HERMAL PavsICS

TECN ENEeSv:.

of atomns.
s t h e energy potetial energy
AsES kinetic energy Due to motion) and
cr3m)s
to M F )

Intenal Energy KE 2PE

o
Sop sum of kinetic energres and potential energies
O EXAM

hese enerqes are randomly ditibuted. (oE INATHON

DEANATT ON
s

TEMPERATURE

4 i s deqree o
hotneSS or coldness
lewles.
energy of mo
,o
propotionas t mean kineti
t i s diectly

EAT ENEeGV
to another due to temperattre
that transters trom one body
The enerqy

fference energy
ge (eods to lncrease in intenal
Heat transfer in
-> leads to Deciease in inteinal ener99
eat transfer OUt

hot bodly to cold body.

omaLly heat ttonsfers hom

EPMAL EoUILBRIUM

TA Te
equiubiwm i
there temperatures are same
he
bodes wiu be in theimal s equal to
hat ttansfer from A to
ing ermal eqorubiim
reat transfer from B toA

THERMAL
EQIBIOM
 difeience
>he rate of heat ffow ckponds on temperature

Larqer the temp differenre hughe the sate of Houw af heat

KEROT law of uEeMOdYNAMI(S

Ibody 'A and body 'B'aie in theimal eqyulbinum, Simlory the

themal
ody B and body C ae tn a eqjuiubiiwm, t e n A'n
CuClI be in Ueimal equilibrivm.

THERMOMETER
> Temperatvie measurinq device
A theimoneter most hawe
. hermomettic Property
Tuwo fhed points
Sale

THERMOMETRIC PeorERTY
Any physical property tat changes with temperatue
> The change in hemometic poerty may be diiect or nyerse with tempealte

This c hange must be measuia ble

and ieprodureable
> The chonge in the mo metiic property must be one sided ie t should
incae onty d wth temp dectease
or
only w tmp
he
chonge in Uher mometi poperty may not be unear with
emperatu

empe
kut nenr changes give actui Qte
temperature
 FiXED
dhed poits
points act a s a efenence temperature

ourfixed fixed Point is meting point of puie ice i.e Oc and uper
The

fixed pont is bor(ing pont of POre water e 1 C0 c

ScALE
to no. of divigion w uper and iOuwer fiyed Ponts.
Scale fers
re
Scale refers
assvme ttat hermomettic propertie s 100 C Po
, we ute

vary aeary with tenmp Celsios

T.P T C

3..22

NXNOWN AT AT LOUER FYED POiNT:

EMeAT. P a
T T.P x.
Xe - Xo temp
00 X 00 Xo
AT UPER FXEDPOINT
EMPIRICAL SCALE temp 1 0 0 T.PY100
PEP AND LouWER
CIXED POrNTS OFTEMP

AT ANN OTHER TEMP

temp e T.P Xe
 LIQUID IN GLASS THERMOMETER:.

THIN GLASS TACKET

80CE

e e Lenqth of uqpid in boie varies with temperatue

o
00

This termometer is soitabte to measure temp from O Cdia

t t is Portable E less epentive

Drs ADUAASTAGES
t has Smail range
3 Has (orger heat apacu ty so ot suitable for meauing the te
of small properties
3.
3. tis less
resonsive, not suitable for measuring rapd chames 'a

THERMO coUPLE THERMOmETE

wres hauinq ditfeient co ductities

TUNCTION DUNCTION
y

t Consists of a
voltmeter and tuo wires made
up ok afeient mut
hauioq diffevent conductities
Uotaqe vaes wth tempe
ratur e
 E

DPPE D

UAKNO
BOLING
R N EM E L T N G

CE WATER TEMP

O E-Eo
00 Eioo Eo

ton
,One jonction s Kept as a temp the other junction is mmersed
tinal

by tuin n pore meltnq ice, boilng water and unknown temperature

as shown

we tecord the voutmeter readim and use the ielaton

Ee-Eo, t0 find unknown temp

O0 Eco 6Eo

ADUAN TAGES:
t h a s wrde range 2004200)
Very Responsive
heat copacity so the. temperatoe of sml quantities
has has Smaller
Can be measur ed precisely

DsADUANJTAGES
t t i s expengive
lecs portable
 HE PMUIoR ResvSIAACE uEeMOMETE P L
ecatdnre hversety depends on tempe,
on Empe ratuia.
I n themistor, the
CoLD TT Morr R P
HoT Tt R

-(n

ueE MEI TING Boi LING UNK NOu

WATER TEMP

-Ro
100 Ro0 Ro

ApVANTA &ES DISADUANTAGES

wide 2ange VeryVery expensive
Very Responsive Less portable
Smaller Hent Capacty

CONSTANT VoLUME Ges HEeMOMETER

CAPILLAY MERCURY
ResEeore C8)
COAIS

TUBE MA2K

u88Ee
FXED TUBING
MMS oF
FASK
essue nies wth temperature.

