3.2 Traction Theory

Traction Theory
Fundamental Mechanics Approach
Fig. 1(a)
Fig. 1 (b) Nature of the shear force versus Fig. 1 (c)

shear displacement relation for various
vertical loads.
Fig. 2
Traction Mechanics
Fig. 3 Net traction (pull)-torque-slip relation for wheels on soil. (From Wismer and Luth, 1974 .)
Fig. 4 (a) Fig 4 (b)
Free body Free body
diagram of a diagram of
towed wheel. a driving wheel.
Traction Parameters
Travel Reduction Ratio (TRR)
Travel reduction ratio (TRR), commonly called "slip" and expressed in percent.
Zero travel reduction can be defined using any of four methods (ASAE Standards,
2001b):
1. A self-propelled (zero net traction) condition on a non-deforming surface

(recommended for rolling circumference data, as in published tire data).
2. A self-propelled (zero net traction) condition on the test surface.
3. A towed (zero gross traction, i.e., zero torque) condition on a non-deforming
surface.
4. A towed (zero gross traction) condition on the test surface.
Net Traction Ratio (NTR)

Tractive Efficiency (TE)
Gross Traction Ratio (GTR)
Motion Resistance Ratio (MRR)

Traction Data Analysis
Fig. 5 Overall tractive efficiency with velocity and pull losses.
Fig. 6 Traction losses with travel reduction (slip) as independent variable.

Fig. 7
Fig. 8 7
Interpretation of Traction Plots
Fig. 9 Performance of 20.8R42 dual tires on three surfaces.

Traction Performance
Fig. 10 Performance of 20.8R42 dual tires on three surfaces (8300 kg axle load, 83 kPa tire
pressure).
Fig. 11 Performance of single tire (Firestone 710/70R38 ATR) at two inflation

pressures in tilled (loose) tractive conditions.
Fig. 12 Performance of two sizes of single tires at correct inflation pressures in tilled (loose)
tractive conditions.
Fig. 13 Performance of single tire (Goodyear 520/85R46 DTR) at two weights with correct
pressures in tilled (loose) tractive conditions.
WHEEL SLIP-PERCENT
Fig.14 Net traction and motion resistance ratio as a function of slip for a variety of surface
conditions
Fig. 15
)
Fig. 16
Tyre Parameters
b - Section width(m).This is the first number in a tire size designation.

Example: 0.468 m (18.4 inches) for an 18.4-38 tire.
d - Overall unloaded diameter (m). Tire diameter is standard information
in tire data book.
h - section height (m). Section height is equal to:
d  rim diameter
h
2
Rim diameter is given in tire book or can be estimated by 1.06 times
the nominal rim diameter. Nominal rim diameter is the second number
in the tire size designation. Example: 0.965 m (38 inches) for an 18.4-
38 tire.
 -Loaded tire deflection (m). Deflection is equal to:
d
   static loaded radius
2
Static loaded radius for the maximum rated load is standard information in tire data
books. Tire deflection versus tire load curve can be obtained from tire companies.
r- rolling radius on hard surface (m). This can be measured or can be estimated as :
d 
2.5    static loaded radius 
r   2 
 d 
1.5     static loade radius 
 2 
W- Vertical load on tire (kN). Vertical load (W) is the dynamic tire load resulting from
the static load plus any dynamic load transfers to or from the tire.
Cone index
Table 1
Dimensional analysis
Q
Torque Ratio
rW
Motion Re sis tan ce Ratio M

W
Pull R atio P
W
Wheel Numeric Cn  CIbd

W
Width to Diameter R atio b

d
Deflection R atio 
h
Slip S
Rolling Radius R atio r

d
h
Section Height Ratio
d
However, two of the ratios can be derived from other terms:
2r
P Q M 1
  h
 d
W rW W & d 
h
Traction prediction equations
Mobility Number
Torque Ratio
 0.1 Bn The mobility number (Bn) controls the maximum value of the torque ratio,
e which is attained at high slip. The mobility number and thus, the torque
ratio, increases when:
- Soil strength (CI) increases
- Tire diameter (d) or section width (b) increase
- Load (W) decreases
- Deflection ratio  h  increases
- Width to diameter ratio (b/d) decreases
7.5S The constant 7.5, which may be called a gripping or surface factor controls
e the rate of torque ratio increase with slip.The factor is smaller than 7.5 on a
wet surface and significantly larger for staked wheels or tracks
The constant 0.04 approximates the torque ratio at zero slip for all conditions.
0.04 On a hard surface, zero slip occurs when the wheel is in the self propelled
state. Under this condition torque is required only to overcome motion
resistance due to tire flexing and scrubbing
Fig. 17
Motion Resistance Ratio
As Bn decreases, motion resistance increases due

to increased soil compaction and sinkage. A
decrease in the wheel numeric Cn = (CIbd/W)
corresponds to a decrease in soil strength and /or
Bn
an increase in soil-tire contact pressure
Tractive efficiency
Fig. 18 Tractive efficiency design curve

Traction models
Wismer and Luth Approach (1973)
g 
.  1  e ( 0.3 Cni )
 075 
1.2
fr   0.04
Cn
CI b d
Cn 
(Wdr /2)
COT   g  fr
COT 1  i
TE 
COT  f r 
This approach holds good for the conditions where, b/d  0.30, /h  0.20, r/d  0.475.
Brixius approach (1987)
For Bias ply tyres
For radial ply tyres

3.2 Traction Theory

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Traction Theory

Fundamental Mechanics Approach

Fig. 1 (b) Nature of the shear force versus Fig. 1 (c)

1. A self-propelled (zero net traction) condition on a non-deforming surface

Net Traction Ratio (NTR)

Gross Traction Ratio (GTR)

Motion Resistance Ratio (MRR)

Fig. 5 Overall tractive efficiency with velocity and pull losses.

Fig. 6 Traction losses with travel reduction (slip) as independent variable.

Fig. 9 Performance of 20.8R42 dual tires on three surfaces.

Fig. 11 Performance of single tire (Firestone 710/70R38 ATR) at two inflation

b - Section width(m).This is the first number in a tire size designation.

Motion Re sis tan ce Ratio M

Wheel Numeric Cn  CIbd

Width to Diameter R atio b

Rolling Radius R atio r

As Bn decreases, motion resistance increases due

Fig. 18 Tractive efficiency design curve

For radial ply tyres

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