FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BFC32501 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

SECTION 2

GROUP 4

PROPOSAL

TITLE: WATER QUALITY INDEX

LECTURER’S NAME: DR. NOR AMANI FILZAH BINTI MOHD

KAMIL

DATE: DECEMBER 2023

GROUP MEMBERS:

NO NAME MATRIC NO
1. AIMAN IKHWAN BIN AZLAN CF210166
2. MOHAMAD SHAHROL DINIE BIN MOHD SHARIL SURESH CF210148
3. MEOR ASYRAF BIN JAMALUDIN CF210240

4. SURYA A/L VEDAIYAN GURUSAMY CF210285

5. MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN KAMAL DF210048
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1 - PROJECT OVERVIEW

1.1 Background of Study............................................................................................2
1.2 Problem Statement................................................................................................2
1.3 Objective...............................................................................................................3

CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Water Quality Index...........................................................................................5-6
2.2 Formula and Calculation....................................................................................8-10
2.3 Parameters..........................................................................................................11-16

CHAPTER 3 - METHODOLOGY
3.1 Location...............................................................................................................17
3.2 Sampling and Planning........................................................................................18-19
3.3 Analytical Problem..............................................................................................20-30

CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS
4.1 Result and Analysis............................................................................................31-34
CHAPTER 5 – DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 6 – CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
 CHAPTER 1

PROJECT OVERVIEW

1.1 Background of Study

Water pollution poses a significant and urgent concern, particularly in urban regions of
developing nations like Malaysia. The escalating pace of urbanization presents a growing
challenge in maintaining water quality standards. The conversion of natural landscapes into urban
settings, fueled by rapid development, detrimentally affects water quality. This problem is notably
conspicuous in the urban peripheries of lakes, where the encroachment of commercial zones,
industrial activities, and residential areas has led to a deterioration in water quality. Analysis of
observed data underscores the pollution levels of the lake, classifying it as either slightly or
significantly polluted.
In Malaysia, the Department of Environment (DoE) employs the DoE-Water Quality Index
(DoE-WQI) and National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) to evaluate water quality.
Demonstrating its commitment to quality, the DoE has established a minimum standard for
practical applications. Although lake water quality is not specifically monitored, the Malaysian
Institute (NAHRIM) has formulated National Lake Water Quality Criteria and Standards. The
Water Quality Index (WQI) serves as a specific metric for assessing water pollution, providing
insights into the type and concentration of contaminants in water. Adhering to WQI guidelines
for assessing lake water quality mirrors the approach used for other surface waters.

1.2 Problem Statement

Significant obstacles exist in managing rainwater on University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(UTHM) property, which affects campus infrastructure and sustainable water practices. While
inadequate stormwater management leads to possible floods, soil erosion, and environmental
damage, inadequate rainfall gathering and utilization solutions exacerbate problems related to
water scarcity. Rainwater is a resource that is underutilized on university property, which
represents a lost chance to have a reliable supply of water and to be resilient to dry spells.

This problem requires urgent attention to enhance UTHM's water sustainability efforts,
optimize rainwater harvesting systems, and integrate innovative stormwater management
solutions into the university's infrastructure. Addressing these challenges will not only
contribute to environmental conservation but also align with the university's commitment to
sustainable practices and responsible resource management.
 To address this pollution issue, it is essential to conduct tests measuring the extent of water
pollution in the river. These tests include assessments for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
chemical oxygen demand (COD), potential of hydrogen (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO), total
suspended solids (TSS), and ammonia nitrogen (AN). BOD levels tend to rise with increased
pollution, providing an indicator of contamination. The COD test reveals that higher COD
levels correlate with greater river pollution. Since animals and aquatic species rely on oxygen
in water, measuring the dissolved oxygen content is crucial. In a healthy ecosystem, a certain
amount of oxygen naturally exists, and deviations from this baseline indicate potential issues.

1.3 Objective

1. To determine the Water Quality Index (WQI) for rainwater collected in FKAAB
UTHM.
2. To establish the acceptable water quality for sustaining life, particularly for aquatic
species, animals, and plants, ensuring it is non-harmful and non-poisonous.
3. To gain understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological condition of water resources.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Water Quality Index (WQI)

The Water Quality Index (WQI) is derived through a intricate process involving the
assessment of various water quality criteria, resulting in a comprehensive numerical value.
Typically, the WQI determination involves several steps. First, a selection of parameters for
assessing water quality is made, encompassing physical indicators like temperature and turbidity,
chemical indicators such as pH and dissolved oxygen content, and biological indicators like
bacterial counts. Depending on the intended use of the water, such as drinking, recreation, or
ecosystem health, each criterion is assigned a weight based on its relative importance in
determining water quality for a specific context. Subsequently, individual sub-index values for
each parameter are calculated using standardized formulas or statistical techniques. The sum of
these sub-indices is then numerically expressed, often on a scale from 0 to 100, where higher
values indicate better water quality. The final WQI provides a concise means of expressing the
overall water quality at a particular location, facilitating understanding for decision-makers,
researchers, and the public.

