpuk&’kSyh }kjk dgkuh dh laosnuk dks vkfn
ls vUr rd cjkcj cuk;s j[kus dk ltho iz;kl fd;k gS] chp&chp esa gkL;&O;aX; dh O;atuk }kjk ‘kSyh dks
jkspd ,oa izHkoksRiknd cuk;k gS vkSj Hkk”kk eas ljyrk] LokHkkfodrk] lq”Bqrk ,oa e/kqjrk dk lapkj djds mls
tu&lk/kkj.k ds vuqdwy cukus dk ltho iz;Ru fd;k gSA ;gk¡ thoUr Hkk”kk&’kSyh ds }kjk iwjh dgkuh esa Hkk”kk]
ifjos’k ,oa psruk dks ,d:irk iznku djus dh ;kstuk lQy fn[kkbZ nsrh gS vkSj dFkk dh lewph cukoV dks
Hkh ltho Hkk”kk&’kSyh dks f}xqf.kr lkSan;Z iznku fd;k gSA fuLlansg] bl dgkuh dh jpuk&’kSyh ,oa Hkk”kk ‘kSyh
izkS<+ ,oa izkaty gS] D;ksafd Hkk”kk dh yk{kf.kdrk ,oa O;atukRedrk us ml dky ds lHkh ys[kdksa dks ekr dj
fn;k gS rFkk thou dh fofo/k ifjfLFkfr;ksa] ik=ksa dh fofHkUu euksn’kkvksa ,oa ?kVukvksa ds ukuk ?kkr&izfr?kkrksa
ds fp=.k esa xqysjhth dh Hkk”kk iw.kZr;k l’kä ,oa l{ke fn[kkbZ nsrh gS dh Hkk”kk loZ= Hkkokuqdwy izo kgeku gksrh
gqbZ ,d lzksrfLouh dh Hkk¡fr vius xUrO;&LFky rd igq¡p xbZ gS vkSj vius e/kqj] ‘khry ,oa ljl Li’kZ ls
lk/kkj.k ls lk/kkj.k ikBd dks Hkh vkuUn&foHkksj djrh gqbZ dgkuh dh ekfeZdrk ,oa isz”k.kh;rk dh o`f) esa
lgk;d fl) gqbZ gSA
8-3-6- mís’; & lkfgR; dh vU; fo/kkvksa dh Hkk¡fr dgkuh dk mís’; Hkh thou dh O;k[;k djuk ekuk x;k gSA
ijUrq dgkuhdkj viuh dgkuh esa lEiw.kZ thou dh O;k[;k ugha djrk] vfirq og ijks{k ;k vizR;{k :i esa thou
ds fdlh ,d va’k dh vksj gh ladsr djrk gSA dgkuh ds y?kq ifjos’k ,oa y?kq fp= i`“B ij lexz thou dk fp=.k
lEHko Hkh ugha gSA lkFk gh dgkuhdkj ,d mins’kd ;k nk’kZfud ehekald dh Hkk¡fr dqN ugha dgrk] oju~ ijks{k :i
esa og thou ds fy, ,d ,slk vkn’kZ NksM+ tkrk gS] tks ;qx;qxkUrj rd ekuo ek= ds fy, iFk&izn’kZd cuk jgrk
gSA mís’; dh n`f”V ls izk;% rhu izdkj dh dgkfu;k¡ feyrh gSa & ,d rks vkn’kZ ls iw.kZr;k vuqizsfjr gksus ds dkj.k
vkn’kZoknh dgykrh gSa] nwljh ;FkkFkZ ls ifjiw.kZ gksus ds dkj.k ;FkkFkZoknh gksrh gS vkSj rhljh ;FkkFkZ vkSj vkn’kZ ls
lefUor gksdj ;FkkFkZ dh i`“BHkwfe ij fdlh vkn’kZ dh LFkkiuk djus ds dkj.k vkn’kksZUeq[k ;FkkFkZoknh ekuh tkrh
gSA dgus dh vko’;drk ugha fd ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh eas fu%LokFkZ ,oa fo’kq) izse rFkk vVwV fo’okl dks vkèkkj
cukdj R;kx] cfynku ,oa dŸkZO;fu”Bk dk tks vkn’kZ mifLFkr fd;k x;k gS] og ;FkkFkZ thou dh Bksl i`“BHkwfe
ij fLFkr gS vkSj ys[kd us Hkh ;FkkFkZrk dh uhao ij vkn’kZ ds Hkou dk gh fuekZ.k fd;k gSA vra,o bl dgkuh dks
Hkh vkn’kksZUeq[k ;FkkFkZokn ls izsfjr dgk tk; rks vuqfpr ugha gSA
blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh esa O;fä] lekt vkSj oxZ rhuksa ds mPpre vkn’kZ dh LFkkiuk gqbZ
gS( uhfr] lnkpkj vkSj thou ds mUur eku dks fLFkj fd;k x;k gS] dŸkZO; dh csnh ij îj* ds fy, ^Lo* dk mRlxZ
fn[kk;k x;k gS] vkn’kZ pfj= dh vkd”kZd >k¡dh }kjk ekuoh; vuqHkwfr;ksa dks tkxzr djus dk lQy iz;kl fd;k
x;k gS] R;kx vkSj cfynku dh Hkkjrh; ijEijk dk fuokZg fd;k x;k gS] ukjh ds mnkŸk ,oa xgu izse vkSj vVwV
fo’okl dh uhao ij fLFkr fu%LokFkZ izse] dŸkZO; vkSj vkRekslxZ dh iq#”kksfpr mnkŸk Hkkouk dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gS]
cpiu eas vadqfjr vkd”kZ.k ,oa izse dh Hkkouk ds }kjk izsfjr ,oa tkxzr vijkts; ohjrk ,oa dŸkZO;fu”Bk dk ekfeZd
fu:i.k Hkh gqvk gS vkSj ‘kS’ko dh ehBh ?kVuk ds ek/kq;Z ls vuqizsfjr iq#”kkFkhZ O;fDrRo ds cfynku dh xEHkhj d#.kk
dk fp=.k Hkh vR;Ur lthork ds lkFk gqvk gSA ijUrq ;gk¡ ;FkkFkZokn dh i`”BHkwfe ij lq#fp dh pje e;kZnk ds
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vUrxZr Hkkoqdrk dk tks pjeksRd”kZ vafdr fd;k x;k gS og bl dgkuh dh vHkwriwoZ nsu gSA lkFk gh vkn’kZds ,d
fcUnq esa ifjpkfyr gksdj Hkh ;g dgkuh ;FkkFkZ ds ,d O;kid foLrkj esa QSyh gqbZ gS] blesa vkn’kZ vkSj ;FkkFkZ dk
ef.kdkapu ;ksx gqvk gS vkSj blesa mnkŸk pfj= ,oa ekuoh; laosnuk dh xgurk ds lkFk&lkFk ;FkkFkZ vkSj vkn’kZ
dk tks ltho lfEeJ.k gqvk gS] oSlk rRdkyhu dgkfu;ksa esa vU;= feyuk loZFkk nqyZHk gSA blh dkj.k mís’; dh
n`f”V ls ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh dks vkn’kksZUeq[k ;FkkFkZoknh jpuk dguk vf/kd lehphu gS vkSj xqysjhth dk
n`f”Vdks.k Hkh ;gh jgk gS] rHkh mUgksaus f}rh; fo’o;q) dh Bksl ,oa ;FkkFkZ i`”BHkwfe ij bl vkn’kZe;h dgkuh dh
jpuk dh gS vkSj lHkh izdkj ds ekuoh; pfj=ksa ds e/; nks mnkŸk pfj=ksa dh l`f”V djds ;FkkFkZ vkSj vkn’kZ dk lQy
leUo; LFkkfir fd;k gSA
8-4 ^bZn dk R;ksgkj* dgkuh dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk
8-4-1 dFkkoLrq % eqa'kh izsepUn us ^bZn dk R;ksgkj* dgkuh esa vkfFkZd n`f"V ls foiUu ,d cPps gkfen ds ekè;e
ls lekt ds fuEu oxZ ds cPpksa dh fLFkfr dk fp=.k fd;k gSA izLrqr dgkuh dh dFkk gkfen vkSj mlds ifjokj
ds bnZ&fxnZ cquh xbZ gSA f'k'kq euksfoKku dks Hkh dFkk dk vk/kkj cuk;k x;k gSA gkfen viuh cw<+h nknh vehuk
ds lkFk jgrk gS ftlus mldh ek¡ ds nsgkUr ds ckn mldk ikyu&iks"k.k fd;k gSA bZn dk fnu vkus ij fdl rjg
mldk eu Hkh [kq'kh esa >we mBrk gS vkSj esys esa tkus dh mRlqdrk mlds eu esa mM+ku Hkjus yxrh gS ijUrq nknh
fpfUrr gS fd ,d vdsyk ckyd esys esa dSls tk,xkA mldh fLFkfr dgkuh esa nsf[k, & ^^vHkkfxu vehuk viuh
dksBjh esa cSBh jks jgh gSA vkt bZn dk fnu vkSj mlds ?kj esa nkuk ughaA vkt vkfcn gksrk rks D;k blh rjg bZn
vkrh vkSj pyh tkrhA** nknh blhfy, ihM+k dk vuqHko dj jgh gS fd gkfen fdl rjg bZn euk,xkA bl rjg
ys[kd us iwjh dFkk bZn ds R;ksgkj ds bnZ&fxnZ cqudj ikBdksa ds lkeus j[kh gSA dFkk ikBdksa ds eu ij xgjk izHkko
NksM+rh gSA
8-4-2 ik=&;kstuk%& ^bZn dk R;ksgkj* dgkuh esa gkfen izeq[k ik= gS tcfd vU; ik= nknh vkSj gkfen ds
fe= dFkk dks xfr nsus esa lgk;d gSaA dFkk dks vkxs c<+kus esa ik= izeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ?kj dh n;uh; vkfFkZd
fLFkfr ls nknh fpfUrr gS fd gkfen bZn ds esys dk vkuan dSls mBk,xkA nknh vehuk mls vU; cPpksa ds lkFk
esyk ns[kus Hkstrh gS vkSj esys esa pyrs le; LFkku &LFkku ij mlds pfj= dh fo'ks"krk,¡ mn~?kkfVr gksrh gSaA
gkfen vU; ckydksa ds lkFk esys esa tkrk vo'; gS ijUrq ogk¡ Hkh mls vius ls T;knk viuh nknh dk /;ku jgrk
gSA tgk¡ vU; cPps feBkb;k¡ [kkrs gSa] f[kykSus ysdj esys dk et+k ysrs gSa] ogha mls ;s lc pht+sa O;FkZ yxrh gSa vkSj
og nknh ds fy, jksfV;ka lsadus ds fy, fpeVk ys ysrk gSA esys esa mlds fe= vkSj dgkuh ds vU; ik=& eksgflu]
egewn] uwj] lEeh dgkuh dh dFkk dks xfr nsus esa lgk;d gSaA
nknh vehuk dk pfj= LokHkkfod vkSj iw.kZr% dFkkuq:i gSA og vius iksrs gkfen ds izfr fpfUrr gS tks
fd LokHkkfod fLFkfr dks mtkxj djrh gSA gkfen ds gkFk esa rhu iSls dk yksgs dk fpeVk ns[kdj og Øksf/kr gks
tkrh gS ijUrq gkfen ds tokc ls nzfor Hkh gks tkrh gS& ^^rqEgkjh m¡xfy;k¡ ros ls ty tkrh Fkha] blfy, eSaus bls
ys fy;kA** ;g lqu nknh dk ân; ilht tkrk gS vkSj rqjUr gkfen ds fy, Lusg meM+ vkrk gSA nknh dh eu%
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fLFkfr dk fp=.k dgkuhdkj us bl rjg fd;k gS& ^^cPps esa fdruk R;kx] fdruk ln~Hkko vkSj fdruk foosd gSA
nwljksa dks f[kykSus ysrs vkSj feBkbZ [kkrs ns[kdj bldk eu fdruk yypk;k gksxkA** bl rjg dgkuh ds ize q[k
ik= vkSj xkS.k&ik= dFkk o`f) esa lgk;d gSaA
8-4-3 dFkksidFku % dgkuh ds laokn ljy] lVhd ik=kuqdwy vkSj laf{kIr gksus pkfg,A bl dgkuh ds fo"k;
esa ckr djsa rks laoknksa dk p;u izsepUn us ik=ksa vkSj fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy fd;k gSA gkfen] nknh vkSj mlds fe=ksa
ds laokn dgkuh ds mís'; rd igq¡pkus esa lQy gSaA gkfen dk nknh dks fpfUrr ns[kdj NksVk lk laokn ikBd
ij Hkh izHkko NksM+rk gSA gkfen Hkhrj tkdj nknh ls dgrk gS & rqe Mjuk ugha vEek] eSa lcls igys tkÅ¡xkA
fcYdqy u Mjuk**A
esys esa bu fe=ksa ds NksVs&NksVs laokn dFkk dks :fpdj cukrs gSaA eksgflu] egewn] uwj vkSj lEeh dk
laokn nsf[k, &
eksgflu & esjk fHk'rh jkst ikuh ns tk,xk(
lk¡> & losjsA
egewn & vkSj esjk flikgh ?kj dk igjk nsxkA
dksbZ pksj vkosxk] rks QkSju cUnwd ls QSj dj nsxkA
uwj& vkSj esjk odhy [kwc eqdnek yMs+xkA
lEeh & vkSj esjh /kksfcu jkst diM+s /kks,xhA
;s NksVs vkSj izHkko'kkyh laokn ikBd dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSaA
gkfen dk vius fe=ksa ds lkFk fd;k x;k laokn dFkk dks xfr nsrk gSA vius&vius f[kykSuksa dh iz'kalk
djrs ;s ckyd LokHkkfod yxrs gSa rks gkfen Hkh nknh ds fy, [kjhns x, fpeVs dh [kwfc;k¡ crkrk gS&
lEeh us [katjh yh FkhA izHkkfor gksdj cksyk & esjh [katjh ls cnyksxs\ nks vkus dh gSA gkfen us [katjh
dh vksj mis{kk dk isV QkM+ MkysA cl] ,d peMs+ dh f>Yyha yxk nh] <c] <c cksyus yxhA t+jk lk ikuh yx
tk, rks [kRe gks tk,A esjk cgknqj fpeVk vkx esa] ikuh esa] rwQku esa] cjkcj MVk [kM+k jgsxkA** ;FkkfLFkfr dks
mtkxj djus ds fy, FkksM+k yEck laokn Hkh dFkk ij Hkkjh ugha iM+rk vfirq dFkk dks vfHkO;Dr djus esa lgk;d
gSA vr% dgkuh ds laokn ys[kd dh lQyrk ds ifjpk;d gSaA
8-4-4- ns'kdky vkSj okrkoj.k & ;g dgkuh ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k dk fp=.k rks djrh gh gS ijUrq lkFk
gh lekt ds vUnj mPp oxZ vkSj fuEu oxZ dk fp=.k bl ifjokj dh vkfFkZd eangkyh ds }kjk djrh gSA bZn
ds R;kSgkj ds fnu tgk¡ mPp oxZ ds vanj [kq'kgkyh fn[krh gS ogha xjhc ifjokj fdl rjg R;kSgkj ds fnu Hkh
fpfUrr gSA gkfen dh nknh vehuk dh ;gh fpUrk gS fd bZn dk R;kSgkj bl raxgkyh esa dSls euk;k tk,A
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^ml fnu Qgheu ds diMs+ fl, FksA vkB vkus iSls feys Fks A ml vBUuh dks bZeku dh rjg cpkrh pyh
vkrh Fkh blh bZn ds fy,] ysfdu dy Xokfyu flj ij lokj gks xbZ rks D;k djrhA**
8-4-5- Hkk"kk &'kSyh &bZn dk R;ksgkj dgkuh dh Hkk"kk ljy] lgt] LokHkkfod ,oa ik=kuqdwy gSA gkfen dh
Hkk"kk cky&lqyHk Hkkoksa ls vksr&izksr gS rks nknh dh Hkk"kk Hkh mldh fLFkfr dks vfHkO;Dr djus esa l'kDr ek/;e
curh gSA dgkuh ds vkjaHk esa gh Hkk"kk viuk izHkko tek ysrh gS tc ys[kd bZn ds R;ksgkj ds fnu dk o.kZu djrk
gS & ^^jet+ku ds rhl jkst+ksa ds ckn vkt bZn vkbZ gSA fdruk euksgj fdruk lqgkouk izHkkr gSA o`{kksa ij vthc
gfj;kyh gS] [ksrksa esa dqN vthc jkSud gS] vkleku ij dqN vthc ykfyek gSA** Hkk"kk ds bl izHkko ls ikBd dFkk
ls tqM+rk tkrk gSA
dgkuh ds ik= gkfen dh fLFkfr dks mtkxj djrh ys[kd dh Hkk"kk nsf[k, & ^ôg pkj&ik¡p lky
dk xjhc &lwjr] nqcyk&iryk yM+dk] ftldk cki xr&o"kZ gSts dh HksaV gks x;k vkSj ek¡ u tkus D;ksa ihyh
gksrh&gksrh ,d fnu ej xbZA** Hkk"kk dh blh izHkkoksRikndrk ds dkj.k ikBd var rd ik=ksa vkSj dFkk ls tqM+k
jgrk gSA
esys ds okrkoj.k dks Hkh Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls ys[kd us l'kDr vfHkO;fDr nh gS & ^^b/kj nqdkuksa dh
drkj yxh gqbZ gSA rjg&rjg ds f[kykSus gSa & flikgh vkSj xqtfj;k] jktk vkSj odhy] fHkjrh vkSj /kksfcu
vkSj lk/kwA okg! fdrus lqUnj f[kykSus gSaA** bl rjg dgkuh dh Hkk"kk izHkko'kkyh gSA
8-4-6- mís'; % ^bZn dk R;ksgkj* dgkuh ikfjokfjd dgkuh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd dgkuh gSA ys[kd us
cM+h dq'kyrk ls gkfen ds ifjokj vkSj lekt esa mPp oxZ vkSj fuEu oxZ dh fLFkfr dk fp=.k fd;k gSA bZn ds
R;ksgkj ds t'u ds fnu xjhc vehuk vkSj gkfen dh eu% fLFkfr ds fp=.k ds lkFk ys[kd us lekt esa mifLFkr
dbZ ,sls ihfM+rksa dk fp=.k fd;k gSA gkfen esys esa tkrk gS ijUrq de iSlksa ds dkj.k mldk vUreZu nqf o/kk esa
jgrk gS fd og f[kykSus ys] feBkb;k¡ [kk, ;k nknh ds fy, fpeVk ys D;ksafd nknh dh m¡xfy;k¡ jksfV;k¡ lsadrs le;