e e MgTING lcE
P P . ho t m
Ps- Po
IN ciuNG WATER1
100
IN UNANOUJN TEMP

fahe+ Atm

The flask is tun

by tun paced in Pore metting ice. then n boiung unfer
and iau un kOwn emP, coresponding
in heiqlTi aremnsured.
NOTE Heikt is onl measoed at level x

ApVANTAGES DiSADVATAGES
Wide Range Less esponsiue
Very Accorate Haher Heat Copadt
Used to calibrate other thesmometer i ,'

eIeIPLE PoNT OF WATER 1

PR 243.IS K
t i s the fixed tempeatue at uhich 3 states of matter ie (solid
tiquid and gas) ae in thema eeuilibivm.

FeeEZNGk DoUBLED
WALLED
cONTAINER

wATER
VAPOORS WATER

TRIPLE POINT
CELL
 ERMO byNAMIC SCALE
PVe
293.IS

t is not based on any the mometric Property but it is based

based an
on the

fTdeal 95.
Prcperd
tsfived poïnt +s tbiple point of wate whteh is more accurately
achieuable

t ' s moe accuraie.

Fixed Pints
.Trple Point of unter (a#3.1SK)
.a. Absolwte zero (zero Kelvi

Py Voume constant)
243.1S PyTR
Po Tenpeahure ut be
243-5
PrR accurate.
Lec
DEAL 4AS *

tis an
imaqinary a4 at okeys 'all the gas louws al al temp Pressure
,
and
vowme
. '

tis an
imoqinary as ttat obeys P nRT at all temp, Pressure and
vowmes.

KINEnC Moue cwLAR

THEORy FoR OEAL
t
GAs
consists of arge no. of
mole cu les movina
Moleowles berauwe tike smau random
, o elastic, rigrid
rigid spheres
>SYze of molecute s spheres
neqtarble as
compaied t stze ot container
TKeve are no 1.M.F i.e
molecwles exert ect
duing collisions. no force on each Ctne
Molecw les coulide with each ofher
- B
 CHARLES LAW const)
to the abe
Volume of the fixed mass of gas is ditecty propotional a
bcolute
(in Keluin) , provided pessue is kept eanstant.

Press. s kept coost

y vsing freely movin paton.

VdT V canst T % COnsst

Vol Vol
P
hames at_which
Pressure kept
Csnst are
iso
CHANGE B4Rx
Temp Temp K
AgsouTE

Hupothetcal temp at
wkth all motecles mtdn uf ttop

ExpLANATION TA T.E K.E V

so they wU cotide force fotly and push the piston upuwards.

PeeSsueE LAWt ConstConst

Pressure of fixed mass ot gas is
drectu propstonas to Absolute tem per atove
Providedt vdume stays constant.
PT P constT. AConst
P Pa
T T2

m Chanqes af
COnst. owme are

-23 Knoun as IsaME

Teme
EPLANATION TA K.EA Terp/X CHAAGSS
 NING LAWS

Py nst &ovueS UAw

T Const CHARLESLAW
TConst PeessueE LAu

PV/T const
n0.o moles
T T
: molargs const. P R
P nRT| sEaLGas ¬«|
oiu be
A qas is enclosed n a cylunder at 20c atuhat temp. ts "Reccure
doubled

PdT

PP T 20c > 298k

2P IT: S86K

1
 NTERNAL ENERGy oF
IbEAL Gas
T.E = K.E+ 2PE
Snce in ideal as, nter motecular, force O

TE k.E
IbEAL GAS EQu4TION L
Pu nRT

no.of molelesS
dro's const
N P
Le oa
k Boltzman's eonst

K8.02xi6-.3 xl0*
Po Nk T
=
2n« EqUATION

A gas is kept n container at temp. 40 C and

a
4 atm. At what temp.
t volume be doubled at 1.Satm.
Pe 1 atmn
T40C>31BK
Pa 1.Satm 2 2V T

PV P a
T Ta

313 Ta

Ta 939*
PRessURE EeeTe 8y A GAS ENCLOSEO IN4 CoNTAINeR
Let us consider there are Nno. of moiecwles in a
antainer OF uolme v'.These molecies are
v' randomy. Volwme of centaineteV