The Water Quality Index holds significant importance for various facets of the
environment. Environmental organizations and water resource management entities use WQIs to
monitor and assess the water quality of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other aquatic systems. These
assessments inform decisions related to water allocation, pollution mitigation, and ecosystem
preservation. Water treatment plants also benefit from WQIs as they aid in ensuring the delivery
of safe drinking water by identifying potential contaminants or the need for treatment.
Furthermore, the WQI serves as a crucial tool for researchers studying the impact of pollution
and environmental changes on aquatic ecosystems. It enables the comparison of water quality
data across different geographical and temporal scales, facilitating the identification of trends
and patterns. In the realm of environmental research, the Water Quality Index stands as a
versatile and essential tool, allowing for the quantification and communication of water quality
conditions, guiding important decisions and conservation efforts.

In a study titled "Water quality index classification based on machine learning: A case
from the Langat River Basin model" (Shamsuddin, I. I. S., Othman, Z., & Sani, N. S., 2022),
real-time monitoring is deemed ineffective due to the conventional use of costly laboratory and
statistical methods for water quality assessment. The escalating issue of water pollution has led
to a decline in water quality in recent years, emphasizing the need for a practical and cost-
effective solution. To address poor water quality, a model predicting water quality is developed
to mitigate water pollution and notify users in the event of low water quality. Accurate
estimation of water quality class is crucial for effective water quality management. The study
employs machine learning techniques, such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Decision Tree
(DT), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), to predict both the water quality index and water
quality class. The performance of each multiclass classification model is evaluated using
experimental data, categorizing water quality into four classes: "CLASS I," "CLASS II,"
"CLASS III," and "CLASS IV" for the Sungai Langat Basin. Figure 2.1.1 in the study depicts the
water quality index standard in Malaysia.

2.2.1 - Table 1 shows NWQS for Malaysia. Besides that, Table 2 shows water classes and uses,
Table 3 shows Department of Environment (DOE) WQI Classification based on WQI. Lastly,
Table 4 shows DOE Water Quality Index Classification.

Table 1 National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia

 Table 2 Water Classes and Uses

Table 3 DOE Water Quality Classification Based on Water Quality Index

Table 4 DOE Water Quality Index Classification

 2.2 Formula and Calculation

Determining a Water Quality Index (WQI) in a laboratory setting typically requires the application
of precise formulas and computations. The particular formula and parameters employed may
differ, contingent upon the methodology and guidelines being adhered to. I will present a
simplified illustration of a WQI calculation, but it's important to acknowledge that practical WQI
calculations can be considerably more intricate and customized to meet specific requirements and
regulatory standards.

Here's a simplified formula for a generic WQI calculation:

WQI= 0.22(SIDO) + 0.19(SIBOD) + 0.16(SICOD) + 0.15(SIAN) + 0.16(SISS) +0.12(SIpH)

Where;
SIDO = Sub-index DO (% saturation)
SIBOD = Sub-index BOD
SICOD = Sub-index COD
SIAN = Sub-index NH3-
N SISS = Sub-index SS
SIpH = Sub-index pH

0 ≤ WQI ≤ 100
Now, let's break down the steps for calculating the sub-index (Si) for each water quality
parameter:

1. Laboratory testing should be conducted to collect data on various water quality

parameters, including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), BOD, COD, TSS, and other pertinent
factors.
2. If required, normalize the data for each parameter to achieve uniformity on a scale. This
may involve transforming the values to a 0-100 scale, where 100 signifies optimal
quality and 0 indicates the poorest.
3. Assign weights to each parameter in accordance with their significance or regulatory
standards. These weights usually range between 0 and 1, with a higher value
denoting greater importance.

Best Fit Equations For The Estimation Of Various Sub Index Values

1. Sub-index for DO (in % saturation)

SIDO = 0 for x ≤ 8

SIDO = 100 for x ≥ 92

SIDO = -0.395 + 0.030x2 - 0.00020x3 for 8 < x < 92

2. Sub-index for BOD

SIBOD = 100.4 - 4.23x for x ≤ 5

SIBOD = 108 * exp^(-0.055x) - 0.1x for x > 5

3. Sub-index for COD

SICOD = -1.33x + 99.1 for x ≤ 20

SICOD = 103 * exp^(-0.0157x) - 0.04x

4. Sub-index for NH3-N for x > 20

SIAN = 100.5 - 105x for x ≤ 0.3

SIAN = 94 * exp^(-0.573x) – 5│x-2│ for 0.3 < x < 4

SIAN = 0

5. Sub-index for SS for x ≥ 4

SISS = 97.5 * exp^(-0.00676x) + 0.05x for x ≤ 100

SISS = 71 * exp^(-0.0061x) - 0.015x for 100 < x < 1000

SISS = 0

6. Sub-index for pH for x ≥ 1000

SIpH = 17.2 - 17.2x + 5.02x2 for x < 5.5

SIpH = -242 + 95.5x - 6.67x2 for 5.5 ≤ x < 7

SIpH = -181 + 82.4x - 6.05x2 for 7 ≤ x < 8.75

SIpH = 536 - 77.0x + 2.76x 2 for x ≥ 8.75

Note: * means multiply with

 2.3 Parameters

2.3.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Equipment: Beaker, vial, pipet, DRB200,
DR6000