ty tkrh gSaA vUrr% og fpeVk gh ysrk gS vkSj nknh dks ys tkdj nsrk gSA nknh mls ns[kdj Øksf/kr gksrh gS
ijUrq tc okLrfodrk irk pyrh gS rks mldk Øks/k Lusg esa cny tkrk gSA bl rjg ys[kd us ,d fo'ks"k fnu
vFkkZr~ bZn ds R;ksgkj dks dFkk dk dsUnz cukdj lekt esa fuEu oxZ dh fLFkfr dks mtkxj fd;k gS vkSj vius
mís'; esa ys[kd lQy Hkh jgk gSA
8-5 ^NksVk tknwxj* dgkuh dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk
mÙkj ^NksVk tknwxj* ckY; thou dh ,d ,slh dgkuh gS ftlesa vkfFkZd foiUurk ls xzflr ,d ^LVªhV ckW;*
ds pfj= dks vkn'kkZRed :i ls mHkkjk x;k gSA ckyd dh prqjkbZ] e/kqj O;ogkj] fØ;k dkS'ky vkSj ekr`HkfDr
ns[kdj lân; eu nzfor gq, fcuk ugha jgrkA
8-5-1- dFkkud & izl kn us ^NksV k tknw x j* dgkuh dk dFkkud ,d vkfFkZd vHkko ls xz f lr
ifjokj ds bZn &fxnZ cqu k gSA dgkuh esa ml ifjokj dk og yM+ d k dFkkud dk dsUnz fcUnq gS tks
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vius vkfFkZd vHkko ds dkj.k nq% [kh gS ijUrq ek¡ ds bykt vkS j isV ikyus ds fy, og xfy;ksa vkSj
esy ksa esa djrc fn[kkdj iSlk dekus dh dksf 'k'k djrk gS A Nks V k tknw xj dFkkdkj dks igyh ckj ,d
esy s esa feyrk gS tgk¡ og mls crkrk gS fd chekj ek¡ ds bykt ds fy, og iSls dekrk gSA dFkkdkj
mldh fLFkfr ns[ k nzf or gks tkrk gSA dFkkdkj mls ckj&ckj feyrk gS vkS j mlds ?kj dh gkyr
tkuuk pkgrk gSA dFkkud ds vkjEHk] vjksg ] pjefLFkfr] vojksg vkSj vUr uked ik¡ p ksa fLFkfr;ksa dk
fp=.k Hkh dgkuhdkj us cM+ h lthork ds lkFk fd;k gSA vkjEHk ls vUr rd dFkkud ikBdksa dks
cka / ks j[krk gSA vUr vkSj Hkh nz f or djus okyk gS tc mnkl NksV k tknw xj lM+ d ds fdukjs djrc
fn[kk jgk gS rks dFkkdkj ds iw Nus ij og crkrk gS fd mldh ek¡ us dgk Fkk fd vc mldh ?kM+ h
lehi vk xbZ blfy, tYnh vk tkukA dFkkdkj mls ys d j >ksa i M+ s ds ikl igq¡ p rk gS rks mldh ek¡
vk[kjh lk¡ ls ys jgh gks r h gS A bl rjg dFkkud dk iw jk izH kko ikBd oxZ ij iM+ r k gSA
8-5-2- pfj= &fp=.k & ^NksVk tknwxj* dgkuh dk izeq[k ik= ^NksVk tknwxj* gh gS D;ksafd 'kq: ls vUr rd
dgkuh esa og Nk;k jgrk gSA pfj= iz/kku dgkuh gksus ds dkj.k izeq[k :i ls mlds pfj= ds ek/;e ls gh dFkk
dks xfr feyrh gSA ikBd Hkh mlls izHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jgrkA
;g NksVk yM+dk dgkuh esa vkfFkZd foiUurk dh leL;k dks ysdj lkeus vkrk gSA mlds pfj= dks
loZizFke mldh prqjkbZ ds ek/;e ls mn~?kkfVr fd;k x;k gSA tc dFkkdkj }kjk mls 'kjcr fiyk nsus ij og
dgrk gS & ^êq>s 'kjcr u fiykdj vkius esjk [ksy ns[kdj eq>s dqN ns fn;k gksrk] rks eq>s vf/kd izlUurk gksrhA**
mlds e/kqj O;ogkj eksgus okyk gSA og dFkkdkj dks vkxzg djrk gS fd og viuk [ksy fn[kkuk
pkgrk gSA mlds e/kqj O;ogkj dks ns[kdj dFkkdkj dh iRuh Hkh nzfor gks tkrh gS vkSj mls [ksy fn[kkus ds
fy, dgrh gSA
vius dke esa og dq'ky gS vkSj djrc fn[kkdj yksxksa dk fny thruk mls vPNh rjg vkrk
gSA [ksy &rek'kk fn[kkrs le; mldh dq'kyrk dk fp=.k dgkuhdkj us fd;k gS Þrk'k ds lc iÙks
yky gks x,A fQj lc dkys gks x,A xys dh lw r dh Mksjh Vqd Ms+ & Vqd Ms+ gksd j tqM+ xbZA yV~V w
vius& vki ukp jgs FksAß
mlds pfj= dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk gS ekr`HkfDrA ek¡ ls mldk izse ckyd gksrs gq, Hkh izkS<+rk ls Hkjk
gSA lqcg ls jkr rd mls ek¡ dh chekjh dh fpUrk gSA [ksy fn[kkdj ?kj ykSVdj ek¡ dh ns[kHkky djuk gh mldk
dke gSA mldk ;g dFku mldh bl fo'ks"krk dks Li"V djrk gS& ^^tc dqN yksx [ksy&rek'kk ns[krs gh gSa] rks
eSa D;ksa u fn[kkdj ek¡ dh nok&nk: d:¡ vkSj viuk isV Hk:¡A**
dgkuh esa dFkkdkj Lo;a Hkh dFkk dks xfr nsus esa lgk;d gqvk gSA NksVk tknwxj dh ek¡ xkS.k ik= gS ijUrq
dFkk esa mlds fo"k; esa dh tkus okyh ckr Hkh dFkk esa lgk;d gSA
bl izdkj izlkn ds pfj=&fp=.k esa iw.kZ LokHkkfodrk gSA dgkuh esa visf{kr dFkk ds vk/kkj ij gh ik=ksa
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dh ;kstuk gqbZ gSA
8-5-3- laokn& dgkuh esa laoknksa dk izeq[k mís'; jgrk gS pkfjf=d fo'ks"krkvksa dk mn~?kkVu djuk vkSj
dFkkud dks vxzlj djus esa lgk;rk ysukA ys[kd us bl mís'; dh iwfrZ cM+h dq'kyrk ,oa rRijrk ls dh gSA
dgkuh dks jkspd vkSj izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, laoknksa dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA
^NksVk tknwxj* dgkuh ds laoknksa esa Hkh ;s fo'ks"krk,¡ izeq[k :i ls ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA laf{kIr laokn
dFkk dks xfr nsus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA bl dgkuh esa laf{kIr laoknksa ls jkspdrk c<+h gSA tSls&
^^rqEgkjs vkSj dkSu gS\**
^êk¡ vkSj ckcwthA**
^^mUgksaus rqedks ;gk¡ vkus ds fy, euk ugha fd;k\**
^^ckcwth tsy esa gSA**
^^D;ksa\**
^^ns'k ds fy,A**
LFkkuh; okrkoj.k dh iwjh >k¡dh izLrqr djrs gq, laokn izHkko'kkyh gaSA O;kogkfjdrk ls ifjiw.kZ laokn
dgkuh dh dFkk dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA tc dFkkdkj dh iRuh NksVk tknwxj dks ^yM+ds* dgdj cqykrh gS rks
og dgrk gS&
^^NksVk tknwxj dfg,A ;gh esjk uke gSA blh ls esjh thfodk gSA**
^^vPNk rqe bl :i, ls D;k djksxs\**
^îgys Hkj isV idkSM+h [kkÅ¡xkA fQj ,d lwrh dEcy yw¡xkA**
laoknksa esa Hkkoqdrk] ljlrk] dkseyrk] f'k"Vrk vkSj ljyrk ds lkFk&lkFk ekuoh; laonsuk dh dk:f.kd
O;atuk Hkh gSA ^NksVk tknwxj* ds viuh chekj ek¡ ds fy, dgs x, 'kCn d:.kk dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gSa& ^êk¡ us
dgk gS] fd vkt rqjUr pys vkukA esjh ?kM+h lehi gSA**
bl izdkj izlkn us laf{kIr] LokHkkfod] ljl] ltho] ekfeZd] euksjatd vkSj O;kogkfjdrk ls Hkjs gq,
laoknksa ls dgkuh esa jkspdrk Hkj nh gSA
8-5-4 okrkoj.k & dgkuh esa okrkoj.k ls vfHkizk; ns'k] dky vkSj lekt lEcU/kh fo'ks"krkvksa ls gksrk gSA
^NksVk tknwxj* dgkuh esa okrkoj.k dk iwjk /;ku j[kk x;k gSA dkfuZoy dk fp=.k djrs gq, ys[kd us
iwjk /;ku j[kk gS fd okrkoj.k dh l`f"V esa og lgk;d gks & ^^dkfuZoy ds eSnku esa fctyh txexk jgh FkhA g¡lh
vkSj fouksn dk dyukn xw¡t jgk FkkA**
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dydÙkk ds m|ku dk fp=.k djrs le; Hkh dgkuhdkj us ml okrkoj.k dh lQy l`f"V dh gS &
dydÙkk ds lqjE; cksVkfudy&m|ku esa yky defyuh ls Hkjh gqbZ ,d NksVh&lh >hy ds fdukjs ?kus o`{kksa dh Nk;k
esa viuh e.Myh ds lkFk cSBk gqvk eSa tyiku dj jgk FkkA**
bl rjg okrkoj.k dh l`f"V djus esa dgkuhdkj iw.kZ :i ls lQy jgk gSA
8-5-5 Hkk"kk 'kSyh & dgkuh esa Hkk"kk&'kSyh dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA bl dgkuh esa ys[kd us Hkk"kk 'kSyh dk iwjk
/;ku j[kk gSA Hkk"kk Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus esa iw.kZ :i ls lQy jgh gSA
izlkn dh bl dgkuh dh Hkk"kk LokHkkfod] ltho vkSj ik=kuqdwy gSA 'kq) [kM+hcksyh dk iz;ksx djrs gq,
dgkuh dh jkspdrk dk iwjk /;ku j[kk x;k gSA Hkk"kk dh ljyrk dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kk x;k gS fQj Hkh dgh&dgha
rRle 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx vkSj rn~Hko 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k gSA fefJr 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx djds izlkn us dgkuh
dh Hkk"kk dks izHkko'kkyh cuk fn;k gSA tgk¡ cksypky dh Hkk"kk ds 'kCn Hkh dgkuh esa LFkku&LFkku ij vk, gSa tSls&
dkfuZoy] fVdV] vkfQl dyukn] vkdf"kZr] izxYHkrk] iF;] yV~Vw] m|ku] tk¡f?k;k] thfodk] vLrkpyxkeh]
Åc] LQwfrZeku] frjLdkj] u`R; vkfnA
bl rjg izlkn us viuh Hkk"kk 'kSyh dks ljy] LokHkkfod ,oa yksdizpfyr cksypky dh Hkk"kk ls lqlfTtr
fd;k gSA
8-5-6 mís'; &lkfgR; fu:ís'; ugha gksrkA jpukdkj dh jpuk ds ihNs mís'; vo'; jgrk gSA izLrqr dgkuh
esa ys[kd us lekt ds vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls foiUu mu ifjokjksa dk fp=.k fd;k gS tks bl fLFkfr esa gh thou fcrk
nsrs gSa vkSj mlh esa mudk thou lekIr Hkh gks tkrk gSA ^NksVk tknwxj* dk ik= og yM+dk tks viuh chekj
ek¡ dh nok&nk: ds izcU/k ds fy, *LVªhV ckW;* cudj rek'ks fn[kkdj pkj iSls dekdj dekuk pkgrk gSA og
yM+dk lekt ds mu yksxksa dk fp=.k djrk gS tks bl fLFkfr ls xqtj jgs gSaA
lekt ds bUgha =Lr yksxksa ds thou dks mn~?kfVr djuk dgkuhdkj dk izeq[k mís'; gSA ^NksVk tknwxj*
dgkuh mís';iw.kZ vkSj lQy dgkuh gSA
8-6 dfBu 'kCn
1½ vuqjkx 2½ vojksg 3½ iquhr 4½ vxzlj
5½ fp=ksierk 6½ mfDroSfp«; 7½ O;xzrk 8½ lef"V
9½ lkS"Bo 10½ lq"Bqrk 11½ foy{k.k 12½ æfor
13½ foiUurk 14½ laosnuk 15½ çxYHkrk 16½ dyukn
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8-7 vH;klkFkZ & ç'u
çñ1- dgkuh dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk,a nsrs gq, blds rRoksa ij çdk'k Mkfy,\
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çñ2- ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk dhft,\
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çñ3- ^bZn dk R;kSgkj* dgkuh dh rkfRod leh{kk dhft,\
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çñ4- ^NksVk tknwxj* dgkuh dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk dhft,\
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gfj;k.kkA
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77
B.A. Semester-VI
Hindi Lesson 9
î<+kbZ*] îzk;f’pr*] ^vkneh dk cPpk* rFkk ^nkjksxk vehjpUn* uked

dgkfu;ksa dh rkfRod leh{kk
9-0 :ijs[ kk
9-1 mís' ;
9-2 çLrkouk
9-3 î<+kbZ* dgkuh dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk
9-3-1 dFkkoLrq
9-3-2 ik=ksa dk pfj= fp=.k
9-3-3 dFkksi dFku
9-3-5 Hkk"kk 'kSyh
9-3-6 mís';
9-4 ^çk;f'pr* dgkuh dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk
9-4-1 dFkkoLrq
9-4-2 ik=ksa dk pfj= fp=.k
9-4-3 dFkksi dFku
9-4-5 Hkk"kk 'kSyh
9-4-6 mís';
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9-5 ^vkneh dk cPpk* dgkuh dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh+{kk
9-5-1 dFkkoLrq
9-5-2 ik=ksa dk pfj=&fp=.k
9-5-3 dFkksi dFku
9-5-5 Hkk"kk 'kSyh
9-5-6 mís';
9-6 ^nkjksxk vehjpUn* dgkuh dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk
9-6-1 dFkkoLrq
9-6-2 ik=ksa dk pfj= & fp=.k
9-6-3 dFkksi dFku
9-6-5 Hkk"kk 'kSyh
9-5-6 mís';
9-7 dfBu 'kCn
9-8 vH;klkFkZ ç'u
9-1 mís'; %& çLrqr ikB ds v/;;uksijkUr vki î<+kbZ*] ^çk;f'pr*] ^vkneh dk cPpk* rFkk ^nkjksxk vehjpUn
uked dgkfu;ksa dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk dj ldsaxsA
9-2 çLrkouk %& dgkuh lkfgR; dh lcls yksdfç; fo|k gSA euq"; tc ls bl /kjrh ij vk;k] rc ls dgkuh
dgus rFkk lquus dh ço`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA tSusUæ dqekj }kjk jfpr dgkuh î<+kbZ* cky euksfoKku dks vk/kkj cukdj
fy[kh xbZ gSA dgkuh esa yM+dh dh i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ dh leL;k ij ,d e/;oxhZ; ifjokj ds varjax Hkkoksa dk fp=.k
fd;k x;k gSA Hkxorhpj.k oekZ dh dgkuh ^çk;f'pr*,d lkekftd dgkuh gS ftlesa lekt esa O;kIr va/kfo'okl
,oa feF;k vkMacj dk inkZQk'k O;aX; ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k gSA ;'kiky dh dgkuh vkneh dk cPpk oxZ Hksn dk
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fp=.k djkus okyh l'kDr dgkuh gSA ogha ^nkjksxk vehjpUn* LorU=rk ds iwoZ tc f}rh; fo'o;q} dh Hkwfedk rS;kj
gks xbZ Fkh ml le; Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dh o`fÙk dk fp=.k djuk gS tks NksVs&NksVs LokFkks± dh iwfrZ ds fy, vaxzstksa
ds fiV~Bw cus gq, Fks ;gh ys[kd dk mís'; gSA