Av. vel 22 Vi a 4Va .... - Vs

N

Mean square velbcity 2v°> V N3.... V

N

RooT means squave vekst Lv Vems U+V... Vs*

sPEED
.OF
MOLECULE
PP8
Po 2Vx
c VyV"
. 4Vx* +4V*> + 2Vz

Vs
P 2Vx
P ( )
,

LECG then shouo that k.ES a

34 kT
IE P % S<c'> ,
T

Lc>
P h "%
P: % <c'>

Pv Nm 4e MEAN
ENERGY
4INETIC

3KT mic> K.E m 2e>

T m4c
4K.E.> » 4KT K: Botzmo's conse
KT K.E PeovEo
mcas T
3KT/m

YRMs 3kT
 coa
f idal ga at 1.t.p (2st)
n a closed
cOntaioes.
moles
There are
:
. . Mean Khetic.Energ9 K.E Nekgo
.. lntenaPnergy.
SOLUTION

.2. Interoad Enerqy 2.E

. MeanK.E T T.E ()K.E
88r 10)(as.a13) >No.oF MOLECJLE

3416.63

Vems aT
P
Vims m
Vemi, /

LEC 10
HeAT APAUTY
To increase the temperatre heat must be ackeo.

T
AT
HE4T
CAPACTY
he heat tonsfer per unit ckange in
temperatir e. (HEAT CaPACTY)
t i ealor quanti ty .
ttis he amount of
hext vansfer to change the
bocky bu 4 Kelvin temperure

Heat nÓst be aáied

meie hear
SPECIEICHEAT CaPAcITY
Heat must be
m
added.
AT OK
AT SK -A
A
10m
AT OK
AT ISK
more
heat
eaye reuires
heat
reuires more

Body e m
OT
Cm AT SPECIFIc
HEAT CAPAUTY
m temp.
unit change
per
per unit
mass
tansfer
The amount of heat
mss to honge
this temp. by 1
Amaunt of heat requied by 1kg

NOTIN
syLLABS/
MoLAR HEAT CAPaCTY
per unit chanqe in temp.
ed per mole
amount of h a t reapii
> The
eAT
No. OF
MOLES

LATENT HeAT* -

hidden temp.
Latent mans tie state t a constmnt,
required to change
Amount of heat
m mass SPECIEIC
LATENT HEAT

Laient
Kea

SPECFIC LATENT HEAT

L he stnt at a constant

u n t mass D dhange
Amount ot heat requited fe

temp Knetc enerqy molecdes as temp.

staus const.

doesn't chanae the when staie

as .M.E ehange
molewes
Ut changes the Patentia enerqy o

changes
is adbed the bonds break ,
kond breaking is endothermC
When latent heat
is exotermc
wthdaun bond s tam, bod makine
tuhcn latent hat
 LATENT HeAT OF
husiON
SPECIFIC
(gOND
BeEAMING

SLHF
1 k g LiQUIO
AT SAME TEMP.
1ka Soue

8OND
RoeMING
SLHF
1kg saud

1 k uQuvo ATSAME TEMP. 4Spid.

.
per unt
mass at tsS meltinq Point
amount of heat r&quiiecd A
The
into s d at same temp

SpEORC LATENT HEAT oF VPDCISATON*-

SLHV
ika uuD ATSAME TEMP.

SLHV
1K LiQUd
ATSAME TEMP.

ot uguid to tun nto ns at a

h e arount of hat reuired per unit mass a

Constont temp.

HEmNG ANd CO0UNG CweUE

Crushed ice at Oc is hented at asnstont ate
ard tempernre is measured at fked intaruals of time.
>Aqraph is loted emp aqainst t me, known as

Heodna CGorve. FREE

MOUABLEE
ICE PISTON

-10c

Deou treaM
T HET

wATER wATE}LHV
LHVLHE
STEAM
 to korl. lkis is due
As wt con sR gaph eSs, energy is reuied to melt han
tOm the
noe urk hould
n the reason tat melting The chanqe, h volume is nequgible so
in

e
done ganst athaphere..
uorR
ttns into gas ts voluhe increases'1600 tmes Approx.
o
then iquid

tobe done 0gainst atmasphere to incrense, his ,uolume.

w.D PaV
Kinetic maximum.
aue maumum energy at font, £". As temp. is
, Atoms becawse temp. is Same.

kinetc enerqy pint

at Dand e are same
. Averaqe
T1.E atA.
T I.E at E hant
x relaTes to gradkènt 'smaller the
gradent lorger the
Spearfie heat pacy

eapazity
LAw OFHEAT ExCHANGE

t to
,SHC 420oJk
SHC S J k k
T 9OC
heats fossed the
in waer. Assuning o
Block of mass 80g s mmersed watu.
wiU be the
fal temP. of
or container. Oht
Surounding