On the same day, a rainwater sample is acquired, and its pH is checked to ensure it
maintains a neutral level. Notably, this sample is devoid of any suspended solids. Subsequently, the
DRB200 reactor is activated and preheated to a temperature of 150 °C. The sample preparation
involves removing the cap of a vial within the specified range. Holding the vial at a 45-degree
angle, 2 ml of the sample is carefully added using a clean pipette. A similar procedure is followed
to prepare a blank vial, where 2 ml of deionized water is added instead of a rainwater sample. The
vials are securely sealed, rinsed with water, and wiped with a clean paper towel. Holding the vials
by the cap over a sink, they are gently inverted multiple times to ensure thorough mixing.

Subsequent to this, the vials are placed into the preheated DRB200 reactor, and the lid is
tightly sealed. The vials undergo a heating process lasting 2 hours. As a safety measure, the
DRB200 is positioned in a fume hood to regulate exposure to potentially hazardous substances.

After the 2-hour heating period, the reactor's power is switched off, and the vials are
allowed to cool for approximately 20 minutes. Each vial is gently inverted several times while still
warm, and then they are positioned in a tube rack to cool down to room temperature.

The 430 COD LR program is initiated using the DR6000. Initially, the blank sample vial is
wiped with a clean paper towel and inserted into the cell holder. The ZERO button is pressed,
yielding a zero reading. For the rainwater sample, the vial is also wiped with a clean paper towel,
placed in the cell holder, and the READ button is pressed to record the results.
 2.3.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Equipment:
 5 units of 300 ml Incubation bottles
 Air incubator or water bath
 Oxygen-sensitive membrane electrode with an appropriate meter
 100 ml beaker
 100 ml graduated cylinder

 DO meter
 pH meter
 Phosphate buffer
 Magnesium Sulfate
 Calcium Chloride
 Ferric Chloride

We collected a 500 ml rainwater sample from FKAAB at UTHM using a plastic container.
Subsequently, this wastewater underwent testing using a 1-meter apparatus and was found to have a
neutral PH. Readings for both pressure (p1) and temperature were duly recorded on the bench
sheet.

Next, the sample was divided using a volumetric pipette, with 2 ml of the sample dispensed
into each of the first, second, and third BOD bottles. These BOD bottles were then filled with 300
ml of dilution water. The fourth BOD bottle, labeled as the "blank," was also filled with dilution
water. The samples in the bottles were agitated using a DO meter, and DO readings were taken for
all three samples, as well as the blank bottle. All this data was meticulously documented on the
Bench Sheet as the initial dissolved oxygen (DO) values.

Following this, the BOD bottles were placed into a BOD incubator set at a temperature of
approximately 20°C. Finally, after 5 days of the experiment, the final DO readings were taken for
all three bottles.
 2.3.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Equipment:
 Portable Multi-Parameter Testing (Horiba U-50 Multi-Parameter Water Quality Meter)
 pH meter
 Distilled water
 Beaker
 Rainwater sample

Dissolved oxygen (DO) serves as a crucial indicator of water quality, vital for the thriving
of fish and other aquatic organisms. The aerating effect of winds leads to the dissolution of oxygen
in surface water, and photosynthesis in aquatic plants adds oxygen to the water. Inadequate levels
of dissolved oxygen can jeopardize the survival of fish and other aquatic organisms. Cold water
has a higher capacity to store oxygen compared to warm water, where less oxygen can dissolve.
Salinity influences the water's ability to hold oxygen, with fresh water having an advantage over
salt water. Excessive bacteria or algae presence, as seen in Biochemical Oxygen Demand, can lead
to a decrease in oxygen levels. Bacteria consuming oxygen during the decomposition of dead algae
may result in reduced oxygen availability, potentially causing harm to fish and other aquatic life.

A review of dissolved oxygen detection technologies (Yaoguang Wei et al., 2019) outlines
popular techniques such as iodometric titration, electrochemical detection, and optical detection.
Iodometric titration, although analytically precise, is challenging to use and consumes oxygen,
making it suitable only for laboratory analysis. Electrochemical techniques, especially
polarography, are currently popular for in-situ measurements due to their simplicity and versatility.
Optical sensors, specifically those based on the fluorescence quenching principle, are gaining
traction for their low maintenance requirements, quick response times, and minimal calibration
drift.

Advancements in optical sensors focus on enhancing sensitive materials and matrices,

while research on electrochemical detection technologies emphasizes electrode materials. The
market share of electrochemical dissolved oxygen sensors is expected to be surpassed by optical
sensors, especially those utilizing optical fibers for in-situ measurements in large bodies of water.
The future direction of research and development will likely center on intelligent dissolved oxygen
sensor technology as a key area of focus.
 2.3.4 Acidic and Alkaline (PH)

Similar to temperature, the acidity or alkalinity (pH) of water is determined using a

recognized scale. Unlike a direct physical measurement, the pH of water is assessed on a
logarithmic scale, represented by a number ranging from 0 to 14. The acidity of the water is
inversely proportional to the number, with higher numbers indicating lower acidity. In the pH
scale, depicted in figure 2.3.4.1, the value of 7 is considered neutral. Due to the logarithmic
nature of the scale, moving down from 7 signifies that each number is ten times more acidic than
the preceding one. Conversely, moving up from 7 implies that each subsequent number is ten
times more basic than the one before it.