9-3 î<+kbZ* dgkuh dh rÙoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk
9-3-1- dFkkoLrq & tSusUnz dqekj us dgkuh î<+kbZ* dh jpuk cky euksfoKku dks vk/kkj cuk dj dh gS A
lkekftd ijEijk vuq:i csVh ds tUe ds lkFk gh lksp fy;k tkrk gS fd csVh ijk;k /ku gS vr% ek¡&cki
Hkjld iz;Ru djrs gSa fd mudh csVh vPNh f’k{kk o laLdkjksa dks xzg.k djs vkSj llqjky esa mls lq[k o ;’k
dh izkfIr gks A izLrqr dgkuh dh dFkkoLrq dqN ,slh gh Hkkoukvksa dk fp=.k ek¡&cki o cPph ds pfj= }kjk
djrh gS A N^ lky dh lqu;uk dks I;kj ls uwuks iqdkjk tkrk gS A ek¡ mls vU; cPpksa ds lkFk Ldwy ugha Hkstrh
D;ksafd v/;kfidk cPps dk [;ky ugha j[krh vkSj ?kj esa i<+kus ds fy, Vhpj dk izcU/k djrh gS A L=h ekrk
ân; lquUnk cPph dks C;kg nsus dh O;Fkk ds dkj.k cPph ds cky&eu dh [kqf’k;ksa dks ugha ij[krh cfYd vius
fparkrqj eu ls ij[krh gS vkSj cPph ft+n~nh gks tkrh gS A [kkus o i<+us ds le; ftn~n djrh vkSj cqvk ds
dgus ls [kkuk [kkrh gS o nw/k ihrh gS A lquUnk vkSj mlds ifr dh ckrphr vkil esa cPph dks ysdj gh gksrh
gS A lquUnk cPph dks [ksyus ckgj ugha tkus nsrh] fujUrj i<+us ds fy, etcwj djrh gSA dgkuh vkdkj esa
laf{kIr vkSj ekuoeu dh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks LokHkkfod :i ls fpf=r djrh gS A dgkuh ikBdksa ij izHkko NksM +rh
gS fd cPps lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iysa] c<+s rks mudk O;fDrRo fu[kjrk gS vkSj ?kj dh fLFkfr;k¡ Hkh lkekU;
jgrh gS A
9-3-2 ik=ksa dk pfj= fp=.k % tSusUnz dh dgkuh î<+kbZ* dh ik= ;kstuk esa ek¡ dh Hkwfedk esa lquUnk izeq[k
ik= gSA cPph lqu;uk dgkuh dk dsUnzh; ik= gS A cqvk o firk th dk pfj= ?kj ds okrkoj.k dks lkekU; cukrk
gSA Hkfo”; vfuf’;r gS vkSj lquUnk csVh ds Hkfo”; dh vk’kadkvksa ls izk;% f?kjh jgrh gS] mls yxrk gS cqvk
ykM&I;kj ls cPph dks fcxkM+ jgh gS] ifr dks cPph dh o ?kj dh fpUrk gh ugha gS A lquUnk izR;sd fLFkfr
esa ckS[kyk;h ut+j vkrh gS] pkgs og fLFkfr cPph ds [kkus&ihus dh gS vFkok [ksyus o i<+us dh A mldk mís’;
ek= cPph dks i<+kuk o mPp f’k{kk fnykuk gS] blds fy, ifr ds izfr Hkh cs:[kh o vlUrqf”V izdV djrh gS
A ukSdj dks MkaVrh jgrh gS A ifr ewdn’kZd dh Hkwfedk fuHkk ikrk gS] og O;FkZ esa iRuh ls rdZ&fordZ ugha
djrk A ifr NTts ls vU; cPpksa ds lkFk lqu;uk dks [ksyrs ns[kdj [kq’k gksrk gS D;ksafd og le>rk gS fd
LokHkkfod fodkl ds fy, cPps dk vius ge mez cPpksa ds lkFk [ksyuk vfuok;Z gS A ifr dh le>nkjh o
le>kSrkoknh uhfr dk ifjp; ogka feyrk gS tc iRuh dks le>krs gq, dgrk gS & ßrqe mls uwuks fQj D;ksa
dgrh gksA uke rks mldk lqu;uk gS A uwuk cudj og f[kyokM+ ugha NksM+ ldrh vkSj rqe dguk pkgrh mls
uwuks gks] fQj pkgrh gks [ksyuk NksM+ ns vFkkZr~ uwuks dguk NksM+ nsA rqe mls uwuks dguk NksM+ nks] og Hkh vki
NksM+ nsxhAÞ ifr ,d ?k.Vk cPph dks Lo;a i<+kus dh ftEesnkjh ysrk gS ijUrq lquUnk larq”V ugha gks ikrh mls
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yxrk gS ek= ogh cPph ds fgr esa lksp ldrh gSA
9-3-3 dFkksidFku % dFkksidFku vFkok laokn dFkkoLrq ds fodkl o ik=ksa ds pfj=&fp=.k esa lgk;d gksrs gSa
A laokn laf{kIr] fLFkfr vuqdwy] ik=ksa ds pfj= dk mn~?kkVu djus okys rFkk jkspd gksus pkfg,] blh ls NksVs vkdkj
okyh dgkuh ikBdksa ds ftKklq eu dks ‘kkUr dj ldrh gS A î<+kbZ* dgkuh ds pqLr laokn ik=ksa dh eu%fLFkfr;ksa
dk mn~?kkVu djrs gSa rFkk dF; laizs”k.k esa lgk;d gksrs gSa A laoknksa esa csVh lqu;uk ds LoHkko dh ftn~n dks
js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gS A xyh esa ge mez cPpksa ds lkFk [ksyrh gqbZ] lqu;uk [kq’k vkSj tc ukSdj cqykus vkrk
gS rks u tkus dh ftn~n djrh gS vkSj dgha&dgha ij nw/k u ihus dh ftn~n djrh gS A laoknksa }kjk ifr lquUnk
dks mldh xyrh dk vglkl djokrk gS fd uke ls uwuks cqykrh gks vkSj O;ogkj ls lqu;uk curh gks A bl izdkj
laoknksa ds ek/;e ls gh dgkuh fodkl djrh gS A
9-3-4- ns’kdky vkSj okrkoj.k % î<+kbZ* dgkuh ,d O;fDr eu ds oSpkfjd la?k”kZ dks izLrqr djus okyh dgkuh
gS A vr% dgkuh esa okrkoj.k dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ gS A dgkuh dk okrkoj.k e/;oxhZ; ifjokj dk okrkoj.k gS ftlesa
iyus&c<+us okys ekrk&firk] cPpksa o eu%fLFkfr;ksa vkSj vuqHkwfr;ksa dk o.kZu feyrk gS A ifjokj dh jkSud cPpksa ls
gksrh gS A ;gk¡ rd fd ifr&iRuh esa ckrphr dk ek/;e Hkh cPps gh curs gSa A ^losjs gh losjs dksykgYk lqu iM+k
A tku iM+rk gS] ;g gks&gYyk fQj uwuks dks ysdj gh gSA uwuks ugh gksrh ?kj esa] rc lc pqipki vius&vius esa
gh jgrs gSa] ekuks mUgsa vius dke ls vkSj vius fut ls gh eryc gS ,d&nwljs ls dqN eryc ‘ks”k ugha jg x;k
A uwuks u gks chp esa] rks ge nksuksa rd dks vkil esa ckr djus ds fy, fo”k; dk vHkko lk yxrk gS A uwuks dks
ysdj vkil esa cksy ysrs gSa] >xM+ ysrs gSa] fey ysrs gSaAÞ ifjokj ds okrkoj.k }kjk ys[kd us ikfjokfjd laca/kksa dk
fp=.k cM+h lQyrk ls fd;k gSA xyh ds okrkoj.k dks fpf=r djds ys[kd us fdlh Hkh dLcs&o&eqgYys dk fp=.k
fd;k gS] tgk¡ cPps euilUn [ksy [ksydj eu dks cgyk ysrs gSaA xyh ds [ksy esa xyh dks leUnj vkSj uwuks dks
eNyh cukdj vkuUn ysuk fdruk LokHkkfod yxrk gSA
9-3-5- Hkk”kk ‘kSyh % dgkuh dh vfHkO;fDr mldh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh ij gh fuHkZj djrh gS A dgkuh dh Hkk”kk ik=kuqdwy]
dF; dks laizsf”kr djus okyh rFkk okrkoj.k ls lacaf/kr gksuh pkfg, A izLrqr dgkuh esa ys[kd us fooj.kkRed o
o.kZukRed ‘kSyh dk iz;ksx djrs gq, laoknksa ds ek/;e ls dgkuh dks xfr nh gS A dgkuh ds fooj.kksa dks Li”V djus
ds fy, mnwZ o yksdHkk”kk ds ‘kCnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gS ;Fkk&[kpsM+rh] vnc] ‘kÅj] eqrkfcd] lcd] ePNh&ePNh baÙkk]
fdrkc ds ekus bR;kfn A ys[kd us eqgkojksa ds iz;ksx }kjk oDrO;ksa dks lkFkZdrk nh gS tSls&vaxwBk fn[kkdj] vk¡[k
vks>y bR;kfn A la{ksi esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd dgkuh dh Hkk”kk ljy] lgt ,oa cks/kxE; gS A
9-3-6 mn~ns’; % tSuSUnz dqekj dh dgkuh î<+kbZ* cky euksfoKku dks vk/kkj cuk dj fy[kh xbZ ,d lQy
vfHkO;fDr gS A dgkuh esa yM+dh dh i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ dh leL;k ij ,d e/;oxhZ; ifjokj ds varjax Hkkoksa dk fp=.k
fd;k x;k gS A vDlj yksx vius cPpksa ds euksHkkoksa dk v/;;u ugha djrs vkSj mu ij vius fopkjksa dks Fkksiuk
pkgrs gSa A vius thou dh v/kwjh bPNkvksa dks cPpksa ds ek/;e ls iwjk djus dk liuk ns[k ysrs gSa vkSj dgk u ekuus
okys ukle> cPpksa dks ek¡&cki dh izrkM+uk lguh iM+rh gS vkSj muds ckyeu esa vojks/k mRiUu gks tkrk gS A
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euksoSKkfud n`f”V ls ;g mfpr ugha] u ifjokj ds fy, u cPps ds fy, A lqu;uk vkSj lquUnk ds pfj= ds la?k”kZ
}kjk ys[kd us ;g Li”V fd;k gS fd mfpr ;gh gS fd ekrk&firk cPpksa gh bPNkvksa o ftKklkvksa dks le>sa vkSj
le; o fLFkfr vuq:i mudk ekxZ funsZ’ku djsa A
9-4 îzk;f’pr* dgkuh dh rÙoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk
9-4-1 dFkkoLrq & izsepUn ;qx ds dgkuhdkj Hkxorhpj.k oekZ dh dgkuh îzk;f’pr* ,d lekftd dgkuh
gS ftlesa lekt esa O;kIr va/kfo’okl o feF;kMacj dk inkZQk’k O;aX; ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k gS A dgkuh
dh dFkkoLrq laf{kIr o ekSfyd gS A dgkuh dk vUr izHkkoksRiknd gS vkSj egjh dk ,d dFku& êk¡ th] fcYyh
rks mB dj Hkkx xbZ* dFkkoLrq dh lkFkZdrk Li”V dj nsrk gS A dgkuh dh ‘kq:vkr esa gh ys[kd us jkew dh
cgw ds pfj= ls ifjp; djok dj ;g Li”V djuk pkgk gS fd NksVh o uknku mez dh cPph dh ‘kknh mfpr
ugha A pkSng o”kZ dh jkew dh cgw ftlds [ksyus&[kkus] ekSt&eLrh djus ds fnu gSa] mls Hk.Mkj ?kj dh pkch
Fkek nh tkrh gS vkSj og vDlj gkaMh esa ?kh j[krs&j[krs Åa?k tkrh gS A jkew dh cgw dh NksVh&NksVh xyfr;ksa
dk Qk;nk dcjh fcYyh ysrh gS vkSj cgw dk thuk nwHkj dj nsrh gS tSls nw/k ih ysuk] gkaM+h myV nsuk bR;kfn
A ys[kd us fLFkfr Li”V djrs gq, fy[kk gS ßdcjh ds gkSlys c<+ tkus ls jkew dh cgw dk ?kj esa jguk eqf ’dy
gks x;k A mls feyrh Fkh lkl dh ehBh f>M+fd;k¡ vkSj ifrnso dk :[kk&lw[kk Hkkstu AÞ ,d fnu jkew dh
cgw us czkãeqgwÙkZ esa ekSdk ikdj îkVk* fcYyh ds Åij ns ekjk vkSj fcYyh lge xbZ A lgeh gqbZ fcYyh dks
ejk gqvk tkudj cgw ij fcYyh dh gR;k laca/kh va/k&fo’okl dk vkjksi gqvk vkSj rdZ fn;k x;k fd& ßfcYyh
dh gR;k vkSj vkneh dh gR;k cjkcj gS AÞ dFkkoLrq dh fodkl&fLFkfr esa iafMr ijelq[k dks izk;f’pr ds
fy, cqyk;k tkrk gS A iafMr th ?kj dh eku&e;kZnk vuq:i izk;f’pr dk fo/kku crkrs gSa vkSj eu gh eu
eqLdjkrs gSa A dqEHkhikd ujd dk fo/kku crkrs gq, iafMr th fcYyh ds ot+u dh fcYyh] bDdhl fnu dk ikB
vkSj ikap&ikap czkã.kksa dks nks le; [kkuk f[kykus dks dgrs gSaA ys[kd us dFkkoLrq esa lq?kM+ o dykRed <ax
ls va/kfo’oklksa dk Hkzetky QSykus okys rFkk ykyph o`fÙk ds czkã.kksa dh iksy [kksyh gS A LoxZ&ujd dk
fod`r :i fn[kk dj vf’kf{kr lekt esa Hkze QSykuk rFkk va/kfo’oklksa ls turk dks mHkjus u nsuk gh iafMrksa
dk deZdkaM gS A fu%lansg dgkuh dk vUr izHkkoksRiknd gks mBrk gS tc fcYyh Hkkx tkrh gS A dgkuh dh
dFkkoLrq jkspd gS vkSj ikBdksa dks vius bnZ&fxnZ QSyh gqbZ lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dk ifjp; djokrh gS A
9-4-2 ik=ksa dk pfj=&fp=.k % lkekftd lanHkksZa dks Nwus okyh dgkuh îzk;f’pr* esa jkew dh cgw dk] jkew dh eka dk]
iafMr ijelq[k dk fp=.k izeq[k gS vkSj feljkuh] fdluw dh ek¡] NUuw dh nknh dk fp=.k ,d iapk;r ds :i saegqvk
A jkew dh cgw ds fp=.k }kjk ys[kd Li”V djus esa lQy jgk gS fd cky&fookg lkekftd] ikfjokfjd o oS;fDrdfodkl
esa vojks/k mRiu djrk gS A dgkuh ds vU; lHkh L=h o iq#”k ik=ksa dks vU/kfo’oklh o izk;f’pr esa fo’okl j[kus okys
:i esa izLrqr fd;k gS A iafMr }kjk vU/kfo’okl o izk;f’pr dh fof/k dks ‘kkL= lEer crk;k tkuk o iafMr}kjk ?kj
dh ekue;kZnk vuq:i izk;f’pr ds fy, ,d lksus dh fcYyh&nl eu xsg¡w] ,d eu pkoy] ,d eu nky] eu Hkj fry]
ikap eu tkS vkSj ikap eu puk] pkj ialsjh ?kh vkSj eu Hkj ued----- bDdhl fnu ds ikB ds bDdhl #i, vkSjbDdhl
fnuksa rd nksuksa oDr ikap&ikap czkã.kksa dks Hkkstu djokuk bR;kfn rjhds dks cM+s ukVdh; <ax ls izLqrr fd;k gS A blesa
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iafMr dk LokFkZ vf/kd izk;f’pr de fn[krk gS A ys[kd us dFkkoLrq vuqlkj ik=ksa dk p;u fd;k gS vkSj dFkk ik=ksa dh
vU/kfo’oklksa ds izfr vkLFkk izdV djrh gS rks iafMr dk fuEukafdr dFku Li”V djrk gS fd Hkksyh&Hkkyh turk dks ywVus
okyk LokFkhZ iafMr ?kj dh eku&e;kZnk vuq:i izk;f’pr gS] dksbZ galh [ksy FkksM+s gh gS& vkSj tSlh ftl dh ejtknk]
izk;f’pr esa mls iSlk [kpZ djuk iM+rk gS A vki ,sls&oSls FkksM+s gSa A vjs lkS Ms+< lkS #i;k vki xksyksa ds gkFk dk eSy
gS AÞ
9-4-3 dFkksi dFku % dgkuh ds laokn laf{kIr] ljy] lVhd o ik=ksa dh eu% fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy
gksu k pkfg,A izLrqr dgkuh dh dFkkoLrq dk fodkl laoknksa ds ek/;e ls gqvk gSA dgkuh lkekftd
O;oLFkk esa izp fyr feF;kMkEcjksa o va/kfo’oklksa dks o izk;f’pr dh fof/k tSls deZdkaMksa dks ik=ksa ds
ikjLifjd laoknksa }kjk izLrqr djrh gSA lVhd laoknksa ds ek/;e ls ;g Li”V gksrk gS fd O;fDr et+cwj
gS va/kfo’oklksa dks ekuus ds fy, vU;Fkk lekt esa mldk jguk eqf’dy gS vkSj ia fMr ijelq[k tSls
ik=ksa dks izk;f’pr djokus esa de iSlk cVksjus vkSj vU/kfo’oklksa dks c<+kok nsus esa vf/kd vkuUn
feyrk gSA fuEuka fdr la okn ia fMr dh LokFkhZ eu%o`fÙk] jkew dh ek¡ dh et+cwjh rFkk fcjknjh dk
