Parts of speech

Every word is a part of speech. The term “part of speech” refers to the role a word plays in a sentence.
There are eight parts of speech (word classes) in English:

1. Nouns
A noun is a word that names person, place, concept, or object, like : Ahmed, car, house, cat.

2. Verbs
Verbs are words that describe specific actions or feeling, like : run, win, go, be, love.

3. Pronouns
Pronouns replace nouns. A different pronoun is required depending on two elements: the noun
being replaced and the function that noun has in the sentence. Exp : you, him, something, mine.

Possessive
Subject Object Possessive Reflexive
adjective
pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun
(determiner)
1st person
I me my mine myself
singular
2nd person
you you your yours yourself
singular
3rd person
singular, he him his his himself
male
3rd person
singular, she her her hers herself
female
3rd person
singular, it it its - itself
neutral
1st person
we us our ours ourselves
plural
2nd person
you you your yours yourselves
plural
3rd person
they them their theirs themselves
plural

4. Adjectives
Adjectives are the words that describe nouns, like : small, large, smart, cute.

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5. Adverbs
An adverb is a word that describes an adjective, a verb, or another adverb. Exp : quietly, quickly,
always, soon.
- I entered the room quietly. Quietly is describing how you entered (verb) the room.
- A tiger is always faster than a lion. Always is describing how frequently a tiger is faster
(adjective) than a lion.

6. Prepositions
Prepositions tell you the relationship between the other words in a sentence like: in, for, with,
by.

7. Conjunctions
Conjunctions link the ideas together (build complex sentences that express multiple ideas), like:
and, but, if.

8. Articles
A , an and The .

Negative form

The most common way to make a phrase negative is by using "not". Generally, "not" follows
an auxiliary verb ("to be", "to do") or a modal (must, can, will, etc.). When no modal is present
or appropriate, we use the verb "to do". “ n’t “ is the contracted form of “not” (Doesn't, Hasn't,
Isn't, Won't).

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Exp: I want to go home. Negative phrase: I do not want to go home.
He will pass his exams. Negative phrase: He will not pass his exams.
They should buy a new house. Negative phrase: They should not buy a new house.
He is Chinese. Negative phrase: He is not Chinese.

Questions
There are two types of questions:

1. A yes/no question: it can be answered by yes or no.

Exp: Do you sell books? – yes, we do.
Will I need to pay? – no, it’s free.
2. A wh-question: it begins with a question word.

question function example

word
what asking for information about something What is your name?

when asking about time When did he leave?

where asking about place Where do they live?

which asking about choice Which colour do you want?

asking what or which person or people
who Who opened the door?
(subject)
Whose are these keys?
whose asking about ownership
Whose pen is it?
why asking for reason Why do you say that?

asking about manner How does this work?

how
asking about condition or quality How was your exam?
How far is your house from
how far distance
here?
how long length (time or space) How long will it take?

how many quantity (countable) How many cars are there?

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 How much money do you
how much quantity (uncountable)
have?
how old age How old are you?

We usually form wh-questions with

wh-Q + auxiliary verb (be, do or have) + subject + stem

or wh-Q + modal verb + subject + stem

Exp : When are you going?

Who’s knocking at the door?

Why didn’t you call me?

What have they decided?

Warning: When “what, who, which or whose” ask about the subject, we do not use the
auxiliary. We use the word order subject + verb.

Exp : Who invited you?

Which horse won?

Negative Questions

Negative questions are formed in the same way by placing "not" after the auxiliary/modal:

Exp : Didn't you enjoy the film?

Haven't you seen this film?

Why didn't you do your homework?

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 Present Simple
The present simple is a verb tense that it is used for:

- A present state, a feeling, an opinion

- Repeated actions such as routines, jobs and hobbies,

- Make generalizations or scientific statements.

Depending on the person, the present simple is formed by using the stem (with I, you, we and
they) or by adding -s (-es after -sh, -s, -ch and -x) to the stem (with he, she ant it).

Exp : we study English.

He usually plays football.

She never cooks brownies.

Time markers: always, usually, regularly, frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, never, ever.

Formes :

Aff : he eats cookies.

Neg: he doesn’t eat cookies.
Int : does he eat cookies? Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’t.
What does he eat? He eats cookies.

Present continuous

The present continuous is used for:

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 - a present action over period of time : we are studying English grammar.

- a temporary activity that has started and hasn’t finished yet : I usually wear casual
clothes / I’m wearing my dress.

We form the present continuous by using the present form of the verb “be” + stem + ing.

Time markers: now, right now, at the moment, at present, in the present time, today, tonight,
just, this week, these days, still.

Formes :

Aff : he is coming.
Neg: he isn’t coming.
Int : is he coming? Yes, he is.
No, he’s not.

Past Simple
The past present is used for an action that happened and finished in the past.

In the case of regular verbs, the past simple is formed by adding -ed to the stem. In the case of
irregular verbs, the stem is changed.

Exp : He saw his family last week.

She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.

Time markers: ago, in the past, yesterday, in (past time), last (month, year, night…), when.

Formes :

Aff : they played football yesterday.

Neg: they didn’t play football yesterday.
Int : : did they play football yesterday? Yes, they did.
No, they didn’t.

Future Simple
The future simple refers to a time later than now.

Exp : I will visit Mecca next year.

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 You will pass your English exam tomorrow.

Time markers: next (time, month, year, week…), tomorrow.

Formes :

Aff : I will visit Mecca next year.

Neg: I will not visit Mecca next year.
Int : : will you visit Mecca next year? Yes, I will.
No, I won’t.

Comparative

1. Short adjectives:
Object 1 + to be + adj + er + than + object 2
There are irregular adjectives like : good, bad, far, old.

2. Long adjectives:
Object 1 + to be + more / less + adj + than + object 2

Superlative

1. Short adjectives:
Object 1 + to be + the + adj + est.
There are irregular adjectives like : good, bad, far, old.

2. Long adjectives:
Object 1 + to be + the most / least + adj .

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Task 1
– She(run) because she's late for her lesson.
– Our teacher always(give) us lots of homework.
– We(not want) to go to the concert.
– What time(you / meet) Pete tomorrow?
– I(not work) today. I'm on holiday.
– People(speak) English in Jamaica.
– Archie(not use) his computer at the moment.
– (Tony / live) near the park?

Task 2
– My sister thinks she's(intelligent) than me, but I don't agree!
– Avatar is probably(bad) film I've seen!
– What is(wet) month of the year in England?
– Do you think the Harry Potter films are(good) than the books?
– Who is(powerful) person in your country?
– Is Asma (old) than Rima?
– John is (nice) person that I know.

Task 3

– I usually (go) to school.

– They (visit) us often.
– You (play) basketball once a week.
– Tom (work) every day.
– He always (tell) us funny stories.

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 – She never (help) me with that!
– Martha and Kevin (swim) twice a week.
– In this club people usually (dance) a lot.

Task 4
– We really (enjoy) the game last Sunday.
– (Algeria / win) the football competition?
– They (not play) very well yesterday. They lost the match.
– How many goals (your team / score) in the first half?
– Sandra(not want) to go rowing with me.
– (they / go) to the swimming pool yesterday?
– I (buy) a new phone last week.
– James (stop) his car in front of the sports shops.