Figure 2.3.4.1 Acidic and Alkaline (PH) scale

Due to pH being measured on a logarithmic scale, the concentration of H+ ions decreases by

a factor of 10 with each increase in pH. At a pH of 0, the H+ concentration is 1 M, which then
diminishes to 0.0000001 M at pH 7, and further reduces to 0.00000000000001 M at pH 14.
Additionally, the term pH stands for "power of hydrogen," and its numerical value is determined by
the molar concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). Higher concentrations of H+ result in lower pH
values, while higher concentrations of OH- lead to higher pH values. In neutral pH 7 (pure water),
both H+ and OH- ions have concentrations of 10^-7 M. These ions are consistently linked,
exhibiting an inverse relationship—if the concentration of one ion increases, the other decreases.
Consequently, regardless of the pH level, the combined concentrations of H+ and OH- ions always
equal 10^-14 M^2. This correlation plays a pivotal role in the definitions of acids and bases, which
are closely tied to the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions
 2.3.5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS)

The measurement of particulate matter, comprising tiny particles in water, involves terms
such as total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS). This encompasses silt, clay,
algae, organic detritus, and various inorganic substances such as minerals, salts, and metals found
in lakes and rivers. The classification of these "solids" particles into two groups is achieved by
passing water through a filter. Additionally, water turbidity (cloudiness) and levels of total
suspended solids (TSS) are commonly interlinked. High TSS levels and murky water impede
sunlight penetration, making it challenging for plants and algae to thrive. This, in turn, affects the
capacity of a river or lake to support plant and animal life, as well as the production of oxygen.
Excessive mud and silt settling to the bottom can also bury fish eggs and obstruct fish gills.

Constructed wetlands play a role in treating various types of waters, as per Ed J. Dunne
(2012). A large-scale manmade wetland, known as the marsh flow-way, was designed to enhance
the purification of lake water by accelerating the removal of total phosphorus (TP) and total
suspended solids (TSS) from Lake Apopka. The potential of wetland restoration or development
to improve watershed and lake water quality has been explored at the scale of watersheds and
lakes. According to Lowe et al., treatment wetlands can be employed to enhance water quality at
the lake scale. This involves filtering incoming eutrophic water from Lake Apopka, Florida, to
eliminate particle phosphorus before reintroducing the purified water to the lake. The treatment
cells of the full-scale wetland, along with nearby former farm fields, served as the basis for
constructing the pilot project wetland. Throughout its 29-month operational period, the trial
project successfully removed between 89% and 99% of total suspended particles, 30% to 67% of
total phosphorus, and 30% to 52% of total nitrogen.

2.3.6 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N)

The quantity of ammonia in a sample is assessed through the ammoniacal nitrogen value,
which examines the potentially harmful effects of ammonia in waste materials such as manure and
landfill leachates. This evaluation extends to the assessment of natural water sources as excessive
concentrations of ammonia can pose risks to human health, even leading to death. The symbol
representing ammoniacal nitrogen is NH3-N. Figure 2.3.6.1 illustrates the Ammoniacal Nitrogen
cycle.
 Figure 2.3.6.1 Nitrogen Cycle shows the Ammoniacal Nitrogen Forms in Environment

High levels of ammonia in water can pose a threat to aquatic creatures, as they struggle to
eliminate the toxin, leading to potential harmful accumulation in internal tissues and blood, and in
extreme cases, mortality. The susceptibility of aquatic species to ammonia poisoning is influenced
by environmental factors such as pH and temperature.

In a phytoremediation study conducted by Nurul Umairah Mohd Nizam et al. (2020), the
efficacy of five aquatic plants—Centella asiatica, Ipomoea aquatica, Salvinia molesta, Eichhornia
crassipes, and Pistia stratiotes—was investigated in purging three pollutants from aquaculture
wastewater: total suspended solids (TSS), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), and phosphate. Over a
period of 14 days, pollutant levels were assessed every two days using rainwater sample containing
50 g of one of the plants.

Results indicated significant pollutant reduction, particularly by C. asiatica, which removed

98% of NH3-N, 90% of TSS, and 64% of phosphate. I. aquatica demonstrated notable removal
percentages, eliminating up to 73% of TSS and NH3-N and 50% of phosphate. P. stratiotes
successfully removed 98% of TSS, 78% of NH3-N, and 89% of phosphate, while E. crassipes
removed 98% of phosphate, 96% of TSS, and 74% of NH3-N. S. molesta exhibited efficiency by
cleansing 89.3% of TSS and 88.6% of phosphate, although its removal of NH3-N was at 63.9%.
These aquatic plants effectively reduced and removed excess nutrients from the effluent without
suffering physical harm.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Location

The testing site chosen for various assessments, including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO),
chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and ammonia nitrogen (AN), is
Rainwater storage at the Faculty of Civil Engineering (FKAAB). This lake has a long and
narrow shape, featuring a primarily natural shoreline with a few areas where pathways have
been installed. The surroundings of the lake are adorned with trees and other vegetation,
contributing to its natural ambiance. The GPS coordinates of this location indicate its
proximity to a bus stop at 1°51'51.7" N, 103° 04' 59.4" E.