va/kfo’okl ds izfr vkxzg O;Dr gqvk gS & ßiafMr ijelq[ k th eqLdjk jgs FksA mUgksaus dgk & ßjkew
dh ek¡] ,d rjQ rks cgw ds fy, dqEHkhikd ujd gS vkSj nw ljh rjQ rqEgkjs ft+ Ees FkksM+k lk [kpZ gSA
lks blls eqag u eksM+k sAÞ
,d BaMh lkal ysrs gq, jkew dh ek¡ us dgk & ßvc rks ukp upkvksxs] ukpuk gh iM+sxk AÞ
iaf M+r ijelq[k t+jk dqN fcxM+dj cksy s & ßjkew dh ek¡ ! ;g rks [kq’kh dh ckr gS] vxj rqEgsa v[kjrk
gS rks u djks & eSa pykAÞ bruk dg dj iaf Mr th us iksF kh&i=k cVksjk ^vjs if.Mr th] jkew dh ek¡ dks
dqN ugha v[kjrk&csp kjh dk fdruk nq%[k gS & fcxM+ ks u AÞ feljkuh] /kUuw dh nknh vkSj fdluw dh ek¡
us ,d Loj esa dgkA laoknksa dks fLFkfruq: i o ukVdh; <ax ls izLrqr djds ys[ kd us dgkuh ds O;aX; dks
iSu k cuk;k gSA
9-4-4 ns’kdky vkSj okrkoj.k % dgkuh ,d ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftd okrkoj.k dk fp=.k djrh gS vkSj
ikBdksa dks vglkl djokrh gS fd ge va/kfo’oklh o Hkzeiw.kZ okrkoj.k esa lkal ys jgs gSa A jkew ds ikfjokfjd thou
ls ys[kd us ?kVuk dk la;kstu fd;k vkSj Li”V fd;k fd lekt esa izpfyr Hkzeksa o vkMEcjksa ds dkj.k ,d vPNk
deZ Hkh cqjs deZ esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS A jkew dh cgw dk ml fcYyh dks ekjuk cqjk ugha tks ?kj esa rgl&ugl
epk, jgrh gS ysfdu Hkzeo’k bl ckr dks izk;f’pr dk :i ns fn;k tkrk gS A oLrqr% fcYyh Mj ds dkj.k lge
xbZ vkSj varr% Hkkx fudyh tks ?kj ds fy, vPNk Fkk ysfdu fuj{kjrk us vPNkbZ dks cqjkbZ esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k
D;ksafd yksx lw>&cw> ls ugha] ns[kk&ns[kh cqjkbZ dk izpkj djrs gSa A
9-4-5 Hkk”kk ‘kSyh % îzk;f’pr* dgkuh dh Hkk”kk ljy] lgt] LokHkkfod o ik=kuqdwy gS A iafMr ijelq[k o xkao
dh o`) efgykvksa dh Hkk”kk LokHkkfod o jkspd gS A iafMr dh Hkk”kk LokFkZtU; gS A tc fcYyh ds ejus dh[kcj feyrh
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gS rks og iRuh ls dgrk gS ßHkkstu u cukuk A ykyk ?kklhjke dh irksgw us fcYyh ekj Mkyh] izk;f’pr gksxk A idokuksa
ij gkFk yxsxk AÞ vkSj jkew dh ek¡ ls dgrk gS ßge iqjksfgr fQj dkSu fnu ds fy, gSa \ ‘kkL= esa izk;f’pr dk fo/
kku gS lks izk;f’pr ls lc Bhd gks tk,xk AÞ ys[kd us dgkuh ds Hkko dks O;aftr djus ds fy, O;aX;kRed kk”kk H dk
iz;ksx fd;k gS A mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij iafMr th vkSj feljkuh dk ;g laokn nsf[k, &
iafMr ijelq[k us dgk] ßesjs vdsys Hkkstu djus ls ikap czkã.k ds Hkkstu dk Qy feysxk AÞ
ß;g rks iafMr th Bhd dgrs gSa] iafMr th dh rkasn rks ns[kks AÞ
feljkuh us eqldjkrs gq, iafMr th ij O;aX; fd;k A
dgkuh ds ik=ksa dh Hkk”kk esa xzkeh.k ‘kCnkoyh dk mfpr iz;ksx gqvk gS] muls va/kfo’oklksa ds izfr turk
dh vklfDr rFkk foo’krk dk ifjp; feyrk gS ------ nku&iqUu ls gh iki dVrs gSaA nku&iqUu esa fdQk;r Bhd
ughaA yksd Hkk”kk o mnwZ Hkk”kk dqN mnkgj.k ;wa feyrs gSa NDds&iats] ijp xbZ] pEir] ialsjh] ÅapkbZ&vankth] vkSVk,
x,] fdQk;r bR;kfnA le; vkSj fLFkfr vuq:i eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx dgkuh ds ik=ksa dh eu%fLFkfr dk fu:i.k
djrk gS rFkk dgkuh esa jkspdrk ykrk gS & ßjkew dh cgw ij [kwu lokj gks x;k] û jgs ckal u cts ckalqjh*] ^jkew
dh cgw us dcjh dh gR;k djus ds fy, dej dl yhAÞ
oLrqr% dgkuh dh Hkk”kk dgkuh ds Hkko dks vFkZoÙkk iznku djrh gSA
9-4-6 mn~ns’; % îzk;f’pr* dgkuh ,d f’k{kkizn lkekftd dgkuh gS A ys[kd us cM+h dq’kyrk ls ,d :f<+xzLr
ifjokj dh vkLFkkvksa dk fp=.k fd;k gS A fcYyh dh gR;k tSlh lk/kkj.k ?kVuk ls tqMs+ lkekftd vkMEcjksa
dks vfHkO;fDr nh xbZ gS A va/kfo’oklksa ls tdM+s gq, bl lekt esa iafM+r ijelq[k tSls LokFkhZ o yksyqi o`fÙk
ds O;fDr turk dks ywVrs gSa] turk esa Hkze mRiUu djrs gSa rFkk viuh jksth&jksVh ds lk/kuksa dks cuk, j[krs
gSa A ys[kd us ik=ksa dh eu%fLFkfr;ksa }kjk Li”V fd;k gS fd turk fLFkfr ds lR; dks tkurs gq, Hkh va/
kfo’oklksa ls eqDr ugha gks ikrh vkSj pkgs&vupkgs iafMrksa }kjk lq>k, x, fof/k&fo/kkuksa dk fuokZg djrh gS A iafMr
dqEHkhikd ujd fo/kku tc jkew dh ek¡ dks crkrk gS rks BaMh lkal ysrs gq, jkew dh ek¡ dgrh gS ßvc rks tks ukp
upkvksxs] ukpuk gh iM+sxk AÞ ys[kd us lkjxfHkZr O;aX; iz;ksx }kjk turk dks va/kfo’okl QSykus okys iafMr ls
ltx gksus dk ladsr fn;k gS A dgkuh dk mís’; lkFkZd gS A
9-5 ^vkneh dk cPpk* dgkuh dh rÙoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk
9-5-1 dFkkoLrq % lkE;okn ls izHkkfor dgkuhdkj ;’kiky dh dgkuh ^vkneh dk cPpk* oxZ Hksn dk fp=.k
djkus okyh l’kDr dgkuh gS A dgkuh dh dFkkoLrq laf{kIr] jkspd o izHkkoksRiknd gS A ys[kd us ,d jkspd
izlax }kjk nks oxksZa ¼mPp o fuEu½ dh fopkj/kkjk vkSj thou thus dh ijEijk dk fp=.k lQyrkiwoZd fd;k
gS A dgkuh esa vkfHktkR; okrkoj.k esa iy jgs cPps ds cky&lqyHk ân; dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gS A phQ
bathfu;j cXxk lkgc dh ,d gh lUrku gS MkSyh] tks fnu Hkj Ldwy esa jgrh gS vkSj ‘kke dks vk;k cUnh
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ds lkFk le; O;rhr djrh gS A ek¡&cki fnu Hkj O;Lr jgrs gSa vkSj ‘kke dh pk; ds le; MkSyh lth laojh
ik¡p&lkr feuV ds fy, ek¡&cki ls cfr;krh gS A ik¡p lky dh MkSyh ds fy, cXxk lkgc dksbZ HkkbZ&cgu
ugha pkgrs vkSj f’k{kkØe iwjk djok dj mls foyk;r Hkstuk pkgrs gSaA ekyh dh dksBjh ls NksVs&cPps ds
jksus dh vkokt+ lqu dj MkSyh tkuk pkgrh gS ysfdu ek¡ dh Mk¡V&QVdkj ls vVd tkrh gS ij ek¡ ls
ftKklk iz d V djrh gS A ßekek] gedks ekyh dk cPpk ys nks ] ge mls I;kj djs a x s A Þ
b/kj cXxk lkgc ds ?kj esa fofp= uLy dh dqfr;k Fkh] mlus fiYys fn, vkSj MkSyh fiYyksa ls [ksyus yxh
A lkgc us fiYyksa dks esgrj ls dg xje ikuh esa xksrk nsdj ejok fn;kA MkSyh dks Ldwy ls okfil vkus
ij irk pyk fd Hkw[kk psÅ¡&psÅ¡ djrs fiYys dks ejok fn;k x;k rks nq%[kh gqbZ A bl ?kVuk ds nks fnu
ckn ekyh ds NksVs cPps ds jksus dh vkokt vkbZ rks cUnh us MkSyh dh mifLFkfr esa eselkgc ls dgk og Hkw[k
ds dkj.k jks jgk gS rks izfrfØ;k esa MkSyh cksy mBh& ßekek] ekyh ds cPps dks esgrj ls xje ikuh esa Mqcok
nks rks fQj ugha jks;sxkAÞ MkSyh dks le>k;k tkrk gS fd vkneh ds cPps dks ,sls ugha ekjk tkrkA MkSyh dk
ckylqyHk eu bl rdZ dks le> gh ugha ikrk fd dqfr;k ds fiYys vkSj vkneh ds cPps esa D;k vUrj gSA
ys[kd us Hkkjrh; lket esa O;kIr oxZ Hksn vkSj vfHktkR; laL—fr] lksp vkSj O;ogkj ij O;aX; fd;k gSA
dgkuh dh dFkkoLrq MkSyh dh lksp }kjk ,d iz’ufpUg~ vafdr dj tkrh gSA dFkkoLrq ekSfyd gS vkSj
O;kogkfjd lksp nsrh gSA
9-5-2 ik=ksa dk pfj=&fp=.k % dgkuh dh ik= ;kstuk esa mPpoxZ vkSj fuEuoxZ ds ik= feyrs gSa A cXxk
lkgc] mudh iRuh o MkSyh mPp oxZ ds ik= gSa rks vk;k] cUnh o ekyh tSls ik= fuEuoxZ ds A cXxk lkgc cPph
dks ,sls laLdkjksa ls lEiUu djrs gSa ftuls og ekyh ds cPpksa o ?kj ls nwj jg lds vkSj mlesa Hkh mPpoxZ okyk
jksc vk tk, A ckylqyHk papyrk ds dkj.k MkSyh cPpksa ls o dqÙks ds fiYys ls izse djrh gS vkSj mu nksu ksa esa
Hksn dj ikuk mldh le> ls ijs gS blfy, dgrh gS ekyh ds cPps dks Hkh fiYys dh rjg xje ikuh ls ejok
nks D;ksafd og Hkw[k ds dkj.k jks jgk gS A cUnh dks irk gS MkSyh dh ekek MkSyh dk ekyh dh dkVst esa tkuk
ilUn ugha djrh vr% vius dks csxqukg fl) djus dh bPNk ls mls ckag ls Fkkesa ,sls [khap dj ykrh gS tSls
LoPNUnrk ls iÙkh pjus ds fy, vkrqj cdjh dks dku idM+ dj ?kj dh vksj yk;k tkrk gS A cXxk lkgc dh
iRuh vfHktkR; oxZ dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh ukjh gS vr% cPph dks cM+s izse ls vius vkSj ekyh ds chp ds
vUrj dks le>krh gS ßMkyh rks I;kjh csVh gS] cM+h gh lqUnj] cM+h gh ykMyh csVhA ge bldks lqUnj&lqUnj diM+s
igukrs gSaA MkSyh rw rks vaxzst+h ds cPpksa ds lkFk Ldwy tkrh gS u cl esa cSBdjA ,sls xUns cPpksa ds lkFk ugha
[ksyrs uAÞ dgkuhdkj us nksuksa oxZ ds ltho ik=ksa rFkk mudh thou laca/kh lksp dks izLrqr djds dFkkoLrq esa
ekSfydrk ykbZ gSA
9-5-3 laokn ;kstuk % laokn dgkuh dks xfr nsrs gSa A laokn laf{kIr] jkspd] dgkuh dh ?kVuk ds vuqdwy gksus
pkfg, rHkh dFkk dk Øe cuk jgrk gSA izLrqr dgkuh ds laokn laf{kIr gSa rFkk ?kVuk o ik=kuqdwy gSA dgkuh ds
laokn oxZ laL—fr dk lQyrkiwoZd fp=.k djrs gSa A vf/kd cPps mRiUu djus dh fLFkfr ij cXxk nEifÙk dk laokn
nz”VO;& ßlkgc dgrs gSa & ;ksa dhM+s&edksM+s dh rjg iSnk djds D;k Qk;nk \Þ ekek felst cXxk Hkh gkeh Hkjrh
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gS& vkSj D;k \ dgkuh ds laokn fLFkfr lkis{k gS vkSj cPps dh MkaokMksy eu fLFkfr dk fp=.k djrs gSaA MkSyh
dk NksVk lk efLr”d nqfu;koh O;ogkj dks ugha tkurk vr% vkneh ds cPps vkSj dqfr;k ds fiYys dh ekSr esa vUrj
dks Hkh ugha le> ikrk A
9-5-4 ns’kdky vkSj okrkoj.k % dgkuh esa ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k dh iz/kkurk gS A cXxk lkgc dh ikfjokfjd fLFkfr
o jgu&lgu dh i)fr }kjk ys[kd us vfHktkR; laL—fr ds ,dkdhiu dks fpf=r fd;k gS A cXxk lkgc us
Lrjh;rk cuk, j[kus ds fy, bdykSrh MkSyh csVh vkSj csVk nksuksa le> dj larks”k fd;k gS tcfd MkSyh viuh ge
mez jkSud ds fy, rjlrh gS vkSj dHkh ekyh dh dkVst esa mlds uotkr f’k’kq ls [ksyus tkrh gS rks dHkh dqfr;k
ds fiYyksa ds lkFk [ksy dj eu cgykrh gS A ifr&iRuh cPph dh bl bPNk dks dHkh le> gh ugha ik, A O;Lr
ifr iRuh ds ikl MkSyh ds fy, le; ugha gS A tcfd fuEuoxZ ds yksx cPpksa ds fy, le; fudky ysrs gSa ij
lk/ku ugha tqVk ikrs A MkSyh vk;k cUnh dk nks lky dk csVk lk/ku jfgr gksus ds dkj.k py clk Fkk A ltho
okrkoj.k dh izLrqfr ds dkj.k dgkuh vfHkO;fDr esa lQy jgh gS A
9-5-5 Hkk”kk ‘kSyh % izLrqr dgkuh dh Hkk”kk fuEu ,oa mPp oxZ ds yksxksa dh Hkk”kk ds vuq:i gS vr% jkspd o
izHkko’kkyh gS A tc cXxk lkgc o felst cXxk cfr;krs gSa rks mudh Hkk”kk esa vaxzsth Hkk”kk dk iz;ksx rqyukRed iz;ksx
feyrk gS vkSj muds vgadkjh O;fDrRo dk ifjp; feyrk gS A MkSyh dh xnZu ij twa ns[kdj felst cXxk dh
izfrfØ;k dk mnkgj.k gS & ßfu’p; gh twa ekyh vkSj /kksch ds cPpksa dh laxr dk ifj.kke gS AÞ
MkSyh dh Hkk”kk esa cky lqyHk papyrk o LoHkkfodrk gS & ßepy dj Q’kZ ij ik¡o iVd dj MkSyh us dgk
ßekek gedks ekyh dk cPpk ys nks] ge mls I;kj djsaxs AÞ
MkSyh dh vk;k cUnh dh Hkk”kk esa xzkeh.k o yksd Hkk”kk dk iz;ksx feyrk gS & ßge tjk lSafMy ij ikfyl
djSa ds rbZa Hkhrj x;su AÞ vkSj ßcSjh dh vk¡[k esa jkbZ&ukSu AÞ bR;kfn A
9-5-6 mís’; % ^vkneh dk cPpk* ;’kiky dh mís’;ijd jpuk gS A dgkuh esa ys[kd ds mPpoxZ vkSj fuEuoxZ dh
lksp vkSj jgu&lgu dk fp=.k fd;k gS vkSj ckyeu ij lkekftd foalxfr;ksa dk izHkko fpf=r fd;k gSA Hkksys
vkSj uknku cPps dk eu bl vFkZ dks xzg.k gh ugha dj ikrk fd dqfr;k ds fiYys ds fy, vkSj vkneh ds cPps ds
fy, fu;e vyx D;ksa gSa A vkSj tc mls le>kus dk iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gS rks mlds efLr”d esa fQj ;g iz’u mBrk
gS ßvk;k] ge Hkh Hkw[k ls ej tk,¡xs \Þ
9-6 Þnkjksxk vehjpUnß dgkuh dh rÙoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk
9-6-1 dFkkud & dgkuh lkfgR; dh ,slh fo/kk gS tks thou ds lkFk pyrh gS A dgkuh ?kVuk ds Øe dks
mldh ;FkkFkZ fLFkfr esa izLrqr djrh gqbZ ikBdksa dks dqN lkspus&fopkjus ij et+cwj djrh gSA dFkkoLrq
dgkuh dh vkykspuk dk igyk o egÙoiw.kZ rÙo gS A dFkkoLrq esa rhu fLFkfr;ka visf{kr gSa & vkjEHk] fodkl
vkSj pje lhek A vkjEHk esa dgkuhdkj ?kVuk o ik=ksa dk ifjp; nsrk gS vkSj fodklkoLFkk dgkuh ds dF;
ls tqM+h ?kVukvksa vkSj ik=ksa ds la?k”kZ dk ifjp; nsrh gS vkSj pje lhek ij dgkuhdkj vius mís’; dks Li”V