90
uEAT
BLoCK
mc T
me D
HEAT GA
woTER SO0 (90-z) o aS *0o (-10)
a8

:22.8
 EXPERIMENT TO iND S.H.C *

&oLID
T6RMOMETER
sroPuATH HEATER
ELECTRC

od CROSS
SECTIONAL
mAT
C VE T

mAT

8LOCK

BALANCE

MeDsure
>Measure and record the acs of the block
Set the apparatuS as shouwn in avre
Measuie and tecord the nital temp
Tora on the switch and stopwatch simuttoneously.
Measure and tecord votmeter and ammeter rendinq.
Use rheostat to keep the cwirent Constant 16required.
Torn otf the sutch after 30 secods and k note douwn the hihal temp.
Use the fouowing telation to tind S.H.C
C

mDT

C VtI

mAT

The S. H.C& calwated above is

I t is
jurt an estmate.
over estinted as dome
enerqy last t the
thermometer. surrounding absor bed
 ATE WU lay
TINOUS,FLow MgTHOD
TOMEASURE S.H.C iN
LiQuds.
WATER

SurtCH
CONSTANT eHEOSTAT
PRESURE
HEAD

0-

VAC OUM
GLASS
JACKET HEATER

wATER

Set the opparatus as shown in houre

stoyatc

Toun on the tap ad aust the tlow rate so tat it i constant

Record the alwe of T

Türn 0n the switth and unit until the reading on T is stab?b'zed.

kalance and tuin on he stosuatch Smoltaneously.
Record the rding on

Kecord the valwe o Cwrrent ad voitaqe

30 seconds.
Note douwn the balance reading after

+ Lost
VET m,c AT
fiad rafe tor come rise in temp. and
at dtterent
epeat the same. exDeriment
me timee lost
tT
n Cot +
out the
ast
oncel
to
act the e.
are
ame.

AT 9n Ume
Same Same QS
as
 tPEPIMENT To FIND L.H.F
Set up the apparatur oi shown in i r e

c e wiU be melting by the het 9un fron

the surroodings
ait uTtl the ice storts to melt ot a (oastont
HEAT
rate (Eanl amount of melted ice n eaual hteral

time).
Ken & m Take measurements moss time
to 4ind the Mas& o aeItei ice. &.thoyzh súrrdundnqs
in min. Label m1
o r n on the Suwitch and repeat the above
steps to trnd the mass of melted ice in 1min

by heater and surraundings. La bel ft n

Subtract ma from ma to ftnd mass o melted ice by heater aniu

(m m -m1 Heat Ener mL

MASS OF
MELTE D iCE VtT mL
By AEATE
ONLY
L VtT
M
 PERIMENT TO FIND S. L. H.V
Tuin on the switch
, nter wiu start to boil after some time
. when uwater botung at constontrate STOPAT

i.e eawal decease in balance readinqin Lra

qua nteivals of tme) HEAVE
>WATER

Toke balonce readingma) and ton 0n

eAANCE
the stopwatch.

After min, take balance reádinq'(ma).

Sobtract ma trom ma to nd moss of evoporated untermm-ma).

VET mLost
as Some heat is dosorbed by sufrounding.
urounding.
Answer wiu be over estimated
ut at a dfferent, Current.and
be carried out aqain
The expetimented would
the ea VatTa MaLa +Last
the use

THERMOdYNAMICS
MOVABL£

ASTON
DoRK DoNE 8y AGAS is done
changes wark
Whenever voluume of a qas
.b PAV GASySTEM)
Volt wogvi* (-VS.
a Don the system
Vol A Vol
w.Dwe

.Dby he sustam
Vot uD.D -ve
 FieST LAW OF THERM00YJAMIC

to
e a t , transfered the sustem seqyml
to
unkdone b the
mcrease n inteia energy plos

S4stem.
HEAT
A . éy i+ Dul TRANSFERED

uO.D 8y -
0.DGN

>Incrense n irterml enerqy (Du) is equal to heat transferred to the.

to the csuste

plus workdone ON the system."

SiGN ConVENTION
*

ZERO
oty +Ve -ve

Heat transfer Heat transfer o hmt transferred

out
ADD 2EMOUED >e Rapid changesAiabgtie chun
Dec T 0

, bu T Freezing ochaieein state

Metin chanaes at cont
8orun Cardenaing e3taothemal chame tenp
8Y
Vol A Vol AN'& '0
Chames at const.
sdmetic canges. volme
W.b Vot Vol
ON

Isobaric changes chanqes at constant pressure.

ExAMPLEI
A. A fixed piton aytnder as plo h freener
vol const bV : «e
w.DO -ve 0 -ve
Pis ton o
ulnders rapity moved
a.
o veve |e
dounur ds
HEAT ENGINE work.

heat enerqu ito uweful

Coverts
TT
Anuthina o Processes.
there are Cude
in any head engine ener s zero.
zero.

chanae inntnal
enera
de
in One complete

w.D

w.D