Figure 3.1: Location of the water sample.

 3.2 Sampling Planning

Flow chart
The sample planning of our laboratory testing flowchart is shown in Figure 3.2 :

Figure 3.2: Flowchart of the experiment.

As depicted in Figure 3.2, the water sampling procedure will adhere to the outlined
flowchart for testing. Following this flowchart, the necessary water sample for each specific test is
determined. In this case, a 1-liter rainwater sample will be collected to ensure an adequate quantity
for each test.
 Table 3.1: The Required rainwater sample

Parameter Required rainwater sample

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 2

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 50

Dissolved Oxygen 100

pH 50

Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 60

Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N) 25

Total 287

Furthermore, the collected rainwater sample will be evaluated using these six criteria in
accordance with the standard:

Table 3.2: The Tests of rainwater samples

Parameter Method Method Resources

Chemical Oxygen Demand Colorimetric method SM: 5210
(COD)
Biochemical Oxygen 5-days BOD test SM: 5210 B
Demand (BOD)
Dissolved Oxygen Membrane electrode EPA-NERL: 360.1
pH Electrode method EPA-RCA: 9040 B.
Total Suspended Solid Solid in water SM: 2540 D
(TSS)
Ammonia Nitrogen Nessler method EPA-NERL: 350.2
(NH3-N)
 3.3 Analytical Problem

3.3.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Apparatus and Materials

1. Rainwater sample
2. Deionized water
3. Distilled water
4. Standard Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution
5. Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate
6. Conc. H2SO4
7. 500ml of beaker
8. DRB 200
9. DR6000 UV-Spectrometer
10. Pipette

Procedures

Digestion

procedure

1. The DRB 200 reactor was activated and preheated to 150°C before proceeding with
sample preparation.
2. To ensure the uniformity of the rainwater sample, it was placed in a 250 ml beaker and
gently stirred using a magnetic stir plate.

Prepare sample and blank

1. Two vials were prepared for the sample, and each vial was appropriately labeled.
2. Using a clean volumetric pipette, a 2.0 mL sample of water was extracted and carefully added to
the vial, holding it at a 45° angle during the process.
3. The vials were securely sealed, washed with water, and wiped clean with a paper towel.
4. Steps 2 and 3 were repeated, replacing the rainwater sample with deionized water to create the
blank solution.
 Heating the sample and blank

1. The samples and blank vials were gently inverted multiple times for thorough mixing.
Subsequently, the vials were positioned inside the preheated DRB 200 reactor, and the
protective cover was closed.
2. The vials underwent a heating process for a duration of 2 hours.
3. After the 2-hour heating period, the DRB 200 reactor was powered off, and the vials
were extracted for a 20-minute cooling period within the vial rack.
4. Each vial was gently inverted while still warm, and then the vials were placed in a vial rack
to cool to room temperature.

Colorimetric determination

1. The DR6000 was powered on, and the COD range was examined and selected based on
the information from the previous sample and COD vial.
2. A damp towel was used to wipe the exterior of the vials.
3. The blank was inserted into the 16mm cell holder, and the protective lid was closed.
4. The ZERO button was pressed and held until it appeared on the display.
5. The blank vials were exchanged with sample vials.
6. The READ button was pressed, and the results were recorded in a table.
7. After the trials were concluded, the chemical wastes were discharged into a waste tank.

Table of data

Table 3.3 : The COD concentration of samples

 3.3.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Apparatus and materials

1. 3L bottle
2. BOD Nutrient Buffer
3. Aeration pump
4. Scissor
5. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
6. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4
7. Low- form beaker 100 ml
8. Rainwater sample
9. pH mater
10. 300 ml glass stopper BOD bottles
11. DO meter.
12. Measuring cylinder
13. Incubator

Procedures

Preparation of dilution water

1. Prepare 3 liters of distilled water and empty the contents of the BOD Nutrient Buffer Pillow
into the bottle.
2. Securely close the jug and vigorously shake the container for approximately 1 minute to ensure
uniformity.
3. Install the aeration pump tubing at the base of the bottle and activate it 24 hours
before commencing the BOD experiment.
 Determination of sample size

1. The formulas were utilised to determine the sample size estimates, both minimum
and maximum.

𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑚𝑔 𝑥

𝐿
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒, 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝑂𝐷 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 =
𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑂𝐷, 𝑚𝑔
𝐿

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑚𝑔 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒, 𝑚𝐿

𝐿
𝑚𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝑂𝐷 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 =
𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑂𝐷, 𝑚𝑔
𝐿

2. The estimated BOD5 varies on the location of the sample.

Pre-treatment of samples (Neutralizing of samples)