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djrk gS A izLrqr dgkuh Þnkjksxk vehjpUnß dh vkjfEHkd voLFkk ifjp;kRed :i esa vk;h gS A ckr lu~
1934 dh gS tc ns’k Hkj dh tsysa ,] ch] lh Dykl ds vlUrq”V vkUnksyu drkZvksa ls Hkjh Fkha tks ^fl;klh*
uke dh fcjknjh esa ‘kkfey gksdj fnu dkV jgs FksA ys[kd us ,d tsy vkSj ,d nkjksxk vehjpUn dks ?kVuk
ds dsUnz esa j[k dj fp=.k fd;k gS A nkjksxk vehjpUn ,d tkfye izo`fÙk ds O;fDr Fks tks LokFkhZ o`fÙk ds
dkj.k vaxzst+ ljdkj ds fiV~Bw cus gq, Fks] fl;klh dSfn;ksa ij vR;kpkj djrs Fks vkSj nkjksxk ls fMIVh lkgc
vkSj jk; lkgc dh inksUufr ik pqds Fks vkSj vc fczfV’k ,Eik;j dk vkMZj mUgsa ‘kh?kz feyus okyk Fkk A [k=h
fcjknjh ds vehjpUn ewaNsa ,slh mesB dj j[krs Fks ekuks Bkdqj gksa A dgkuh ds fodkl esa tsy esa vdkyh
dSfn;ksa vkSj vehjpUn ds chp O;kIr ruko dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gS A ys[kd us bl izlax esa vdkyh ny
dh lkewfgd ,drk ds le{k tYykn o fuMj vehjpUn dh ekufld dk;jrk dk o.kZu fd;k gS A vdkyh
ny ijsM okys fnu vehjpUn dks vkbZ-th- ds nkSjs esa vleFkZ nkjksxk izekf.kr dj ldrs Fks ysfdu ,d cqtq xZ
ds ijke’kZ ls lger gksdj ek= ;gh fu.kZ; fy;k fd lqyg djus vk, nkjksxk ls eksy&rksy ugha djsaxs oju~
,d ckj ßgekjs lkeus viuh ewaNs uhph dj ys] fQj ge lc mlds dk;ns&dkuwu eku ysaxs AÞ dFkkud dh
pje lhek esa ge ikrs gSa fd tYykn izo`fÙk ds vehjpUn us vdkyh ny ds le{k viuh ewaNsa uhph dha vkSj
mldh tsy esa vkbZ- th- fu;U=.k dh O;oLFkk mfpr u ikdj mls iqu% nkjksxk cuk fn;k vkSj vius izfr
ljdkj ds bl joS;k dks lgu u dj ikus ds dkj.k vehjpUn dks eqag fNikus ds fy, ukSdjh ls R;kxi=
nsuk iM+k A
dgkuh dk dFkkud ekSfydrk fy, gS rks ltho o ;FkkFkZ :i ls jktuhfrd o lkekftd O;oLFkk dk ifjp;
nsrk gS vkSj Li”V djrk gS fd vkt+knh ikuk o vehjpUn tSls fiV~ByXxw O;fDr dk vag VwVuk ml le; dh
vfuok;Zrk,a Fkha A
9-6-2 ik=ksa dk pfj=&fp=.k % dgkuh dh ik= ;kstuk esa nks rjg ds ik= feyrs gSa A nkjksxk vehjpUn ftlds
uke ij dgkuh dh jpuk gqbZ gS A vkbZ- th- ftUgksuas nkjksxk dh ukdke;kch dks yf{kr dj iqu% nkjksxk cuk;k dks
oS;fDrd :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gS tcfd vdkyh ny dk fp=.k oxZxr :i esa gqvk gS A
nkjksxk vehjpUn vaxzst+ ljdkj dh nquhfr;ksa dks egÙo nsus okyk fiV~ByXxw pfj= gS tks LokFkZ dh rkd ij
ns’k dks U;ksNkoj dj ldrk gS A varr% og vehjpUn tks fczfV’k ,Eik;j cuus dh bPNk ls fl;klh dSfn;ksa ds
fy, tkfye cu pqdk Fkk vkbZ- th- }kjk iqu% nkjksxk cukdj NksVh tsy esa bUpktZ cuk dj Hkstk x;k vkSj eqag fNikus
ds fy, mlus ukSdjh ls R;kxi= ns fn;kA ys[kd ;g Li”V djus esa lQy jgk gS fd cqjs dke dk urhtk cqjk gh
gksrk gS A
vdkyh ny dh lkewfgd ,drk dk ifjp; nsdj ys[kd us Lons’kh dSfn;ksa dh fgEer] ns’kizse o nwjnf’kZrk dk
ifjp; fn;k gS vkSj ladsr fn;k gS fd ,sls Hkkjrh; liwrksa us gh xBcU/ku o R;kx }kjk Hkkjr dks LorU= djk;k
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rFkk vaxzst+ksa ds fiV~ByXxw pfj=ksa dks lcd fl[kk;k A
dgkuh ds pfj= dkYifud ugha cfYd ;FkkFkZ txr~ ds izk.kh gSa ftUgksasus LorU=rk laxzke esa Hkkx fy;k gSA
9-6-3 laokn % dgkuh dks vKs; us vkRedF; :i esa izLrqr fd;k gS vr,o LokHkkfod gS ys[kd us ?kVuk ds o.kZu
esa laoknksa dks fLFkfr lkis{k o ik=ksa dh eukso`fÙk;ksa ds vuqdwy x<+k gSA dgkuh ds laokn jkspd gSa D;ksafd ;g laokn
ek= dgkuh ds ik=ksa ds thou ls gh ugha cfYd ge Hkkjrh;ksa ds bfrgkl o gekjs iwoZtksa ls tqM+s gSa ftUgksaus LorU=rk
laxzke esa Hkkx fy;k gSA dgkuh ds laokn ,d oxZ fo’ks”k o O;fDr fo’ks”k&nksuksa dh eukso`fÙk;ksa dks LokHkkfod :i
ls izLrqr djrs gSaA tSls vdkyh ny dks iap lfefr ds lkeus nkjksxk vehpUn dh ewaNsa uhph djus okyk laokn-
--- ßdHkh geus rqEgkjh xnZu uki yh] dHkh rqEgkjs lkeus geus ewaNsa uhph dj yhaAÞ }kjk O;fDr dh LokFkZ o`fÙk o
gksf’k;kjh dk ifjp; feyrk gS vkSj vdkyh ny ds os laokn tgk¡ ekaxs j[kh tkrh gSa o nkjksxk vehjpUn dh ewaNsa
uhph djokbZ tkrh gSa }kjk Økafrdkfj;ksa dh lkewfgd ,drk n`f”Vxr gksrh gSA
ßcw<+s us vfopfyr Hkko ls dgk] flQZ ,d ckr ge viuh rjQ ls j[ksAÞ
ßog D;k \Þ
ßog ;g fd gekjk nkjksxk ls dksbZ >xM+k ugha gSa] exj og Hkh ge ij gsdM+h trkuk NksM+ ns A cl] ,d ckj
og gekjs lkeus viuh ewaNsa uhph dj ys] fQj ge mlds lc dk;ns&dkuwu eku ysaxs AÞ
la{ksi esa NksVs o yEcs laokn dFkk ds rkjrE; dks cuk, j[krs gSa vkSj ik=ksa dh lksp&le> dk ifjp; nsrs gSaA
9-6-4 ns’kdky vkSj okrkoj.k % nkjksxk vehjpUn dgkuh esa ml Hkkjr dk fp=.k gS tks vaxzst+ksa dk xqyke
FkkA lu~ 1934 esa f}rh; fo’o;q) gsrq gks jgs lkekftd o jktuhfrd vkanksyu o Økafrdkfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk dk
fp=.k ys[kd us dgkuh ds okrkoj.k ds fuekZ.k esa c[kwch fd;k gSA vkUnksydrkZvksa dks fczfV’k ljdkj ,] ch]
lh Dykl ds ^fl;klh* dSnh cuk dj tsyksa esa Hkj nsrs FksA iatkc dh gtkjk tsy ds okrkoj.k dks ys[kd us Hkksxs
gq, ;FkkFkZ dh rjg fpf=r fd;k gSA ,d vU; lanHkZ esa ys[kd us vVd dh tsy ds okrkoj.k vkSj dFkkuk;d
vehpUn ds vkard dk fp=.k o.kZukRed :i esa fd;k gS & ßbUgha nkjksxk lkgc dh otg ls vVd tsy dk
Hkh vkrad lwcs Hkj esa QSy x;k Fkk] ftldks vVd Hkstk tkrk Fkk og le> ysrk Fkk fd mls }hikUrfjr fd,
cxSj dkys ikuh Hkstk tk jgk gS] vkSj tks lqurk Fkk] tku ysrk Fkk ftls Hkstk x;k gS og ;k rks dksbZ cM+k ncax
vkSj [krjukd fl;klh dSnh gS ftlds vkRefHkeku dks ljdkj tSls Hkh gks rksM+uk pkgrh gSAÞ dgkuh dk
okrkoj.k vkt+knh ls iwoZ dh tuekul dh vPNh cqjh o n`<+ ladYiukRed vuqHkwfr;ksa dk fp=.k djus esa lQy
jgk gSA
9-6-5 Hkk”kk ‘kSyh % izHkkokfUofr dgkuh dk fo’ks”k xq.k gS vkSj Hkk”kk ‘kSyh ds fcuk izHkkokfUofr laHko ugha vFkkZr~
Hkk”kk ‘kSyh dgkuh dk fo’ks”k rÙo gS A vKs; ,d dfo Hkh gSa vr,o mudh Hkk”kk ifjekftZr] fo’kq)] ljy o lkadsfrd
gksrh gS A izLrqr dgkuh esa ys[kd us ?kVukuq:i ‘kCnksa o eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] mnwZ] iatkch o vaxzsth ‘kCnksa
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ds iz;ksx ls vfHkO;fDr esa lkFkZdrk vk;h gS rFkk dgkuh esa ?kVuk dk n`’; izLrqr gks tkrk gS A dgkuh esa eqgkojksa
dk iz;ksx Hkh feyrk gS & elyu e’gwj gS] ß,d [kkylk lok yk[k AÞ fuEukafdr rqyukRed vfHkO;fDr Økafrdkfj;ksa
dh n`<+ eu^fLFkfr dk ifjp; nsrh gS & ßtqYe rks mUgksaus cgqr dj fy,] vdkfy;ks aij dksbZ vlj ugha gqvk A ekuks
xSaMs dh ihM+ ij dksM+s iM+ jgs gksa% lkS iM+sa rks D;k gt+kj iM+s rks D;k AÞ vkRedFkkRed ‘kSyh esa fy[kh xbZ bl dgkuh
esa ys[kd us rdksZa o fu”d”kksZa }kjk O;aX; dks lQyrkiwoZd laizsf”kr fd;k gS & ßlqyg djus vk, cfu;s ls eksy&rksy
ugha djuk pkfg, AÞ
ßekeyk laxhu gSa] gM+rky dk ugha cyos dk gS AÞ bR;kfn A
9-6-6 mís’; % dgkuh dh jpuk djrs le; ys[kd dk /;ku mís’; ij dsfUnzr jguk pkfg,] D;ksafd dgkuh ek=
?kVuk o nks&,d ik=ksa }kjk viuk izHkko Mkyrh gS A izLrqr dgkuh dk mís’; LorU=rk ds iwoZ tc f}rh; fo’o;q)
dh Hkwfedk rS;kj gks xbZ Fkh ml le; Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dh o`fÙk dk fp=.k djuk tks NksVs&NksVs LokFkksZa dh iwfrZ
ds fy, vaxzstksa ds fiV~Bw cus gq, Fks A vkt+knh izkIr djus ds bPNqd Hkkjrh; ftudk eqag can djus o Økafr dks jksdus
ds fy, tsy Hkst fn;k tkrk Fkk mu ij ;g fiV~Bw gh tqYe <+krs Fks A vaxzst+ksa ds bu fiV~Bqvksa ds lanHkZ esa nkjksxk
vehpUn dk mnkgj.k fn;k tk ldrk gS tks nkjksxk ls fMIVh o fMIVh ls jk; lgc cu pqdk Fkk vkSj fczfV’k ,Eik;j
dk f[krkc ikus dh bPNk ls Økafrdkfj;ksa ij tqYe <+krk Fkk rFkk dkys ikuh dh ltk fnykrk FkkA ys[kd us vkichrh
ds :i esa ,d ;FkkFkZ dks fu:fir fd;k gS A
9-7 dfBu 'kCn
1- laçs"k.k 2- vojks/k 3- vfHktkR; 4- foalxfr 5- lkis{k
6- çHkkokfUofr 7- ifjekftZr 8- fu:fir 9- cks/kxE; 10- la;kstu
9-8 vH;klkFkZ ç'u %&
çñ1- tSusUæ dqekj dh dgkuh î<+kbZ* dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk dhft,\
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çñ2- ^çk;f'pr* dgkuh dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dhft,\
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çñ3- ;'kiky dh dgkuh ^vkneh dk cPpk* dh dgkuh ds rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dhft,\
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çñ4- vKs; dh dgkuh ^nkjksxk vehpUn* dh rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk dhft,\
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9-9 lUnHkZ xzUFk @ iqLrdsa
gfj;k.kkA
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B.A. Semester - VI
Hindi Lesson 10
^mlus dgk Fkk*] ^bZn dk R;ksgkj*] ^NksVk tknwxj* dgkfu;ksa ds izeq[k

ik=ksa dk pfj= &fp=.k
10-0 :ijs[ kk
10-1 mís' ;
10-2 çLrkouk
10-3 ^mlus dgk Fkk* ds çeq[k ik= ygukflag dk pfj= fp=.k
10-4 ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij lwcsnkjuh dk pfj= fp=.k
10-5 ^bZn dk R;kSgkj* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij gkfen dk pfj=&fp=.k
10-6 ^NksVk tknwxj* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij NksVk tknwxj dk pfj= fp=.k
10-7 dfBu 'kCn
10-8 vH;klkFkZ ç'u
10-1 mís'; %& çLrqr ikB ds v/;;uksijkUr vki ^mlus dgk Fkk*] ^bZn dk R;kSgkj* ^NksVk tknwxj* dgkfu;ksa
ds çeq[k ik=ksa dk pfj= fp=.k dj ldsaxsA
10-2 çLrkouk % dgkuh fgUnh lkfgR; dh lcls yksdfç; ,oa l'kDr fo/kk gSA lkekU;r% dgkuh ds N% rRo
Lohdkj fd, tkrs gSa tSls dFkkud] ik= vkSj pfj=&fp=.k] laokn ;k dFkksidFku] ns'kdky okrkoj.k]
Hkk"kk 'kSyh] mís';A pfj= fp=.k dgkuh dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gksrk gSA dgkuh pfj=ksa ds ek/;e ls gh
vkxs c<+rh gSA pfj= fp=.k ls fofHkUu pfj=ksa esa LokHkkfodrk mRiUu dh tkrh gSA
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10-3 ^mlus dgk Fkk* ds izeq[k ik= ygukflag dk pfj=&fp=.k
pUnz/kj 'kekZ xqysjh dh dgkuh ^mlus dgk Fkk* dk eq[; ik= ygukflag gSA mlds ek/;e ls ys[kd us
viwoZ R;kx] cfynku ,oa fo'kq) izse dk fu:i.k fd;k gSA ygukflag ds pfj= dk Øfed fodkl fn[kkrs gq, ys[kd
us mls loZizFke ,d Hkksys Hkkys fd'kksj ckyd ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k gSA og ve`rlj ds cktkj esa pkSd dh ,d
nqdku ij ,d yM+dh ls feyrk gSA nksuksa esa ifjp; gksrk gS vkSj nksuksa ds ân; esa vkd"kZ.k ds lkFk&lkFk izse dk
vadqj QwVus yxrk gSA ,d eghus rd cjkcj nksuksa feyrs jgrs gSa ijUrq ,d fnu vpkud yM+dh viuh lxkbZ gks
tkus dh ckr dgdj Hkkx [kM+h gksrh gSA mlds ckn og ugha fey ikrsA
ygukflag ds cM+s gks tkus ij QkSt esa teknkj gks tkus ij mlds pfj= dh fdruh gh vlk/kkj.k
fo'ks"krkvksa dk fp=.k bl dgkuh esa gqvk gSA og vuq'kklu esa jgus okyk vkSj cM+ksa dks vknj nsus okyk lSfud gSA
lwcsnkj ds ?kj tkdj og lwcsnkjuh dks êRFkk Vsduk* dgdj iwjk vknj nsrk gSA ;g ogh yM+dh Fkh ftls og 25
o"kZ igys ve`rlj esa feyk FkkA
ygukflag vR;Ur fouksnh LoHkko dk g¡leq[k lSfud gSA Ýkal&csfYt;e ds j.k{ks= esa [kUnd ds vUnj
iMs+ gq, lSfudksa ds lkFk gkL;&fouksn esa Hkkx ysrk gS] othjkflag ds lkFk g¡lh&et+kd djrk gS] fQjaxh ese ds ckjs
esa Hkh pqVdh ysrk gS vkSj vius dÙkZO; dk Hkh iwjk /;ku j[krk gSA og chekj cks/kkflag dks jkr&Hkj vius nksuksa dEcyksa
ls <ds jgrk gS vkSj Lo;a flxM+h ds lgkjs jkr dkV nsrk gSA
og vR;Ur lpsr] tkx:d] dq'kkxz cqf)&lEiUu vkSj /khjiq:"k gSA og diV&O;ogkj ,oa /kwrZrk dks
le>us dh lw>cw> j[krk gSA vkdfLed nq?kZVuk ds le; mlesa viwoZ /kS;Z ,oa lkgl ds lkFk vius dÙkZO; dks
fu'p; gh iwjk djus dh 'kfDr gS vkSj nq'eu ds paxqy esa Q¡lus ij Hkh v/khj O;xz ,oa vLr O;Lr ugha gksrkA eqBHksM+
esa mlds nks xgjs ?kko yxrs gSa ijUrq viuh tku ij [ksydj ,d vksj rks lwcsnkj dks okfil cqykdj mudh izk.k
j{kk djrk gSA
ygukflag ,d ,slk dÙkZO;fu"B lSfud gS] tks vkn'kZ ds fy, loZLo viZ.k djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA
lwcsnkjuh us mls tks dqN dgk Fkk mldks og iwjk djus esa gh lq[k dk vuqHko djrk gSA lwcsnkj ds ckj&ckj
dgus ij Hkh og ?kk;y lSfudksa ds lkFk xkM+h esa cSBdj Lo;a vLirky ugha tkrk] oju~ igys chekj cks/kkflag dks
xkM+h esa Hkstus dk vkxzg djrk gS vkSj fQj cks/kk vkSj lwcsnkjuh dh lkSxU/k fnykdj lwcsnkj dks mlh xkM+h esa
pys tkus ds fy, ;g dgdj foo'k dj nsrk gS fd ogk¡ igq¡pdj esjs fy, fQj xkM+h Hkst nsukA og lwcsnkj ls
dgrk gS] ^^vkSj tc ?kj tkvks rks dg nsuk fd eq>ls tks mUgksaus dgk Fkk og eSaus dj fn;k**A bl rjg viuh
HkwriwoZ izsfedk ds izfr fo'kq) izse ,oa J)k izdV djrk gqvk ;g ohj lSfud vius dÙkZO; dks iwjk djds gh
ohjxfr dks izkIr gksrk gSA
la{ksi esa dg ldrs gSa fd yguflag dk pfj= R;kx] cfynku vkSj ifo= izse dk vkn'kZ mnkgj.k izLrqr
djrk gSA
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10-4 ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij lwcsnkjuh dk pfj=&fp=.k
xqysjh th dh vej dgkuh ^mlus dgk Fkk* esa lwcsnkjuh dk vR;Ur ekfeZd ,oa egÙoiw.kZ pfj= gSA
ys[kd us mls vYgM+ ckfydk] ifrijk;.kk iRuh ,oa okRlY;e;h tuuh dh mRd`"V Hkwfedk esa vafdr djds
ukjh ds ikou ,oa mTtoy pfj= dh efgek ls eafMr fd;k gSA dgkuh esa og loZizFke ,d piy] pqycqyh]
vYgM+ lh/kh&lknh vkB o"khZ; ckfydk ds :i esa ikBdksa ds lEeq[k vkrh gS] ftls ckjg o"khZ; yguk ,d fnu
gBkr~ rkaxs ds uhps vkus ls cpk ysrk gS vkSj tks yguk ds bl thou&nku lEcU/kh yksdksidkjh dk;Z ls lglk
mldh vksj vkd`"V gks tkrh gSA cpiu dk ;g vkd"kZ.k u rks dke&Hkkouk ls izsfjr gS vkSj u blesa vuSfrdrk
dh gh dgha xa/k vkrh gS] vfirq ;g ,d uSlfxZd] mTToy ,oa ifo= vkd"kZ.k gS] tks ml ckfydk ds ân;
esa /khjs&/khjs c<+rk pyk tkrk gS vkSj tks ,d eghus esa vf/kd xgurk ,oa O;kidrk dk :i Hkh /kkj.k dj ysrk
gS ijUrq ;g vkd"kZ.k ml ckfydk esa ,d foy{k.k piyrk] vn~Hkqr fouksnfiz;rk ,oa vlk/kkj.k okXoSnX/; dks
tUe ns nsrk gSA rHkh rks og ckyd yguk ds fuR; izfr ^rsjh dqM+ekbZ gks xbZ* dgdj fp<+kus ij vR;Ur fouksnh
<ax ls ^/kr~* dgdj pyh tkrh gS vkSj ckyd yguk fuR; mlds bl 'kCn &ek/kq;Z ds jl esa vkuUn foHkksj
gks tkrk gSA ijUrq ,d fnu mldk ;g fp<+kuk cM+k eg¡xk iM+rk gS D;ksafd og vYgM+ ckfydk ml ckyd
yguk dh laHkkouk ds fo#) ^gka*]gks xbZ mÙkj nsrh gS vkSj tc og ckyd ;g iwNrk gS fd ^dc*\ rks og
^dy]&ns[krs ugha] ;g js'ke ls d<+k gqvk lkyw* dgdj u dsoy ckyd yguk dh vk'kkvksa ij ikuh Qsj nsrh
gS] oju~ mlds mipsru esa fo|eku ckfydk dh izsee;h ewfrZ ds Hkh VqdMs+&VqdMs+ dj nsrh gS vkSj mlds ,d
eghus ls l¡tks;s gq, liuksa dh lrjaxh nqfu;k¡ dks Hkh u"V&Hkz"V dj nsrh gSA
ys[kd us blds vuarj ml ckfydk dks lcwsnkjuh ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k gS] tks lwcsnkj gtkjkflag dh
iRuh gS vkSj ftldk bdykSrk iq= cks/kkflag Hkh Qkst esa HkrhZ gks x;k gSA ;|fi og pkj iq=ksa dks vkSj Hkh tUe
ns pqdh gS] rFkkfi muesa ls dksbZ ugha cpk gS vkSj og bl ckr ls vR;Ur nq%[kh gS fd mldk ifr vkSj iq= nksuksa
gh yke ij tk jgs gSaA bl lwpuk ls mldk ân; vR;Ur O;kdqy ,oa O;xz jgrk gS fd mlds ifr vkSj iq= nksuksa
dks ,d lkFk gh j.k{ks= esa tkuk iMs+xkA og jksd Hkh ugha ldrh] D;ksafd og ,d foosd&lEiUu ukjh gS vkSj tkurh
gS fd ljdkj us mlds ifr dks ^cgknqj* dk f[krkc fn;k gS] yk;yiqj esa tehu nh gS vkSj vkt mlh ljdkj dh
uedgykyh dk volj vk;k gS] rks og dSls mUgsa jksd ldrh gS\
ys[kd us lwcsnkjuh dks ,d ifr vkSj iq= dh lnSo eaxydkeuk djus okyh ,d vkn'kZ iRuh vkSj egku~
tuuh ds :i esa Hkh fpf=r fd;k gS] rHkh rks og ygukflag dks igpkurs gh mlds lkeus viuh jke&dgkuh lqukrh
gqbZ jksus yxrh gS vkSj dgrh gS & ^^vc nksuksa tkrs gSaA esjs Hkkx! rqEgsa ;kn gS] ,d fnu rk¡xs okys dk ?kksM+k ngh
okys dh nqdku ds ikl fcxM+ x;k FkkA rqeus ml fnu esjs izk.k cpk;s FksA vki ?kksM+s dh ykrksa esa pys x;s Fks vkSj
eq>s mBkdj nqdku ds r[rs ij [kM+k dj fn;k FkkA ,sls gh bu nksuksa dks cpkuk] ;g esjh fHk{kk gSA rqEgkjs vkxs
eSa vk¡py ilkjrh gw¡A** lwcsnkjuh ds bu okD;ksa esa fdruk lqn`<+ fo'okl] vkReh;rk ,oa izxk<+ J)k dh Hkkouk Hkjh
gqbZ gSA mlds ;s 'kCn fdrus izjs.kknk;d ,oa mRlkgo/kZd Hkh gSaA buesa dgha Hkh u rks voS/k laca/k dh ghu xzafFk
gS vkSj u dgha ukjh dh ek;kZnk dk mYya?ku gqvk gS] vfirq ,d Hkkjrh; iRuh ,oa tuuh ds xkSjo dh e;kZnk esa
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iSBdj mlus ftl ladkspghu Hkkouk ds lkFk ygukflag ls vius ifr ,oa iq= dh j{kk ds fy, mlds thou dh
Hkh[k ek¡xh gS] ;g mlds vfMx fo'okl] vVwV J)k ,oa xgu vkReh;rk dh izrhd gSA bruk gh ugha] mlds bu
fopkjksa esa mlds mnkÙk ,oa xaHkhj izse dh >yd Hkh fey tkrh gS] tks ,d eghus ds lrr vkd"kZ.k ds dkj.k mlds
cpiu esa vadqfjr gks x;k Fkk vkSj dky ds nh?kZ vUrjky esa Hkh tks iw.kZr;k 'kq"d ugha gqvk Fkk] vfirq ftldh tMs+a
mlds iquhr ân; esa fo|eku FkhaA
vr% xqysjhth us lwcsnkjuh dks vUr esa ,d mnkÙk ,oa iquhr izse dh izfrek ds :i esa fpf=r djds mls
Hkkjrh; e;kZnk dk ikyu djus okyh vkn'kZ iRuh ,oa vkn'kZ tuuh dh Hkwfedk esa gh vafdr ugh afd;k gS] vfirq
vfMx fo'kokl ,oa lq–<+ fu"Bk ls lEiUu ,d ,slh vkn'kZ izsfedk ds :i esa Hkh vafdr fd;k gS] tks ygukflag
ds thou dh /kkjk dks gh eksM+ nsrh gS] mls R;kx ,oa cfynku dh vksj mUeq[k dj nsrh gS vkSj mls vts; ;ks)k
dh xfjek ls ef.Mr djrh gqbZ vej cuk nsrh gSA
bl izdkj xqysjhth ds pfj=&fp=.k esa ekuoh; xq.kksa dh xfjek ds lkFk&lkFk LokHkkfodrk gS]
okLrfodrk gS] vkaf'kdrk gS vkSj laf{kIrrk Hkh gS] D;ksafd fdlh Hkh ik= ds pfj= dks iw.kZr;k vafdr u djds
mldh dsoy mu pkfjf=d fo'ks"krkvksa dk gh mn~?kkVu fd;k gS] tks dgkuh ds fy, visf{kr gSa vkSj ftuds
}kjk thou ds egÙoiw.kZ igyw ij izdk'k Mkyk tk ldrk gSA bl rjg ik=&;¨tuk esa xqysjh th d¨ iw.kZ
lQyrk feyh gSA
10-5 ^bZn dk R;ksgkj* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij gkfen dk pfj=&fp=.k
^bZn dk R;ksgkj* dgkuh lekt esa mPp oxZ vkSj fuEu oxZ ds cPpksa ds }kjk lekt ds xBu dk o.kZu
,d xjhc cPps ds }kjk mldk ekr`Ro izse fn[kkdj mldh cqf) dh iz[kjrk dks fn[kk;k gSA gkfen bl dgkuh
dk izeq[k ik= gSA gkfen dh vEeh dk nsgkUr gks pqdk gS vkSj nknh vehuk gh mldk ikyu iks"k.k dj jgh gSA
gkfen esa cky&lqyHk Hkksykiu rks gS gh ijUrq lkFk gh Hkkoukvksa dks le>us dh dyk Hkh gSA
xk¡o esa bZn ds R;ksgkj dh gypy gS vkSj og Hkh ;g mEehn yxk, gS fd mlds vCcktku :i;s ysdj
vk,axsA cky lqyHk mRlqdrk vkSj vius fe=ksa ds lkFk mldh gksM+ Hkh gSA og lksprk gS] ^^tc mlds vCcktku
FkSfy;k¡ vkSj vEehtku fu;kersa ysdj vk,¡xh] rks og fny ds vjeku fudky ysxkA**
bZn ds esys ds izfr gkfen ds eu esa Hkh vkd"kZ.k gSA xk¡o ds cPpksa ds lkFk gkfen Hkh esys esa tkrk gSA
esyk ns[krs le; mlds eu dk ;g vkd"kZ.k ikBdksa dks ns[kus dks feyrk gSA mldh bl fLFkfr dk fp=.k nsf[k,
& ^^gkfen ds iSjksa esa rks tSls ij yx x, gSaA og dHkh Fkd ldrk gSA**
gkfen vius ?kj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls iw.kZ :i ls ifjfpr gS blfy, f[kykSuksa ds izfr mldk eu
yypkrk vo'; gS ijUrq eu esa nqfo/kk gS D;ksafd mldh fLFkfr nwljksa ls vyx gS ftls og Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkurk gS
& ^^gkfen mudh fcjknjh ls i`Fkd~ gSA vHkkxs ds ikl rhu iSls gSaA** gkfen dh gkftj tokch Hkh dgkuh esa ns[kus
dks feyrh gSA tc lHkh cPps feBkbZ;k¡ [kkrs gSa rks fe= fp<+krs gS rks mldk tokc nsf[k,] ^^feBkbZ dkSu cM+h user
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gS] fdrkc esa bldh fdruh cqjkb;k¡ fy[kh gSaA**
og viuh nknh vehuk dh Hkkoukvksa dks Hkh le>rk gSA tc esys esa og yksgs dh phtksa dh nqdkusa ns[krk
gS rks lcls igys mls viuh nknh dk /;ku vkrk gS tks cw<+h gksus ds dkj.k [kkuk cukrs le; dbZ ckj viuh
m¡xfy;k¡ tyk ysrh gS & ^^mls [;ky vk;k] nknh ds ikl fpeVk ugha gSA ros ls jksfV;k¡ mrkjrh gSa] rks gkFk ty
tkrk gS] vxj og fpeVk ys tkdj nknh dks ns nsa] rks og fdruh izlUu gksaxh\ fpeVk [kjhndj og izlUu gks
tkrk gSa vkSj ?kj tkdj nknh dks fpeVk nsrk gS rks nknh Hkh xnxn gks tkrh gS fd esys esa fcuk dqN [kk,&fi,
jgk ijUrq fQj Hkh nknh dk /;ku bls ugha HkwykA
la{ksi eas ge dg ldrs gSa fd ys[kd us f'k'kq euksfoKku dk iw.kZ fp=.k gkfen ds ek/;e ls fd;k gSA
gkfen esa cky &lqyHk lHkh xq.k fo|eku gSa tSls &vkdf"kZr gksuk] Hkkoukvksa dks le>uk vkSj le; vkus ij ,dA
çkS< dh Hkk¡fr O;ogkj djuk vkfnA bl rjg og dgkuh dk l'kDr ik= gSA
10-6 ^NksVk tknwxj* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij NksVk tknwxj dk pfj=&fp=.k
^NksVk tknwxj * dgkuh dk ik= NksVk tknwxj vkfFkZd foiUurk ls xzflr ,d ^LVªhV ckW;* gS tks xfy;ksa
vkSj esyksa esa viuk tknw fn[kkdj isV ikyus ds fy, iSls dekrk gSA ek¡ ds izfr viuk dÙkZO; fuHkkrk ;g ckyd
prqj] pkykd] e/kqj O;ogkj vkSj ekr`&izse dh >yd dgkuh esa ckj&ckj fn[kkrk gSA
NksVk tknw xj prqjkbZ ls esy s esa iSlk dekrk gS vkSj chekj ek¡ ds bykt dh fpUrk mls lrkrh
gSA dFkkdkj tc ml ckyd ls feyrk gS rks og mls 'kjcr fiykus ys tkrk gS rc mldh okLrfod
fLFkfr ikBd ds lkeus vkrh gS& ^^rek'kk ns[ kus ugha ( fn[kkus fudyk gw ¡ A dqN iSls ys tkÅ¡xk] rks ek¡
dks iF; nw ¡xkA eq>s 'kjcr u fiykdj vius esjk [ksy ns[ kdj eq>s dqN ns fn;k gksr k] rks eq>s vf/kd
izlUurk gksrhA**
ml NksVs ckyd dks ?kj dh n;uh; fLFkfr ds dkj.k viuk cpiu rks ;kn gh ugha vfirq ek¡ dh
nok&nk: dh fpark gS rkfd og LoLFk gks tk,A mldh prqjkbZ Hkh dgkuh dks :fpdj cukrh gS og dFkkdkj ls
vkxzg djrk gS fd vkb, eSa vkidks rek'kk fn[kkrk gw¡ rkfd mls Hkh dqN iSls fey tk,aA dFkkdkj ds ifjokj dks
og viuk rek'kk fn[kkrk gS vkSj mldh Jherh th ds }kjk ,d :i;k nsus ij [kq'k gks tkrk gSA tc og mls
^yM+ds* dgdj cqykrh gS rks og cM+h prqjkbZ ls mÙkj nsrk gS & ^^NksVk tknwxj dfg,A ;gh esjk uke gSA blhls
esjh thfodk gSA**
NksVk tknwxj O;ogkj dq'ky ftlls og nwljksa ds ân; esa viuh txg Hkh cuk ysrk gSA dFkkdkj Hkh
mls Hkwy ugha ikrk vkSj tc&rc mls feyrk gS rkfd mldh chekj ek¡ dh fLFkfr dks tku ldsA NksVk tknwxj
dks og tc Hkh feyrk mls ek¡ dh fpUrk gksrh fd chekj ek¡ fdlh rjg Bhd gks tk,A ,d ckj mnkl eu fLFkfr
ls lM+d ds fdukjs tknw fn[kkrk gqvk og dFkkdkj ls feyrk gS rc og crkrk gS fd ek¡ us dgk gS fd vkt tYnh
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vk tkuk esjh ?kM+h lehi gS vkSj vUrr% mldh ek¡ dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA og ek¡ ls fyiVdj jksrk gSA
la{ksi esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd NksVk tknwxj dgkuh dk ik= NksVk tknwxj viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds dkj.k
le; ls igys ftEesokfj;ksa ds cks> rys nck gqvk gS vkSj viuh prqjkbZ] e/kqjrk vkSj ekr`&izse ds QyLo:i ek¡ dk
vkSj viuk isV ikyrk gSA og dgkuh dk l'kDr vkSj izHkko'kkyh ik= gSA
10-7 dfBu 'kCn
1½ uSlfxZd 2½ foy{k.k 3½ okXoSnX/; 4½ euksfoKku
5½ l'kDr 6½ lqn`<+
çñ1- xqysjh th dh dgkuh ^mlus dgk Fkk* ds çeq[k ik= yguk flag dk pfj=&fp=.k dhft,A