1. Pour 50 mL of the sample into a 100 mL beaker, and utilize a pH meter to measure the pH of
the sample.
2. If the pH result falls outside the range of pH 6.0 to pH 8.0, introduce 1N sulfuric acid for
alkaline samples or 1N sodium hydroxide for acidic samples until the pH is adjusted to fall
within the range of 6.5 to 7.5.
3. Determine the quantity of sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide needed to neutralize 1000 mL of
the sample.
4. Treat the samples with the calculated amount of acid or alkaline
base. BOD5 Measurement

1. A 300 ml BOD bottle and a blank bottle were labeled to prevent inaccuracies in the data.
2. Dilution water was added to achieve a precise volume of the sample size in each bottle.
3. The DO meter was activated, and the initial DO for each bottle was recorded in the results.
4. The rainwater sample mixture was carefully introduced into the BOD bottle and sealed with
bottle stoppers.
5. The BOD bottles were incubated for 5 days at 20°C in an incubator.
6. After 5 days, the final DO content of the incubated bottles was measured and recorded in
the data sheet.
 Table of data

Table 3.4 : The BOD of

samples
 3.3.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Apparatus and materials

1. Rainwater sample
2. 250 ml beaker
3. Dissolved oxygen probe meter
4. Distilled water

Procedures
1. The dissolved oxygen probe meter was powered on. The probe was rinsed with distilled
water and gently dried with a dry towel.
2. After adding enough rainwater sample into a beaker, the tip of the probe was
positioned in the rainwater sample without complete immersion.
3. The probe was gently stirred in the rainwater sample to achieve a consistent reading on the
meter, ensuring a continuous flow of water across the membrane.
4. Temperature and meter readings were documented in the data sheet.
Table of data

Table 3.5 : The DO of samples

 3.3.4 pH

Apparatus and Material

1. pH meter
2. pH electrode filled with KCL solution
3. Thermometer
4. Beakers
5. Tissue papers
6. Buffer solutions of pH 4.0 and pH 7.0
7. Distilled water

Procedures
1. Plug in the pH meter and allow it to warm up for 5 to 10 minutes.
2. Wash the glass electrode with distilled water and clean it using tissue paper.
3. Measure the temperature of the rainwater sample and set the same value on the pH meter.
4. Place the electrode in pH 7.0 buffer solution and adjust the pH value to 7 on the pH meter
by turning the Calibrate knob.
5. Remove the electrode, wash it with distilled water, and clean it with tissue paper.
6. Place the electrode in pH 4.0 buffer solution and adjust the pH value to 4 on the pH meter
using the Calibrate knob.
7. Once a stable reading is displayed, immerse the electrode in 50 ml of rainwater sample to
determine the pH value.
8. Record the pH value of the rainwater sample.

∴ pH value of rainwater sample: ………………………

 3.3.5 Total Suspended Solid

Apparatus and Material

1. Evaporating dishes
2. Desiccator
3. Filter papers
4. Suction flask
5. Graduated cylinder.
6. Forceps
7. Analytical balance
8. Drying oven
9. Vacuum pump

Procedures

1. Dry the two filter papers in the oven for 15 minutes.

2. Take out the filter papers and allow them to cool in a desiccator.
3. Label the evaporating dishes and weigh them accordingly. Measure the weight of the
filter papers individually.
4. Place filter paper on the base and secure it with a funnel clamp.
5. Wet the filter paper with a small amount of distilled water to create a seal against the base.
6. Shake the rainwater sample vigorously, transfer 200 ml of the rainwater sample to the
filter using a volumetric pipette, and apply the necessary vacuum.
7. Afterward, remove the disc filter from the base.
8. Dry the filter paper for at least 1 hour at a temperature of 103°C to 105°C.
9. Take out the filter papers and cool them in a desiccator. Record the weights of the filter
papers when they are completely cooled.
10. Record the weight of each filter paper.
Table of data

Table 3.6 : The Result of Total Suspended Solid

Description Weight(g)
Weight of clean filter paper (g) 𝑊
1

Weight of the filter paper and the residue (g) 𝑊

2

Weight of residue (g) W

Volume of sample (ml)

(𝑊1− 𝑊 2) 𝑥 1000
TSS (mg/L) =
𝑉

Where: 𝑊 = Weight of clean filter paper (g)

1
𝑊 = Weight of the filter paper and the residue (g)
2

V = Volume of sample (ml)