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çñ2- ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij lwcsnkjuh dk pfj=&fp=.k dhft,\
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çñ3- ^bZn dk R;kSgkj* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij gkfen dk pfj=&fp=.k dhft,A
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çñ4- ^NksVk tknwxj* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij NksVk tknwxj dk pfj=&fp=.k dhft,\
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10-9 lUnHkZxzUFk@iqLrdsa %
1- eUuw HkaMkjh vkidk caVh] jk/kkÑ".k çdk'ku
2- n'kjFk vks>k] dgkuh ,dkn'kh] f'k{kk Hkkjrh] d'ehjh xsV] fnYyhA
3- MkW- oa'kh/kj] MkW- jktsUæ feJ % eUuw HkaMkjh dk Js"B ltZukRed lkfgR;] uVjkt ifCyf'kax gkml] gfj;k.kkA
6- MkW- lq[kchj flag % fgUnh dgkuh % ledkyhu ifjn`';] vfHkO;atuk çdk'kd] ubZ fnYyhA
7- MkW- j?kqojn;ky ok".ksZ; % fgUnh dgkuh % cnyrs çfreku] ikaMqfyfi çdk'ku] fnYyhA
8- MkW- dkUrk esgnhjrk % fgUnh dgkuh dk ewY;kadu] jk/kkÑ".k çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
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B.A. Semester -IV
Hindi Lesson 11
î<+kbZ*] îzk;f’pr*] ^vkneh dk cPpk* rFkk ^nkjksxk vehjpUn* dgkfu;ksa ds

izeq[k ik=ksa dk pfj=&fp=.k
11-0 :ijs[ kk
11-1 mís' ;
11-2 çLrkouk
11-3 î<+kbZ* dh eq[; ik= lquUnk dk pfj= fp=.k
11-4 ^çk;f'pr* dgkuh ds eq[; ik= iafMr ijelq[k dk pfj= fp=.k
11-5 ^vkneh dk cPpk* dgkuh ds eq[; ik= cXxk lkgc dh iRuh dk pfj= fp=.k
11-6 ^vkneh dk cPpk* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij cky pfj= MkSyh dk pfj= fp=.k
11-7 ^nkjksxk vehjpUn* dgkuh ds çeq[k ik= vehpUn dk pfj= fp=.k
11-8 dfBu 'kCn
11-9 vH;klkFkZ ç'u
11-1 mís'; % çLrqr ikB ds v/;;uksijkUr vki î<+kbZ*] ^çk;f'pr] ^vkneh dk cPpk* rFkk ^nkjksxk vehjpUn
dgkfu;ksa ds çeq[k ik=ksa dk pfj=&fp=.k dj ldsaxsA
11-2 çLrkouk % dgkuh fgUnh lkfgR; dh lcls yksdfç; ,oa l'kDr fo|k gSA lkekU;r% dgkuh ds N% rRo
Lohdkj fd, tkrs gSa tSls dFkkud] ik= vkSj pfj=&fp=.k] laokn ;k dFkksidFku] ns'kdky okrkoj.k] Hkk"kk 'kSyh]
mís';A pfj= fp=.k dgkuh dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gksrk gSA dgkuh pfj=ksa ds ek/;e ls gh vkxs c<+rh gSA pfj=
fp=.k ls fofHkUu pfj=ksa esa LokHkkfodrk mRiUu dh tkrh gSA
11-3 î<+kbZ* dh eq[; ik= lquUnk dk pfj=&fp=.k
tSusUnz dqekj dh dgkuh î<+kbZ* dh eq[; ik= lquUnk gS A lquUnk ,d eerke;h ek¡ gS A mls viuh csVh
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ds Hkfo”; dh fpUrk gS A lquUnk dh csVh lqu;uk vHkh N% o”kZ dh gS A lquUnk dks yxrk gS fd ykM&I;kj es a
iy dj ;g cPph fcxM+ tk,xh vkSj vPNh rjg i<+&fy[k ugha ik,xh vr% mls dBksj vuq’kklu esa j[kuk
pkgrh gS A vuq’kklufiz; lquUnk dks lqu;uk dk [ksyuk&dwnuk] ‘kksjxqy djuk fcYdqy ilUn ugha A mls
izfriy eglwl gksrk gS fd ?kj ds vU; lnL; ifr o uun dks lqu;uk dh fpUrk ugha vkSj [kh> dks ;wa izdV
djrh gS ßN% cjl dh yMfd;k¡ nwljh tekr esa igqap tkrh gSa vkSj ,d ;g gS fd ek¡ dk nw/k ugha NksM+uk pkgrh]
;ksa dke esa ek¡ dks vaxwBk fn[kkdj Hkkx tkrh gS AÞ oLrqr% lquUnk vlarq”V o`fÙk dh ukjh gS blhfy, mldk
ân; fpfUrr jgrk gS A og ges’kk lksprh gS ß,d rks yM+dh gS] og ;ksa fcxM+h tk jgh gS A fcxM+ tk,xh rks
fQj dkSu laHkkysxk] mUgha ds flj rks lc iM+sxk A lks] og Hkh vkSjksa dh rjg fQdj djuk NksM+ cSBs] rks dSls
pysxk AÞ
lquUnk i<+kbZ dks egÙo nsrh gS A og pkgrh gS mldh csVh i<+&fy[k dj lqf’kf{kr gks tk, rFkk vPNs
?kj&ifjokj esa vius vPNs laLdkj ysdj tk, A og cPph dks Ldwy esa ugha ?kj esa gh i<+kuk pkgrh gS] mls
vk¡[k ls vks>y ugha djuk pkgrh A mls Ldwy dh v/;kfidk ij ;dhu gh ugha gks ikrk ßeSa ikB’kkyk Hkstuk
ugha pkgrh A v/;kfidk lc ,slh gh gksrh gSa] cPps dk usd [;ky ugha j[krha vkSj /kedk,¡] ekjs Hkh] mldks D;k
Bhd gS A ugha] cPps dks eSa vka[k vks>y ugha d:xha AÞ
lquUnk vfo’oklh izo`fÙk dh ukjh gS A mls fdlh ij Hkh ;dhu ugha A u rks og uun ij fo’okl djrh
gS u ifr ij A tc uun cPph dks ykM+ ls nw/k fiykrh gS vkSj le>krh gS rks Hkh og f[kUu gksrh gS vkSj tc
ifr cPph dh rjQnkjh djrk gS rc Hkh og >qa>ykrh gS A euksoSKkfud vk/kkj ij lquUnk dk viuk O;fDrRo
csVh dks ysdj dqafBr gS A og mlds orZeku dh vis{kk Hkfo”; dks ] O;fDrRo dh vis{kk lekt dks vf/kd egÙo
nsrh gS A og ,slh nqf’aprkvksa ls f?kjh jgrh gS ftudh vHkh ds gkykr ds lkFk laxfr ugha cSBrh A ys[kd us
mldh lksp dks ;wa vfHkO;Dr fd;k gS ßmuds isV dh dU;k gS] ij nqfu;k cqjh gS A mlus i<+uk&fy[kuk tSlh
Hkh pht+ vius chp esa iSnk dj j[kh gS A vkSj mlh nqfu;k esa ekLVj yksx Hkh gSa] tks MaMk fn[kkdj cPpksa dks
i<+k nsaxs vkSj vki ls #i;k ysdj isV iky ysaxs A vkSj nqfu;k esa ,d pht gS izfr”Bk vkSj Hkh blh rjg dh
cgqr lh phtsa gS vkSj fQj C;kg] ftlesa ,d lkl feyrh gS vkSj ,d llqj feyrk gS-----bl nqfu;k dks ysdj
og >a>V esa i<+ tkrh gS tcfd ifr lksprk gS fd vkus okys dy dh fpUrkvksa dks vkgoku~ djuk ew[kZrk gS
A lqu;uk vHkh NksVh gS] mldk eu [ksy esa T;knk i<+us esa de yxrk gS A lquUnk mls i<kuk pkgrh gS blh
dkj.k lqu;uk dh fiVkbZ Hkh djrh gS vkSj rdZ nsrh gS fd ßfiVdj nqcyh gksxh] rks MkDVj gS] MkDVj ds fy,
iSlk gS& ij yM+dh dks i<+kuk gS AÞ
vuq’kklufiz; lquUnk eu dh nqf’aprkvksa ds dkj.k dBksj LoHkko dh gks xbZ gS A tc csVh dks i<+kus ds fy,
MkaVrs gS rks og jksrh gS vkSj ftn~nh O;ogkj ls is’k vkrh gS rks lquUnk dk okRlY; o eerk meM+ iM+rh gS vkSj
og ekLVj th ls dgrh gS & ßekLVj th] bls rLohj okyk lcd i<+kuk A vkSj ekLVj th blds eu ds eqrkfcd
i<+kuk----vPNk ekLVj th vkt NqVVh lgh A tjk dy tYnh vk tkuk AÞ
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csVh dks i<+kus dh lquUnk dh bPNk bruh cyorh gS fd og ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa ls my>h jgrh gS vkSj
mlh dh [kkfrj le>kSrk djus dks Hkh rRij fn[krh gS A tc lquUnk ifr ls dgrh gS fd rqe mldh i<+kbZ dk
FkksM+k /;ku dj fy;k djks rks ifr dgrk gS fd tc rd rqe mls lqu;uk dh txg ûwuks* dgrh jgksxh og cM+h
ugha gksxh] uwuks gh cuh jgsxh rks viuh lgefr izdV djrh gS vkSj ;g ,glkl djrh gS fd mls csVh dks lgh
uke ls gh iqdkjuk pkfg, A
la{ksi esa dgkuh esa of.kZr lquUnk ds pfj= ds ek/;e ls ys[kd us Li”V fd;k gS fd csVh dks f’kf{kr djuk
vfuok;Z gS A bl vfuok;Zrk dks eka gh lcls T;knk le>rh gS vkSj bl T;knk le> ds dkj.k gh eka Lo;a
ekufld nqf’aprkvksa dh f’kdkj gks tkrh gS A
11-4 îzk;f’pÙk* dgkuh ds eq[; ik= iafMr ijelq[k dk pfj=&fp=.k
Hkoxrhpj.k oekZ dh dgkuh îzk;f’pr* ls iafMr ijelq[k dk pfj= ml iafMr oxZ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS
tks de i<+k&fy[kk gS] turk esa /keZ ds uke ij feF;kMEcj jp dj Hkze mRiUu djrk gS rFkk viuh jksth&jksVh
dk lk/ku cukus esa lQy jgrk gS A iafMr ijelq[k ykyph o`fÙk dk O;fDr gS A iafMr dks lnSo fdlh ,sls U;ksrs
dk bUrt+kj jgrk gS tgka tkdj og fdlh iwtk dk fo/kku crk, vkSj [kwc iSlk o nku&nf{k.k ik lds A tc iafMr
dks ykyk ?kklhjke ds ?kj ls cqykok vk;k rks iwtk v/kwjh NksM+ dj mB [kM+k gqvk vkSj iafMrkbu ls eqLdjkrs gq,
dgk& ßHkkstu u cukuk A ykyk ?kklhjke dh irksgw us fcYyh ekj Mkyh] izk;f’pr gksxk A idokuksa ij gkFk yxsxkAÞ
Hkxorhpj.k oekZ us iafMr ds O;fDrRo dk ifjp; bu ‘kCnksa esa fn;k gS ßiafMr ijelq[k pkScs NksVs ls] eksVs ls
vkneh Fks A yEckbZ pkj QqV nl bap vkSj rksan dk ?ksjk vV~Bkoou bap A psgjk xksy eVksy] ewaNs cM+h&cM+h] jax xksjk]
pksVh dej rd igq¡prh gqbZ A dgk tkrk gS fd eFkqjk esa ialsjh [kqjkd okys iafMrksa dks <wa<k tkrk Fkk rks iafMr
ijelq[k dks bl fyLV esa izFke LFkku fn;k tkrk Fkk AÞ
iafMr ijelq[k LokFkhZ O;fDr gS A og Lo;a vkMEcjksa esa fo’okl djrk gS rFkk Hkksyh&Hkkyh xzkeh.k turk esa
feF;kMEcjksa dk izpyu cM+h dk;Zdq’kyrk ls djrk gS A fcYyh dh gR;k gqbZ gS] ;g tku dj iafMr dks vR;Ur
izlUurk gqbZ A iafMr dks ykyk ?kklhjke ds [kkrs&ihrs ?kj esa izk;f’pr djokus ls #i;k&iSlk] vukt tSlh oLrq,a
o lksus dh fcYyh izkIr gksus dh laHkkouk FkhA iafMr vui<+ o vKkuh gS] bl ij ys[kd dk O;aX; lVhd gS &
ßiafMr ijelq[k us iUus ds mYVs iUus] v{kjksa ij maxfy;ka pykbZ AÞ ifMr us cM+h prqjkbZ ls mifLFkr yksxksa ls
fcYyh dh gR;k ds le; dh tkudkjh ysdj dqEHkhikd ujd dks fo/kku crk;k rFkk jkew dh ek¡ dks vk’oklu
fnyk;k fd os Lo;a ‘kkL=kuqlkj izk;f’pr djok¡,xsa vkSj muds ?kj dks ‘kq) dj nsaxs & ßjkew dh ek¡] fpark dh dkSu
lh ckr gS] ge iqjksfgr fQj dkSu fnu ds fy, gSa] ‘kkL=ksa esa izk;f’pÙk dk fo/kku gS] lks izk;f’pr ls lc Bhd gks
tk,xk A*
ykyph o <ksaxh LoHkko okys iafMr lq[kjke igys le; vkSj fLFkfr dks ij[krs gSa vkSj ckn esa xzkeh.k turk
dks Hkze esa Mky nsrs gSa vkSj Hkksyh&Hkkyh turk buds jpk, x, Hkzetky ls mHkj ugha ikrh A iafMr ijelq[k us igys
100
rks fcYyh ds otu dh fcYyh cuokus ds fy, jkew dh ek¡ dks ijke’kZ fn;k vkSj tc jkew dh ek¡ dh vksj ls lgefr
u feyh rks rksy&eksy djus yxs A varr% X;kjg rksys dh fcYyh ij lgefr gks xbZ A iafMr us iwtk ds leku dh
,d yEch lh fyLV nh fd ;g leku mlds ?kj fHktok nks ftls ns[kdj jkew dh ek¡ ldrs esa vk xbZ A iafMr jkew
dh ek¡ dks rdZ nsrs gSa & ß[kpZ dks ns[krs oDr igys cgw ds iki dks rks ns[k yks A ;g rks izk;f’pÙk gS] dksbZ galh
[ksy FkksM+s gh gS & vkSj tSlh ftldh ejtknk] izk;f’pÙk esa mls oSlk [kpZ djuk iMrk gS A vki yksx dksbZ ,sls
oSls FkksM+s gh gSa A vkSj lkS&Ms<+ lkS #i;k vki yksxksa ds gkFk dh eSy gS AÞ
va/kfo’oklh turk dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh jkew dh ek¡ iafMr ds cuk, Hkzetky esa my> gh tkrh gS
vkSj voljoknh iafMr mls lq>ko nsrk gS fd fcYyh dh izk;f’pÙk laca/kh iwtk og Lo;a djsxk] nku&nf{k.kk
ysxk rFkk ikap czkã.kksa dk Hkkstu Hkh Lo;a gh djsxk A bDdhl fnu ds ikB ds bDdhl #i, vkSj bDdhl fnu
rd nksuksa oDr ik¡p&ik¡p czkã.kksa dks Hkkstu djokuk iM+sxk AÞ dqN #d dj iafMr ijelq[k us dgk & ßlks
bldh fpUrk u djks] eSa vdsys nksuksa le; Hkkstu dj ywaxk vkSj esjs vdsys Hkkstu djus ls ik¡p czkã.k ds
Hkkstu dk Qy fey tk,xk AÞ iafMr ds funsZ’kkuqlkj izk;f’pÙk dk izcU/k gksus yxk vkSj iafMr th [kq’k gks
x, rHkh egjh us vkdj lwpuk nh ßeka th] fcYyh rks mB dj Hkkx xbZ AÞ blls iafMr ijelq[k dh lkjh
;kstuk,a csdkj gks xbZ A
ys[kd Hkxorhpj.k oekZ us iafMr tSls <ksaxh] vU/kfo’oklh :f<+oknh] ykyph] LokFkhZ o voljoknh O;fDrRo
}kjk Li”V fd;k gS fd tc rd lekt esa ,sls yksx jgsaxs viuh vKkurk o erkU/krk ls turk dks Hkze esa my>k,
j[ksaxs A turk dks iafMrksa ds ‘kks”k.k ls cpus ds fy, Lo;a gh O;kogkfjd izfØ;k <wa<uh gksxh A
11-5 ^vkneh dk cPpk* dgkuh ds eq[; ik= cXxk lkgc dh iRuh dk pfj=&fp=.k
;’kiky dh dgkuh ^vkneh dk cPpk* esa cXxk lkgc dh iRuh vkfHktkR; oxZ dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh
ukjh gSA og phQ bauhft;j dh iRuh gS vkSj viuh csVh MkSyh dks Hkh vkfHktkR; laLdkjksa ls lEiUu djuk
pkgrh gSA oLrqr% cXxk lkgc dk ?kj esa iwjk fu;U=.k gS vr% csVh MkSyh dks ek¡ }kjk fu;U=.k ds rkSj&rjhdksa
ls ifjfpr djok;k tkrk gSA ek¡ us vk;k cUnh dks fgnk;r nh gS fd MkSyh ekyh dh dksBjh esa ugha vk,xh
D;ksafd ßmUgsa Hk; Fkk] mu cPpksa ds lkFk MkSyh dh vknrsa fcxM+ tk,axhAÞ MkSyh dk ckylqyHk eu ekyh ds
uotkr f’k’kq dk :nu lqudj :d ugha ik;k vkSj og ekyh dh dksBjh esa pyh xbZA bldh izfrfØ;k esa Jherh
cXxk us vk;k dks uksfVl nsrs gq, dgk fd ß;fn fQj MkSyh vkokjk xUns cPpksa ds lkFk [ksyrh ik;h xbZ rks cl