3.3.6 Ammonia Nitrogen

Apparatus and Material

1. Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent set
2. 5 ml beaker
3. 1 ml pipet
4. Sample cell
5. Deionized water
6. DR 6000
7. Mixing cylinder graduated with 25 ml glass stopper.
 Procedures
1. Prepare the sample by filling 25 ml of the sample into a mixing cylinder.
2. Prepare the blank by filling 25 ml of deionized water into a mixing cylinder.
3. Add 3 drops of mineral stabilizer to each mixing cylinder, close it with a stopper, and invert
the mixing cylinder several times to ensure thorough mixing.
4. Add 3 drops of Polyvinyl Alcohol Dispersing Agent to each cylinder, close it with a stopper,
and invert the mixing cylinder several times for proper mixing.
5. Add 1 ml of Nessler Reagent to each mixing cylinder using a pipette, close it with a stopper,
and invert the mixing cylinder several times for thorough mixing.
6. Allow a reaction time of 1 minute for the mixtures to react.
7. Pour 10 ml of the mixture from the blank cylinder into the sample cell. Clean the sample
cell when the timer expires.
8. Start program 380N, Ammonia, Nessler, and insert the blank sample cell into the cell holder.
9. Re-zero the display, and the result of 0.00 mg/l NH3-N is shown.
10. Pour 10 ml of the mixture from the sample cylinder into a second sample cell. Clean the
sample cell.
11. Insert the sample cell into the cell holder, click "READ," and the result in mg/l NH3-N
is displayed.

Table of data
Table 3.7: The Result of N𝐻 -N
3

Solution Reading (mg/l)

Blank
Sample
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Result

4.1.1. Subindex Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Table 4.1 Data value for Blank and Sample 1
Sample Reading Value (mg/L)
Blank 0
Sample 1 4

COD = 4 mg/L
SICOD=−1.33 x + 99.1¿ 93.78

4.2.2 Subindex Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Table 4.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Data Table

BOD Bottle VOLUME OF VOLUME OF INITIAL FINAL DO BOD (mg/l)
INCUBATION SAMPLE DO (mg/l)
(ml) (ml) (mg/l)
Blank 300 0 8.29 8.08 0
Sample 1 300 12 8.16 8.10 1.50
Sample 2 300 27 8.18 8.09 1.00
Sample 3 300 42 8.20 8.00 1.43

Average: BOD5 (mg/L) = 1.31 mg/l

SIBOD=10 0.4−4.23 x¿ 94.86

4.1.1. Subindex Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Table 4.3 Data Collection for Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

 SAMPLE Value
1 7.86
2 7.87
3 7.93
Average 7.89

Average DO = 7.89 mg/L

7.89
DO %= × 100=89.65
8.8
Subindex for DO
2 3
SIDO=−0.395+0.030 x −0.00020 x =96.61

4.1.1. Subindex Potential of Hydrogen (pH)

Table 4.4 Data Collection for Potential of Hydrogen (pH)

pH Value
1 7.43
2 7.14
3 6.98
Average 7.18
pH= x = 7.18
for 7 ≤ x < 8.75
SIpH = −181+82.4 ( x)−6.05( x )2

= −181+82.4 (7.18)−6.05(7.18)2

= 98.74

4.1.2. Subindex Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Table 4.4 Data Collection for Total Suspended Solid (TSS)

 Sample Value Volume of sample Weight Initial (g) Weight Final (g)
(ml)
A 200 0.160 0.167
B 200 0.160 0.166

Average final weight = 0.1665g

0.1665−0.160
×1000000=32.5 mg/l
200

SISS = 97.5 x 𝑒−0.00676𝑥 + 0.05x

= 79.89
4.1.2. Subindex Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N)
SAMPLE VOLUME OF READING ON
VIAL (ml) MACHINE(mg/l)
Blank 25 0.60
A 25 0.39

NH3-N = 0.39 mg/l

mg
Subindex Ammonia Nitrogen ( NH 3−N ) , =94 × ( ( e ×0.573 x )−5 ) ×|x−2|
l
−5×|0.39−2|¿ 71.10
−0.573 ( 0.39 )
¿ 94 × e

4.1.3. Water Quality Index (WQI)

From calculation above:

Subindex Chemical Oxygen Demand = 93.78

Subindex Biochemical Oxygen Demand = 94.86
Subindex Dissolved Oxygen = 96.61
Subindex Potential of Hydrogen = 98.74
Subindex Total Suspended Solid =79.89
Subindex Ammonia Nitrogen = 71.10

WQI = 0.22(SIDO) + 0.19(SIBOD) + 0.16(SICOD) + 0.15(SIAN) + 0.16(SISS) +

0.12(SIpH)

WQI = 0.22(96.61) + 0.19(94.77) + 0.16(93.78) + 0.15(71.10) + 0.16(79.89) +

0.12(98.74)

= 89.56

⸫ Therefore, the water quality index for rainwater storage is in Class II which is
suitable to be used for recreational use with body contact and required conventional
treatment.

CHAPTER 5
 Discussion

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

The average result of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) analysis was 4 mg/L. This categorizes our
sample in Class I, which indicates that the water is suitable to be used for sensitive aquatic animals. The
COD sample was sourced from rainwater storage. The COD test serves as a convenient method to
quantify organic content in water, determining both the level of inorganic chemical substances in
wastewater and the susceptibility of particulate matter to the oxidation process. When wastewater contains
only readily available organic bacterial food and no hazardous materials, COD test results can offer a
reliable estimate of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) values. The colorimetric method, which
employs a spectrophotometer for assessing COD values, is more user-friendly and precise compared to the
titrimetric method. After cooling, the colorimetric technique measures the chromium (III) ion in the
specimen, indicating the amount of chromic utilized by living matter. The use of a blank compensates for
any inaccuracies resulting from the presence of foreign organic materials in the reagents.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) serves as a measure of the oxygen quantity consumed by
microorganisms during the oxidation of organic matter. In this experiment, a rainwater sample was
utilized. The initial pH measurement indicated an average value of 7.18. The standard BOD measurement,
known as BOD5, involves a 5-day incubation period at 20°C. This duration is necessary to eliminate
oxygen demand and account for the slow growth of bacteria over this period.

The BOD obtained for the experiment was 4 mg/L, suggesting a moderately polluted condition. This
pollution is likely associated with residential areas adjacent to the river, leading to the introduction of
domestic waste from housing activities. The BOD5 result yielded 1.31mg/L, indicating a lower BOD
potentially due to oxygen-producing reactions during the incubation period.

In terms of water quality, the dissolved oxygen (DO) measured was 7.89 mg/L, and the BOD was 1.31
mg/L, indicating a relatively low pollution level. Several factors influence BOD, including temperature,
the pH of water, and the quantity and type of organic matter present. Errors in the experiment were noted,
including non-parallel readings on the graduated cylinder, failure to clean the apparatus with distilled
water before use, and incomplete filling of the dilution water in the bottle. These considerations highlight
the importance of careful experimental procedures to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen (DO) stands as a crucial parameter for assessing the oxygen levels in a water supply. In
situations where there's uncontrollable contamination from organic matter and commercial effluents,
oxygen dissolves directly, contributing to various biochemical oxidation processes. This dissolved oxygen
is gradually replaced over time through natural processes. In the provided results, the average DO reading
was found to be 7.89 mg/L.

In accordance with the Department of Environment (DOE) Water Quality Index classification, the DO
concentrations in the water samples exceeded 7 mg/L. Consequently, the water in this lake falls into the
Class 1 category in the dissolved oxygen classification. This classification indicates that the water is of
high quality and can be considered a suitable source for various purposes. It not only preserves natural
ecosystems but also remains conducive to the well-being of aquatic species in the area.

Potential of Hydrogen (pH)

The term pH, representing the Potential of Hydrogen, serves as a quantitative measure of the acidity or
basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions. It is a numerical representation of the concentration of
hydrogen ions in a solution and ranges from 1 to 14. In the context of this experiment, the average pH
value derived from three samples is 7.18.

This pH value falls within the range of least acidic to neutral. Therefore, based on the experiment's results,
the pH of the water samples is considered acceptable. The water can be characterized as neither strongly
acidic nor strongly basic, indicating a condition within the range typically suitable for various
applications.

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) encompasses any solid substance, be it organic or inorganic, that remains
suspended in water. This includes elements like algae, plankton, decaying plant matter, animal remains,
industrial pollutants, and sewage. Given that the TSS value has implications for both chemical and
physical parameters, such as turbidity and dissolved oxygen (DO), it is imperative to determine this value.

In this study, the TSS result for the water sample was found to be 32.5 mg/l, a classification deemed low
according to the Department of Environment (DOE) Water Quality Index. The subindex value of the TSS
shows that it is within class II which indicates that the water sample clean water range. Consequently, the
rainwater is suitable for various applications, including recreational activities like kayaking and fishing,
as well as irrigation. The water's low TSS value ensures continued user safety, placing it outside the
contamination range.

Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N)

Ammoniacal nitrogen, represented as NH3-N, serves as an indicator of water quality in natural environments such
as lakes and rivers. The NH3-N test in this study utilized the Nessler method, an approach authorized by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This method involves specific chemicals including mineral stabilizer,
polyvinyl alcohol diffusion agent, and Nessler reagent.

The result obtained using the Hach DR 6000 was 0.39 mg/L NH3-N. According to the Department of Environment
(DOE) Water Quality Index, this NH3-N value for rainwater storage falls into Class III, indicating the need for
intensive treatment. Despite this classification, the water is considered common, economically valuable, and
suitable for livestock drinking.

Various natural factors, including fecal matter, decomposition of plants or animals, and algae blooms, can influence
the NH3-N value. Additionally, ammonia can originate from sources such as household, industrial, or agricultural
pollution, primarily from fertilizers, organic waste, or excrement. The classification and subindex values highlight
the need for careful management and treatment to ensure the water meets the necessary quality standards.
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

In summary, the in-situ sampling of water enabled the determination of subindices

for six crucial parameters, including pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), and
ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). The calculated subindices were as follows: pH subindex of
98.74 mg/L, COD subindex of 93.78 mg/L, BOD subindex of 94.86 mg/L, DO subindex
of 96.61 mg/L, TSS subindex of 79.89 mg/L, and NH3-N subindex of 71.10 mg/L.
Utilizing the Department of Environment (DOE) equation, these values were derived to
assess the water sample's classification.

Upon analyzing the data, it was determined that the rainwater storage sample falls
into Class III for all six parameters: pH, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, and NH3-N. According to
the Department of Environment's water quality index classification, Class II is associated
with fishery II, which indicates that sensitive aquatic species can resides in this water and
water supply II, where conventional treatment is required. This comprehensive analysis
provides valuable insights into the quality and potential uses of the water sample.
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