cj[kkLr dj nh tk,xhAÞ Jherh cXxk MkSyh ds eu esa vius vkSj ekyh ds fuEu oxZ dk Hksn fujarj js[kkafdr
djrh gSaA tc Hkh MkSyh ekyh ds cPps ds lkFk [ksyuk pkgrh gS rks rdZ nsrs gq, dgrh gS & ßNh&NhA ekek
us le>k;k og rks fdruk xank cPpk gSA ,sls xUns cPpksa ds lkFk [ksyus ls Nh&Nh okys gks tkrs gSaA buds lkFk
[ksyus ls tq,a iM+ tkrh gSaA os fdrus xUns gsa] dkys dkysA gekjh MkSyh dgha dkyh gS \ ,d vU; mnkgj.k
esa tc ekyh dk cPpk Hkw[k ds dkj.k jksrk gS rks vkfHktkR; rsoj okyh felst cXxk dg mBrh gS ßtkus bl
101
cPps ds xys dk Nsn fdruk cM+k gSAÞ
cXxk lkgc dh iRuh viuh csVh ds izfr eerke;h gSA og csVh MkSyh ls vR;f/kd Lusg djrh gS vkSj gj
laHko dksf’k’k djrh gS fd csVh fu;U=.k esa jgs rFkk vius tSls mPp oxZ ds yksxksa ds lEidZ esa jgsA mlus
csVh dh vk;k dks fgnk;r ns j[kh gS fd MkSyh dks ekyh DokVZj essa ugha eSaustj lkgc ds cPpksa ls [ksy us ys
tk;k djksA ogka jeu vkSj T;ksfr ls [ksy vk;k djsxh vkSj ‘kke dks dEiuh ckx esa ys tkukA
cXxk lkgc dh iRuh ,d i<+h&fy[kh f’kf{kr ukjh gSA vk/kqfud lH;rk ds lkaps esa <yh gksus ds dkj.k
og csVh o csVs esa Hksn ugha djrhA MkSyh muds fy, csVh Hkh gS vkSj csVk HkhA mUgksaus MkSyh ds thou dh
lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa dks /;ku esa j[k dj vU; lUrku iSnk u djus dk fu’p; fd;k gSA ifr&iRuh ,der gksdj
fu.kZ; ysrs gSa fd MkSyh ;wfuoflZVh dh f’k{kk ik,xh] f’k{kkØe iwjk djus ds ckn foyk;r tk,xhA vius bl
fu.kZ; ds fy, muds ikl rdZ gS ßlUrku ds izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro dk ;g vkn’kZ ,d gh lUrku ds izfr iwjk fd;k
tk ldrk gS vr% dhM+s&edksM+s dh rjg cPps iSnk djus dk Qk;nk ughaAÞ
fu%lansg cXxk lkgc dh iRuh i<+h&fy[kh] le>nkj] eerke;h o mPp oxZ ls laca/k j[kus okyh ukjh gSA csVh
MkSyh ds fy, gj lq[k&lqfo/kk dk izcU/k djrh gS ysfdu Mksyh ds ckyeu dh bPNkvksa o vfHkyk”kkvksa dks le>us
dh mUgksaus dHkh dksf’k’k ugha dhA MkSyh dks lnSo mPp oxZ ds rkSj&rjhds fl[kk, tkrs gSa tcfd mldh laosnukvksa
vkSj ftKklkvksa dks utjankt+ dj nsrh gSA muds LoHkko dk ;gh detksj i{k MkSyh ds ckyeu ij iz’u NksM+ tkrk
gS ßvk;k] ge Hkh Hkw[k ls ej tk,axs \Þ
11-6 ^vkneh dk cPpk* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij cky pfj= MkSyh dk pfj=&fp=.k
^vkneh dk cPpk* dgkuh dk l`tu izxfroknh dFkkdkj ;’kiky us ckyeu dh ftKklkvksa dks dsUnz esa
j[k dj fd;k gS A MkSyh ,d phQ bathfu;j dh csVh gSA vius ek¡&cki dh bdykSrh lUrku gSA pwafd og mPp
oxZ ls lacaf/kr gS vr% mldh ns[k&js[k ds fy, ,d vk;k j[kh xbZ gSA MkSyh dk vf/kdka’k le; viuh vk;k ds
lkFk O;rhr gksrk gSA ‘kke ds le; tc cXxk lkgc ds ikl ikap&lkr feUV dk le; gksrk gS rks lth&laojh
ykMyh MkSyh ek¡&cki ds lEidZ esa vkrh gSa] muls cfr;krh gSA MkSyh dh vk;k dks funsZ’k fn;k x;k gS fd og ekyh
;k /kksch dh dksBjh esa ugha tk,xh] muds cPpksa ls ugha [ksysxh vkSj muls nwjh cuk, j[ksxh A
MkSyh dk ckyeu laosnu’khy gS A ;|fi ek¡&cki us mldh lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa o Hkfo”; dks /;ku esa j[kdj vU;
lUrku dh bPNk ugha dh ysfdu mlds ckyeu ds gemez cPpksa ds lkFk [ksyus dh ftKklk izcy djrh gS A MkSyh
vk;k dh ut+j ls cp dj dHkh ekyh ds uotkr f’k’kq ls [ksyus pyh tkrh gS fQj dqfÙk;k MSuh ds fiYyksa ls [ksyuk
ilUn djrh gS A mlds ckyeu ds vkgr dk ifjp; rc feyrk gS tc og fcUnh ls ckj&ckj iz’u nksgjkrh gS
ßvk;k] fiYyksa dks xje ikuh esa Mqcks dj D;ksa ekj fn;k \Þ
MkSyh dk ckyeu lkalkfjd O;ogkj] Kku dh ckr ugha tkurkA mlds fy, lalkj esa gj ,d pht+ ds fy,
,d gh fu;e gSA tc ekyh dk cPpk jksrk gS rks ek¡ ls dgrh gS & ßekek] ekyh dk cPps dks esgrj ls xje ikuh
102
esa Mqcok nks rks fQj ugha jks,xkAÞ tc ek¡ vkSj vk;k mls le>krs gSa fd vkneh ds cPps ds fy, ,sls ugha dgrs
rks ckj&ckj og ,d gh iz’u nksgjkrh gS ßrks vkneh dk cPpk dSls ejrk gS \Þ vFkok Þvk;k] ge Hkh Hkw[k ls ej
tk,axs \ß
la{ksi esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd dgkuh esa MkSyh ds ckyeu dh papyrk dk fp=.k ugha feyrk cfYd lekt
dh Åap&uhp okyh oxZ lH;rk ds dkj.k mldk lgek o ladksp’khy O;fDrRo fpf=r gqvk gSA
11-7 nkjksxk vehjpUn dgkuh ds izeq[k ik= vehjpUn dk pfj= fp=.k
vKs; }kjk fy[kh xbZ dgkuh nkjksxk vehjpUn dk uk;d vehpUn gSA vehjpUn iat kc dh gt+kjk tsy dk
nkjksxk FkkA og ,d uEcj dk tkfye O;fDr FkkA vVd tsy esa ek’kZy yk ds iqjkus dSfn;ksa ds lkFk mUgksau s
T;knfr;ka dh FkhaA nkjksxk ds in ls mUufr ikdj fMIVh lkgc vkSj jk; lkgc dk in ik pqdk Fkk vkSj
vc fczf V’k ,Eik;j dk vkMZj mUgsa ‘kh?kz gh feyus okyk FkkA njksxk vehjpUn LokFkhZ izo `fÙk dk O;fDr FkkA
viuh LokFkZ flf) ds fy, nkjksxk vaxzst ljdkj dk fiV~B w cuk Fkk vkSj vius ns’k dh tsyksa esa cUn ,] ch]
lh Dykl ds fl;klh dSfn;ksa ds lkFk tYykn lk O;ogkj djrk FkkA mls ns’k dh vkt+knh ds fy, tsy ksa
esa cUn dSf n;ksa ds izfr Lons’k gksu s ds ukrs gennhZ ugha FkhA og rks vaxzstksa dks [kq’k djus ds fy, dSfn;ksa
esa ncnck vkSj jksc cuk, j[krk Fkk rkfd vaxzst+ ljdkj mls viuk fgek;rh le> dj inksUufr nsrh tk,A
nkjksxk vehjpUn tkfr ls [k=h Fkk vkSj Mhy&MkSy dk lk/kkj.k FkkA mldk dn ea>yk Fkk ij vdM+ dj
pyrk FkkA nkjksxk dh pky esa QqrhZ bruh Fkh fd ijsM ij fujh{k.k ds fy, tc tkrk rks dSnh vdLekr gh
vk/kk dne ihNs gV tkrsA vehjpUn us viuh Nfo dks jkschyk cukus ds fy, Bkdqjh vUnkt dh ewaNsa j[kh FkhA
nkjksxk dh ewaNksa dks ysdj yksx dgrs Fks og rks tYykn gSA ys[kd us dgkuh esa ewaNksa dk o.kZu O;aX;kRed ygts
esa djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd nkjksxk ßviuh ?kuh ewaNs ,sls mesB dj j[krs Fks fd Bkdqj BdqjkbZ Hkwy tk, A ekse yxk
dj ewaNksa dh uksd dk dlko dqN ,slk rh[kk j[krs Fks] ekuks rkjd’kh dk dke djus okys fdlh vPNs dkjhxj us
yksgs ds rkjksa ds yPNs ysdj mUgsa caV dj uksad ns nh gksA nkjksxk viuh ewaNksa dks caVrs jgrs gS vkSj rc rd lUrq”V
ugha gksrs tc rd fd uhacw mBkdj ewaNksa dh uksd ij mls Hkksad dj rlYyh u dj ysa fd uhacw mlls vkj&ikj
fNn tkrk gSAÞ
nkjksxk vehjpUn vuq’kklu fiz; O;fDr FkkA tsy ds okrkoj.k esa mUgsa vuq’kklughurk cnkZ’r ugha
gksrh Fkh vkSj l[rh ls is’k vkrs FksA ,d ckj tc vdkyh ny ls nkjksxk dh Bu xbZ rks vdkyh lewg
us viuh f’kdk;rksa dh lwph nsrs gq, ?kks”k.kk dh tc rd mudh ek¡xs iw jh ugha gksxh os tsy dk fMflIyu
ugha ekusaxs rks nkjksxk Hkh viuk yksgk euokus dks mrkoys gks x, vkSj dgyok fn;k ßdSnh dSnh gSa ] mUgsa
dksbZ Qfj;kn djuh gh rks ijsM ds fnu dj ldrs gSa] /kkSal dksbZ ugha ekusxk vkSj fMflIyu u ekuus ij
l[r dkjokbZ dh tk,xhAÞ nkjksxk vehjpUn vkSj vdkfy;ksa ds chp la?k”kZ c<+rk x;k D;ksafd nkjksxk
vdkfy;ksa ds fy, ,d ij ,d lt+k ?kksf”kr dj nsrk ijUrq vdkfy;ksa ij dksbZ vlj ugha gqvkA vdkfy;ksa
dh lkew fgd ,drk Fkh mUgksaus ;g lksp dj nkjksxk dh lt+kvksa dks lg fy;k ßekuks xSa Ms dh ihB ij dksM+ s
103
iM+ jgs gks] lkS iM+sa rks D;k vkSj gt+k j iM+sa rks D;kAÞ va rr% ijsM okys fnu tsy dk vuq’kklu o viuk
jksc cuk, j[kus ds fy, nkjksxk vehjpUn dks vkdkyh ny ds lkeus >qduk iM+k D;ksafd& ß,d [kkylk
lok yk[k* ds cjkcj Fkk vkSj vaxztksa dk fiV~B yXxw vehjpUn vdsykA vdkyh ny dh ‘krZ Fkh fd nkjksxk
vehjpUn ls dksb Z >xM+k ugha gS] exj og Hkh ge ij gsdM+h trkuk NksM+ nsA cl] ,d ckj og gekjs lkeus
viuh ew aNsa uhph dj ys] fQj ge mlds lc dk;ns dkuwu eku ysaxsA vuq’kklufiz; nkjksxk dks vdkyh
dSf n;ksa dh ckr ekuus ds vfrfjDr dksbZ mik; ut+j ugha vk;kA vr% le>kSrkoknh uhfr ls vdkfy;ksa ds
lkFk is’k vkrs gq, dgrk gS ßgesa rqE gsa vkf[kj lkFk jguk gSA u rqe tsy NksM+ dj Hkkxs tk jgs gks] u ge
lfoZl NksM+ dj tk jgs gSaA fQj gsdM+h dh D;k ckr \ vkil esa rks [khaprku gksrh gh jgrh gS] mlls dksbZ
NksVk FkksM+s gh gks tkrk gS \ dHkh geus nck fy;k] rqe nc x,] dHkh rqe us tksj ekjk rks geus iSa rjk cny
fy;kA dHkh geus rqE gkjh xnZu uki yh] dHkh rqEgkjs lkeus ewaNs uhph dj yhaAÞ
nkjksxk vehjpUn dk n`f”Vdks.k ,dkaxh gSA og dHkh ugha lksp ikrk fd yksxksa dh mlds izfr D;k jk;
gSA nkjksxk lnSo vkReiz’kfLr esa jr jgrk ;gh dkj.k gS fd dgkuh ds vUr esa cqjh rjg vkgr gksrk gSA nkjksxk
vdkyh ny ds iap yksxksa ds le{k eawNsa uhph djds jkgr ikrk gS fd mls fdlh vU; us ugha ns[kk vkSj ijsM okys
fnu vkbZ0 th0 ds lkeus vdkyh fMflIyu esa jgsaxs vkSj ogh {k.k mldh fot; dk gksxkÞ tc ijsM yxsxh vkSj
nwljs dSfn;ksa dh rjg vdkyh Hkh drkj cka/k dj [kM+s gksaxs] og vkbZ0 th0 dks muds lkeus xqtjrs gq, dgsaxs fd
bu yksxksa dk ekeyk vc lsVy gks x;k gS vkSj lc tsy dh fMflIyu eku jgs gSa] rc fdruh cM+h fot; dk {k.k
gksxkAÞ
nkjksxk vehjpUn O;kogkfjd de vaxzstksa dk fiV~ByXxw vf/kd Fkk] ;gh dkj.k gS fd dgkuh ds vUr esa mldk
Hkze VwV x;k tc ijsM okys fnu dSnh vuq’kkluc) ugha jgs vkSj vkbZ0 th0 us vuq’kklu dh <+hy dks js[kkafdr
djrs gq, mldk rcknyk ftyk ds tsy esa bUpktZ ds :i esa dj fn;kA nkjksxk vehjpUn bl f’kdLr dks lg
ugha ik;k vkSj le; ls igys gh isU’ku ysdj pyk x;kA og nkjksxk tks vdkfy;ksa dks lCt+ ckx fn[kkrs gq, dgrk
Fkk ßeSa dkuwu&okuwu dh ijokg ugha djrk eSa pkgw¡ rks rqEgkjh cSjd esa ihis ds ihis ?kh ds fHktok nw¡ pUnu ds ckx
yxok nw¡&gk¡ pUnu ds ckxÞ og vius fy, ccwy dh Nkag Hkh ugha ik lds vkSj yksx nkjksxk dk uke Hkwy x,
ysfdu fdLlk ugha HkwysA
ys[kd us Li”V ‘kCnkoyh esa nkjksxk vehjpUn ds O;fDrRo ds det+ksj i{kksa dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA ,d NksVh
lh Hkwy vkSj O;ogkj dh ‘kq”drk us nkjksxk dks /kjrh ij yk iVdk vkSj og viuh gh ut+j esa fxj x;k Fkk rFkk
vkReXykfu ds cks> ls eqDr ugha gks ldkA
11-8 dfBu 'kCn %
1½ nqf'aprkvksa 2½ okRlY; 3½ irksgw 4½ voljoknh
5½ vfHktkR; 6½ ckylqyHk 7½ esgrj 8½ fujh{k.k
104
9½ vkReç'kfLr 10½ gsdM+h
çñ1- ^çk;f'pr* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij iafMr ijelq[k dk pfj=&fp=.k dhft,A
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çñ2- ^vkneh dk cPpk* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij cXxk lkgc dh iRuh dk pfj=&fp=.k dhft,A
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çñ3- ^vkneh dk cPpk* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij cky pfj= MkSyh dk pfj=&fp=.k dhft,A
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çñ4- ^nkjksxk vehjpUn* dgkuh ds çeq[k ik= vehjpUn dk pfj= fp=.k dhft, A
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çñ5- î<+kbZ* dgkuh dh eq[; ik= lquUnk dk pfj=&fp=.k dhft,A
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105
11-10 lUnHkZxzUFk @ iqLrdsa %
4- MkW- lq[kchj flag % fgUnh dgkuh % ledkyhu ifjn`';] vfHkO;atuk çdk'kd] ubZ
fnYyhA
5- MkW- j?kqojn;ky ok".ksZ; % fgUnh dgkuh % cnyrs çfreku] ikaMqfyfi çdk'ku]
fnYyhA
6- MkW- dkUrk easgnhjrk % fgUnh dgkuh dk ewY;kadu] jk/kkÑ".k çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
106

BA Hindi 601

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BA Hindi 601

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Directorate of Distance Education

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Dr. Anuradha Goswami

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• Dr. Anju Thappa

• Dr. Vandana Sharma

Content Editing, Review & Proof Reading

Printed by :- Sudesh Printers / 2021 / 150 Books

Course No. : HI-601

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